The answer to the exercises in the general logic textbook for freshmen is generally self-help.
Who has the review questions and detailed answers of general logic? Urgent need, please reply as soon as possible. If you want to study and develop this major, I suggest you read another book. This book itself is very thick, but the content is very professional, comprehensive and systematic, with prominent and detailed points. I am reading Introduction to Concise Logic, which is the most popular logic textbook in America. In 2008, it came out in 10 version, which is likely to replace Kirby's Introduction to Logic. The 10 version has been greatly revised: the introduction of "outstanding logicians" has been added, and the lives and contributions of 14 outstanding logicians in history have been briefly described; At the end of the book, Logic and Postgraduate Entrance Examination has also been completely rewritten and expanded.
Introduction to Concise Logic (version 10) is an introductory logic textbook, which has accomplished three main tasks: First, it has taught students and readers some general knowledge about logic. Including some basic contents of contemporary logic, trying to build an overall image of logic and convey some important concepts about logic. The second is to improve students' or readers' ability to deal with reasoning and argumentation in their daily thinking. Finally, it also pays special attention to the connection between logical content and historical content and social reality content. As the author said, this will help to humanize some cold and blunt logic in the eyes of ordinary people, and it will also be more interesting because of its connection with history, thus increasing its affinity for logic.
Logic is not something in an ivory tower, but something that happens every day in our daily life. The quality of reasoning and argumentation will have a practical impact on our judgment and decision-making in daily life ... Logic is also very important, because it involves the way and efficiency of our thinking and decision-making.
-Chen Bo, a professor of philosophy at Peking University.
Author: patrick hurley Translator: Song Wengan Xiong Guzhenzhi and other co-authors: Chen Bo.
Patrick hurley, a famous American logician. 1973, majoring in the history of philosophy of science, St. Louis University, with a doctorate. As a professor of philosophy at the University of San Diego, he mainly teaches metaphysics, logic, process philosophy and legal ethics. After teaching for 40 years, 1987, he obtained the doctor of law degree from the University of San Diego. At present, Professor Hurley is a member of the California Bar Association.
Chen Bo, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Philosophy Department of Peking University. Engaged in the teaching and research of logic and analytical philosophy. His main works are: A Study of Quine's Philosophy-From the Perspective of Logic and Language; Logical philosophy; Introduction to logic; What is logic; Analytical philosophy-review and reflection: and so on.
Song Wengan, Professor of Philosophy Department of Beijing Normal University. The research fields are symbolic logic and philosophical logic. Personal monographs include Fundamentals of Symbolic Logic and Question Logic, and translated works include Philosophy of Logic.
Xiong, Professor of Philosophy Department of Beijing Normal University. The main research fields are inductive logic and philosophical logic. He is the author of The Development of Modern Inductive Logic.
Gu is a professor at China Youth University for Politics. Mainly engaged in the teaching and research of logic, critical thinking and thinking methodology. He is the author of Argumentation and Analysis: A Course of Logical Application and Critical Thinking.
The first part is informal logic
Chapter 65438 +0 Basic Concepts
1. 1 arguments, premises and conclusions
Aristotle, an outstanding logician
Notes on the history of logic
Exercise 1. 1
Verification of 1.2 parameter
Simple non-inferential discourse paragraphs
Explanatory text paragraph
Exercise 1.2
1.3 Deduction and induction
Deductive demonstration form
Inductive demonstration form
Other precautions
Exercise 1.3
1.4 Validity, authenticity, reliability, strength and appropriateness
Crusi Bo, an outstanding logician.
Exercise 1.4
1.5 demo table: invalidity confirmation
Exercise 1.5
Demo 1.6 extension
Exercise 1.6
Chapter II Language: Meaning and Definition
2. 1 Diversity of meaning
Exercise 2. 1
2.2 the connotation and extension of words
Exercise 2.2
2.3 Definition and purpose
Peter Abelard, an outstanding logician.
Exercise 2.3
2.4 defined technology 73
Extended definition 73
Connotation definition 75
Exercise 2.479
2.5 dictionary definition standard 79
Exercise 2.583
Chapter 3 Informal Fallacy 85
3. 1 fallacy overview 87
Exercise 3. 189
3.2 Relevance fallacy 89
1. resort to force 90
2. Begging for mercy 9 1
Step 3 appeal to the public
4. Personal attacks 93
5. The fallacy of parity 96
6. Scarecrow 97
7. Missed the theme 98
8.smoked herring 99
Exercise 3.2 100
3.3 Weak inductive fallacy 10 1
9. Complain to organs without authority 10 1
10. Appeal to ignorance 103
1 1. reckless generalization 105
12. False causality 106
13. fallacy of landslide 109
14. Weak analogy 1 10
William 1 1 1 by the outstanding logician Aokang.
Exercise 3.3 1 12
3.4 Hypothetical, vague and grammatical analogies
Fallacy 1 13
15. Begging topic 1 14
16. Complex problems. 1 17
17. False backup option 1 19
18. Cover up the argument 120
19. Ambiguity 12 1
20. Fuzzy 122
2 1. Synthesis 124
22. Decomposition 126
Exercise 3.4 129
3.5 Fallacies in Daily Language 13 1
Insight into fallacies 13 1
Avoid fallacies 132
Exercise 3.5 137
The second part is formal logic
The fourth chapter truth proposition 143
4. 1 Composition of True Proposition 145
Exercise 4. 1 147
4.2 Quality, quantity and GAI 147
Exercise 4.2 15 1
4.3 venn diagram and Modern Square Matrix 15 1
Aristotle and Boolean 15 1
Outstanding logician george boole 152
Venn map 154
Modern opposition phalanx 156
Direct reasoning test 156
Exercise 4.3 159
4.4 Transposition, qualitative change and qualitative change position 160
Transposition 160
Change quality 162
Transposition position 164
Exercise 4.4 167
4.5 Traditional phalanx 168
Direct reasoning test 170
Exercise 4.5 173
4.6 venn diagram and Traditional Views 174
Proof of traditional diagonal square matrix 176
Direct reasoning test 177
Exercise 4.6 180
4.7 Translate everyday expressions into straightforward forms 180
1. Words without nouns 18 1
2. Nonstandard verb 18 1
3. Simple proposition 18 1
4. Adverbs and pronouns 183
5. Unexpressed quantifier 183
6. Non-standard quantifier 184
7. Conditional statement 184
8. Discrepancy Claim 185
9. Unique 186
10. Except for proposal 187.
Exercise 4.7 188
The fifth chapter truth syllogism 189
5. 1 standard form, formula and lattice 19 1
Exercise 5. 1 195
5.2 Wen En Tu 196
Outstanding logician john venn 198
Boolean viewpoint 199
Aristotle's point of view 203
Exercise 5.2206
5.3 Rules and Fallacies 207
Boolean viewpoint 207
Aristotle's viewpoint 2 10
Proof of rule 2 1 1
Exercise 5.32 13
5.4 Reduce the number of words by 2 14
Exercise 5.42 15
5.5 demonstration of everyday expressions 2 16
Exercise 5.52 18
5.6 Omit syllogism 2 19
Exercise 5.622 1
5.7 Chain Reasoning 22 1
Exercise 5.7225
Chapter VI Propositional Logic 227
6. 1 Symbol and Translation 229
Gottfried, an outstanding logician.
William Leibniz 236
Exercise 6. 1237
6.2 Truth Function 238
Definition of logical operator 238
Calculating the truth value of a longer statement 242
Further comparison with everyday language 243
Exercise 6.2247
6.3 Statement of facts 247
Classification of reports 250
Report comparison 25 1
Exercise 6.3253
6.4 argument truth table 254
Exercise 6.4256
6.5 Indirect truth table 257
The validity test of argument 257
Verification of statement consistency 260
Outstanding logician August Augustus de Morgan 26 1
Exercise 6.5262
6.6 Argument Form and Fallacy 263
Common forms of argument 263
One of Constructive Dilemma Reasoning and Breaking Dilemma Reasoning
Refutation 267
Invalid table description 268
Summary and application 269
Exercise 6.6273
Chapter VII Natural Deduction of Propositional Logic 277
7. 1 implication rule 279
Exercise 7. 14
7.2 Implicit Rule 6
Exercise 7.229 1
7.3 Substitution Rule 293
Exercise 7.3298
7.4 Substitution Rule 299
Exercise 7.4304
7.5 Proof of conditions 306
Gottlob, an outstanding logician.
Frege 308
Exercise 7.5309
7.6 Indirect Proof 3 10
Exercise 7.63 13
7.7 Proof of Logical Truth 3 14
Exercise 7.73 15
Chapter 8 Predicate Logic 3 17
8. 1 Symbol and Translation 3 19
Exercise 8. 1325
8.2 Application of inference rules 326
Exercise 8.2334
8.3 Quantifier conversion rules 334
Alfred North, an outstanding logician
Whitehead Bertrand Russell 335
Exercise 8.3337
8.4 Conditional proof and indirect proof 338
Exercise 8.44 1
8.5 Invalid Certificate 342
Counterexample method 342
Finite field method 343
Exercise 8.5346
8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers 347
Translation of relational sentences 347
Application of inference rules 350
Exercise 8.6354
8.7 Identity 355
Simple identity statement 355
Outstanding logician Kurt G?del 356
"Only", "Only" and "Nothing else" 357
Except 357
Highest level 358
Numeric statement 358
Qualified description 359
Application of inference rules 360
Exercise 8.7363
The third part is inductive logic
Chapter 9 Analogy and Legal Reasoning and Moral Reasoning 369
9. 1 analogical reasoning 37 1
9.2 Legal reasoning 374
9.3 moral reasoning 378
Exercise 9382
10 chapter causality and mill method 385
10. 1 "cause", necessary and sufficient conditions 387
10.2 grinding five method 388
Fitting method 389
Difference method 390
John stuart, an outstanding logician.
Mill 39 1
Adapt to differences and use 393
Residual method 395
* * * Reform 396
10.3 Mill Method and Science 397
Exercise 10402
Chapter 1 1 Probability 405
1 1. 1 probability theory
1 1.2 probability calculus 4 10
1. Constrained conjunction rule 4 1 1
2. General conjunctive rule 4 1 1
3. Restricted disjunction rule 4 12
4. General disjunction rule 4 13
5. Negative Rule 4 15
6. Bayes Theorem.416
Exercise 1 1420
Chapter 12 Statistical Reasoning 42 1
12. 1 evaluation statistics 423
65438+
12.3 the meaning of "average" 427
12.4 dispersion 429
12.5 Charts and images 434
12.6 percentage 436
Exercise 12438
Chapter 13 Hypothesis/Scientific Reasoning 44 1
13. 1 hypothesis method 443
13.2 hypothetical reasoning: four scientific cases 445
Neptune 446
Atmospheric pressure 447
Spontaneous occurrence theory 449
13.3 Proof of Hypothesis 450
Charles Sandel, an outstanding logician
Pierce 45 1
Experimental acceptance 13.4 hypothesis 453
Exercise 13455
Chapter 14 Science and superstition 457
The difference between science and superstition
14.2 Evidence supports 460
Objectivity 464
14.4 Integrity 468
14.5 concluding observations
Reference 474
Appendix: Logic and Postgraduate Entrance Examination
First, the question of omitting conclusions
Second, about the premise of omission 478
Three. Issues related to strengthening 479
Four. Issues related to weakening 48 1
Verb (abbreviation of verb) 482 on fallacy
Problems of intransitive verbs about natural deduction 483
Seven. Questions about similar reasoning 484
Eight, questions about the form of argument or reasoning method 486
Answer 487
The answer to the exercise is 49 1
Keywords 549
Postscript 569
From February, 2002 to February, 2003, as a sponsor of the American Council for Academic Organizations, the National Academy of Sciences and the Social Science Research Council, I cooperated with the famous philosopher and logician susan haack in the Department of Philosophy of the University of Miami, USA. Of course, there are other tasks in this trip, but I also paid attention to the logic teaching in the United States and listened to some courses in logic and philosophy. I found that there are three main types of logic textbooks in the United States:
Mathematical logic mainly focuses on two kinds of calculus, namely propositional calculus and predicate calculus. In the 1940s and 1970s, there were many such logic textbooks, such as Quine's Logical Methods, Supes's Introduction to Logic and Kirby's Symbolic Logic, but these textbooks were not particularly popular recently.
Introduction to Logic, there are three most successful textbooks in this respect: The first one is Introduction to Logic, another textbook written by Professor Kirby of the Department of Philosophy, University of Hawaii, USA. From the publication of 1953 to the publication of 200 1 to1,it has been widely used for half a century and still belongs to the range of public choice. This book was later translated by Professor Zhang Jianjun of Nanjing University, and included in the Translation Series of Foreign Classical Philosophy Textbooks, which was planned by me and published by Renmin University of China Press, and was published in 2007. The second book is an Introduction to Concise Logic edited by Professor Hurley from the Philosophy Department of the University of San Diego. At that time, there were 8 editions, and recently, there was a 10 edition. At that time, a logic professor at Miami University gave me a copy, telling me that it was a very popular logic textbook in the United States at that time, and it was likely to replace Kirby's Introduction to Logic. The third book is Logic and Philosophy edited by Kahani, a philosophy professor at the University of Maryland. Since the first edition of 1969, eight editions have been published. In 2004, Taiwan Province Shuang Ye Bookstore published a Chinese translation translated by Professor Zhuang, Department of Philosophy, Soochow University.
Critical thinking, which appeared in 1970s, has occupied nearly half of foreign logic teaching. In terms of content, it deliberately downplays the over-technical part, pays attention to the analysis of concrete practice of daily thinking, especially the analysis of reasoning and argumentation in daily thinking, and attaches great importance to the usefulness of logic to daily thinking. Its slogan is "Logic should be related to life and people's daily thinking".
I hope this book is useful to you. To tell the truth, I bought this book in our Xinhua Bookstore at that time. I wanted to buy Kirby's Introduction to Logic, but it was out of stock. Coincidentally, there was a concise logical introduction that day, and there was only one. Unfortunately, I don't have any money in my pocket, but I can't book it. The salesman asked me to pay at least half of the cash, because the price of the book was 78 yuan and it was a very professional textbook. Finally, I made a reservation. The following week, I went to the bookstore and the goods arrived soon. When I opened it, I felt it was too professional, because I had read many textbooks of general logic in domestic universities, even Jin's General Logic, but I had never encountered such a professional and detailed textbook. I was confused at first, because those knowledge points were not at the same level as those in China. . Later, I watched it again and again, and I gradually mastered it. But doing the problem is a challenge, because if you don't understand the theory thoroughly and do the problem 10 to a certain extent, eight mistakes will appear. Among them, I will start taking notes according to my own understanding and the knowledge points in the book. I can do simple and important preparation for the problem. Although I am still teaching myself, I believe that if you are willing to read this book, you will feel the same as me, but you will benefit for life. It is sold on Taobao.
What textbooks are there for self-study accounting? You can have a look at the online self-study exam in your province.
There are detailed introductions about which school will attend this major and which courses this major will attend.
What is "logic"? How to learn logic? Please recommend some good textbooks. The main research object of Popularity is the form of thinking, that is, the logical form of thinking. Our thinking becomes clear because of logic; The so-called "headless case" has to bow before strict logic, so that justice can last forever. Our life can be orderly, and now we have the opportunity to learn logic and learn thinking from it.
Western traditional logic includes conceptual theory, lexical logic and other main contents; Its central content is syllogism; Classical propositional logic; Ancient inductive logic.
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