Six popular hypotheses of the Tunguska Big Bang
Meteorite impact theory
Leonid Culic, a scientist of the former Soviet Union and the first person at the Tunguska site, believes that the Tunguska Big Bang in 1908 was caused by a meteor falling to the ground. Later, American scientists also used computers to simulate the big bang effect caused by the high-speed impact of meteorites in the laboratory. The computer simulation well explains that the ground dust raised by the shock wave reaches the outer layer of the atmosphere, and the reflected sunlight causes the surrounding area of Tunguska to be like day and night. Unfortunately, for a long time, all the field trips did not find any meteorite wreckage.
Nuclear explosion theory
1945 In August, at the end of World War II, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb that shocked the world in Hiroshima, Japan. The atomic bomb exploded at an altitude of 1800 feet above the ground, which brought great disaster to the people of Hiroshima. However, the scene of Hiroshima's atomic bomb destruction unexpectedly gave scientists who studied the "Tunguska Big Bang" new enlightenment. Thunderous explosions, towering columns of fire, mushroom-shaped smoke clouds, as well as violent earthquakes, powerful shock waves and light radiation, are almost similar to the Tunguska Big Bang. Therefore, cassatt, an expert in military engineering in the former Soviet Union, boldly put forward a new viewpoint that 1908 Tunguska Big Bang was a thermonuclear explosion for the first time.
The alien spacecraft said
1946, cassatt, who put forward the theory of thermonuclear explosion, not only affirmed that the "Tunguska Big Bang" was a nuclear explosion, but even more surprisingly, he put forward such a bold speculation for the first time not long after: the mysterious monster of the Tunguska Big Bang was the first spaceship to visit our earth.
Antimatter impact theory
1965, three American scientists suggested that the Tunguska Big Bang might be caused by an antimatter-anti-meteorite that landed on the earth from space. In their investigation report, they said that on the same day, a meteorite composed of "antimatter" accidentally broke into the earth, which triggered the disaster. They believe that the collision between half a gram of "anti-iron" and half a gram of iron is enough to produce more destructive power than the atomic bomb that exploded in Hiroshima.
Black hole impact theory
1973, according to the theory of black hole celestial bodies, two scientists, Jackson and Ryan of the University of Texas in the United States, believed that the "Tunguska Big Bang" was caused by the strong gravity of tiny black hole celestial bodies. Their conclusion is that "miniature black holes pass through the earth in a certain area of the Atlantic Ocean between Iceland and Nuffin Island (Canada)."
Comet impact theory
The first person to put forward the theory of comet impact was Petrov, an academician of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences. He believes that the Tunguska Big Bang was caused by a comet made of loose snow from a distant part of the solar system. When it breaks through the earth's surface atmosphere at a speed of 40,000 kilometers per hour, superheated gas is generated due to friction. As soon as this gas touches the ground, it produces a huge shock wave equivalent to the destructive power of several atomic bombs. Due to the rapid evaporation of comets, there is no debris left on the earth as "physical evidence".
Just as the once prosperous reptile dinosaur mysteriously disappeared from the earth 65 million years ago, the "first generation of human civilization" mysteriously disappeared from the earth for some reason. Of course, this hypothesis has yet to be further verified by scientists. If this hypothesis holds, what is the culprit to destroy the "first generation of human civilization"?
At the beginning of this century, a mysterious explosion in Siberia provided clues for scientists to seek answers.
1908 On June 30th, a huge fireball broke through the boundless night sky in Tunguska, Siberia, Russia, and immediately triggered a big explosion equivalent to the energy sum of 1000 Hiroshima atomic bombs. The fire caused by the explosion destroyed hundreds of miles of virgin forest around, and groups of reindeer were reduced to ashes in the fire. Within a few days after the Big Bang, the 9000-mile sky in Tunguska Fiona Fang was shrouded in a gray orange, like a huge fireball. Western Europeans can read newspapers at night without lights!
Because of the remoteness of Tunguska, nobody cared about the Big Bang in the first decade. It was not until 1927 that Culic, a geologist from the former Soviet Union, led a team to visit the site. The endless charred trees led the explorers to conclude that the fire broke out in a wide range. Some explorers speculated that the fire was caused by volcanic eruption. However, no crater was found in the explosion area. Obviously, this speculation is wrong. Determined to find out the real cause of the Big Bang, coolidge visited many witnesses whose fireballs fell from the sky, and went deep into the Tunguska area for four times, and made a detailed field investigation. Finally, he came to the conclusion that a huge meteorite was moving rapidly, and after rubbing with the atmosphere, it was fully burned and decomposed, resulting in BIGBANG. However, if so, we will definitely find meteorite fragments in this area. Unfortunately, coolidge and many expedition members experienced many difficulties and failed to find any meteorite fragments.
During World War II, the investigation of the Tunguska Big Bang was once interrupted. After World War II, because human beings experienced the power of nuclear explosion for the first time, it was pointed out that only nuclear explosion would have such great destructive power. However, people mastered the nuclear explosion technology in the 1940s, so how did the nuclear explosion of 1908 come into being? There can only be one explanation: aliens did it. For a time, this view was a sensation and the whole world was full of enthusiasm. Scientists speculate that it was an alien spaceship accident? And experiments conducted by aliens on earth? However, this speculation can't find any scientific basis.
Tunguska has attracted enough attention from scientists in the former Soviet Union. Many first-class scientists go to Tunguska every summer, and they collect a lot of information.
One of the scientists named Fast measured that the trees destroyed by the big bang covered an area of about 850 square miles. Later, after 35 years of hard work, Fast spelled out a detailed map of the destroyed trees in this area. According to this map, scientists calculated that this virgin forest was destroyed by a celestial body flying from west to east, equivalent to1~ 20 million TNT equivalent, and exploded at a height of 4 miles from the ground. At this point, the real cause of the big bang gradually surfaced.
With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Cold War ended. A large number of western scientists flocked to Tunguska, and their interest in Tunguska was obvious. It is of great significance for human beings to find out the real reason of BIGBANG. No matter whether the "first generation of human civilization" still exists or not, and how it was destroyed, it is no small progress for scientists to find out the reason for the mysterious disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
Italian nuclear physicists tested by heavy isotope method, and the content of trace elements in fir destroyed in 1908 was much higher than that in other years, so these trace elements could not have originated from the earth. Obviously, the Big Bang was related to meteorites.
In the laboratory, American scientists simulated the vacuum effect in BIGBANG by computer: when a meteorite with a diameter of about 200 feet crashed into the earth at an angle of 45, it was fully burned and decomposed due to the intense friction with the atmosphere, and it exploded only four miles from the ground. The ground dust raised by the shock wave reached the outer layer of the atmosphere, and the reflected sunlight just explained the day and night around Tunguska.
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A New Theory of the Mystery of Tunguska Big Bang
It was caused by a cold comet hitting the earth
Scientists in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, recently announced their new ideas about the mystery of the Tunguska Big Bang-1908 The Tunguska Big Bang that shocked the whole world was not caused by a rock meteorite hitting the earth, but an icy comet composed of water and carbon.
Italian scientists discover craters.
Beijing time165438+1October 9th news, according to foreign media reports, a century ago in the Tunguska region of Siberia, Russia, the big bang shocked the world. For decades, there have been different opinions about the cause of the Tunguska Big Bang, such as "meteorite impact theory" and "nuclear explosion theory". A few days ago, an Italian team of scientists said that they had uncovered the crater left by the Tunguska Big Bang and proved that this crater, Chekhov Lake [1], was caused by the impact of a cosmic object.
Find evidence of celestial impact
1On June 30th, 908, a huge fireball ripped through the boundless night sky in the deserted tunguska region of Siberia, followed by a loud noise, and a strong white light appeared in the sky, scorching the vegetation in the explosion center. The explosion released150,000 tons of energy (the explosive force is equivalent to 1000 times of Hiroshima atomic bomb), and at the same time razed 770 square miles (2,000 square kilometers) of forest.
Since then, many scientists have gathered at the site of the Tunguska Big Bang, trying to find evidence of the cause of the explosion, but surprisingly, no meteorite remains such as asteroids or comets have ever been found there. However, an Italian team of scientists recently announced that they had found a big pit under a lake near the Tunguska River in Pocam, western Siberia. In this study, the team of scientists used sound imaging technology to investigate the bottom of Lake Cheko. Lake Cheko is located about 5 miles (8 kilometers) south of the epicenter of the Tunguska Big Bang.
Luca Gasperini, a geologist at the Bologna Institute of Marine Science who led the research, said: "When we started the investigation in Tunguska, there was no clue that Chekhov Lake might fill a big pit. We looked at the bottom of the lake to see if there were any celestial remains in the mud. We drew a map of the bottom of the lake and collected samples. After studying these data, the results are unbelievable. The shape of the funnel in Cheko Lake depression and the samples of its sediments show that the lake water in Cheko Lake has been filled with craters caused by celestial impact. "
The crater is full of lake water.
According to scientists, Chekhov Lake sag is not round, shallow or steep, and has all kinds of characteristics of impact crater. The concave extends outward, and the lake is not deep, about 1640 feet (500 meters) long, and the maximum depth is only 165 feet (50 meters). No debris edges were found around ordinary craters, such as meteor crater in Arizona. Gasperini's research team said that the unusual shape of Cheko Lake depression was formed by the impact of meteorite fragments splashed by the Tunguska Big Bang on the lake surface, leaving a long trench crater.
Gasperini said: "We believe that a piece of debris with a diameter of 10 m (33 feet) that hit the celestial body survived the explosion and dived forward in the same direction. The flight speed of debris is relatively slow, about per second 1 km. " Gasperini added that the location of Chekhov Lake may be a trace left by cosmic objects or a "soft collapse" in a muddy swamp. "It hit a soft swamp, melted the permafrost below, released carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane, made the hole bigger and bigger, and finally formed the shape and size of such a concave land, which is really unusual for the impact pit. Our hypothesis is the only theory that can explain the funnel-shaped shape of Lake Cheko. "
In the previous investigation, Russian scientists also studied Chekhov Lake, and concluded that it was formed before 1908, that is, it was not the product of the Tunguska Big Bang. The Russian research team measured the sediments at the bottom of the lake and found that the sediments there increased at a rate of about 0.4 inch (1 cm) every year. This shows that Chekhov Lake has a history of hundreds of years. However, Gasperini's team said that older sediments discovered by Russian scientists existed at the time of the explosion.
There are more questions to answer.
Gasperini said: "The evidence we found shows that only the top layer of the wreckage, one meter thick, came from the injected river. The deeper sediments are sediments earlier than 1908. They were formed during the impact, so the history of Chekhov Lake is only one hundred years. " The conclusion of Gasperini's research team is based on the data of Tunguska trip from 65438 to 0999, which was published in the August issue of Prehistoric Era.
William Hartman, a senior scientist at the Arizona Planetary Science Society, said that the latest research findings are very interesting, but they don't answer all the questions about the Tunguska Big Bang. He said: "This is an exciting research result, which may reveal the mystery of the Tunguska Big Bang. But at the same time, I have a question: if a huge fragment hits the ground, under normal circumstances, thousands of smaller fragments will follow, but a large number of searches for this meteorite fragment are fruitless. So, why are there no meteorite fragments? "
Finding the meteorite fragments splashed by the big bang is considered to be the key to determine what kind of objects hit the Tunguska area. Hartman said that asteroids may leave some debris, and if they are comets, they may disappear completely in the explosion. Gasperini said: "Our crater hypothesis conforms to the above two possibilities. If the mysterious celestial body is an asteroid, the debris may be buried at the bottom of the lake. If it is a comet, its chemical signal should be found in the deepest sediment. "
Gasperini and his colleagues plan to return to Siberia next year, looking for more and more valuable clues to solve the mystery of this century. He said: "We hope to dig deep into the mud at the bottom of the lake, verify our hypothesis more definitely and uncover the mystery of the Tunguska Big Bang."
Russian scientists put forward new ideas
Physicist Gonadi Bebin believes that the concentrated ice found 20 years after the explosion contains flammable gas, which fully proves the authenticity of the new view. He said that for comets from far away, the earth is a boiling frying pan. The comet melted quickly and exploded when it flew to the earth. He thought that he had been engaged in the Tunguska Big Bang for more than 30 years, and now he finally found a clue to confirm this new idea in the diary of Leonid coolidge, the first scientist who conducted field research at the crash site.
Gaunard Di Bebin believes that Leonid Culic also found a cold substance covered with peat, but this did not inspire him, because Leonid Culic was looking for something else. Gonadi-Bebin said: "He tried to find a meteorite in the traditional sense-a meteorite made of stone or iron stone, but it was just a dream because everything had melted."
At present, the theory has been published and needs further analysis. June 30th, 2008 is the anniversary of the Tunguska Big Bang100th. Gonadi-Bebinsi hopes that this new viewpoint he put forward can be the final answer to the mystery of the Tunguska Big Bang.
Many scientists have different views.
The Tunguska Big Bang Although the true face of the Tunguska Big Bang has not been finally revealed, most scientists believe that the Tunguska Big Bang was caused by a special object, which is characterized by strong kinetic energy, low density (lower than that of water), low strength and high volatility. Only with the above characteristics, the object will be destroyed immediately after the explosion and evaporate quickly. From all indications, a celestial body with this feature is likely to be a comet composed of ice and gas, or a snowy gas mixed with high melting point particles. Some scientists believe that the Tunguska meteorite has a mass of at least one million tons and a speed of 30-40 kilometers per second. In local soil, scientists have found particles containing silicate and magnetite, and their external characteristics are very similar to those of meteorite powder and burning comet nucleus. Of course, before the results are clarified, scientists have different opinions, and some scientists even say that what constitutes the Tunguska meteorite is a kind of "antimatter". The explosion after the fall of the Tunguska meteorite is the result of the interaction between this "antimatter" and the earth's "matter". However, when the Tunguska Big Bang occurred, the local radiation phenomenon did not increase. Another more interesting idea is that the Tunguska meteorite is probably a miniature black hole, which passes through the earth, hits the Tunguska forest and enters the Atlantic Ocean. No matter how perfect and bizarre ideas are, they can't stand the scrutiny of further research and the textual research of specific details. These ideas can only go bankrupt naturally.
The cause of the explosion has been controversial, but scientists generally believe that the "murderer" is an asteroid with a diameter of only tens of meters. Fortunately, the explosion happened in Tunguska, a sparsely populated area. Scientists estimate that if an asteroid enters the earth's atmosphere five hours later, it may hit the Russian capital Moscow, causing human and material losses.
Asteroids are mostly composed of stones, metals and dust, with different sizes. They gather in the "asteroid belt" between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and revolve around the sun. However, asteroids, because of their small mass, are often attracted by the gravity of big planets and stay away from their original orbits.
Scientists believe that the probability of an asteroid with a diameter greater than 1 km hitting the earth is every 1 ten thousand years 1 time, but this time it may destroy the earth. The probability of a celestial body with a diameter close to 10 meter hitting the earth is once in 3000 years. At the same time, many scientists believe that the risk of asteroids hitting the earth is seriously underestimated.
How did the Tunguska meteorite fall?
Tunguska meteorite is undoubtedly a huge celestial body, which meets the earth unexpectedly. The impact occurred on June 30th, 908 at/kloc-0, in the remote Siberian virgin forest-Tunguska River area, in today's krasnoyarskiy kray. At 7 am local time, a huge fireball flew into the sky. Many residents in eastern Siberia witnessed this spectacle. This unknown celestial body was accompanied by thunderous sounds during its flight. The subsequent explosion caused ground vibration, which can be felt in the range of Fiona Fang100000 square kilometers between Yenisei River, Lena River and Baikal Lake. In the 1920s, the first batch of scientists began to study Tunguska phenomenon, and the Soviet Academy of Sciences organized an expedition led by coolidge to inspect the disaster site four times. What they found was that the trees around the Tunguska meteorite fell to the ground in a fan shape, leaving only the roots in the central area. Large areas of forest were burned down. After this exploration (about 20 times), it is also found that the abandoned corpse forest in this area is in the shape of a "butterfly", and the central symmetry axis is very consistent with the flight trajectory of meteorites. The "butterfly wings" are in the shape of symmetry from east to west.
Recently, major Russian media have reported that Russian scientists have discovered "iron silicide" in the Tunguska region, which is a substance that cannot be formed under natural conditions, and has once again aroused people's great interest in extraterrestrial civilization.
Found "iron silicide"
Yuri Rafbin, director of the Russian Krasnoyarsk Cosmic Museum and chairman of the Tunguska Cosmic Phenomena Foundation, said that three years ago, he and his colleagues had a strong interest in a small village of Ewenki called Poligus. The photos sent back from the universe show that there are anomalies in this area, and it seems that something has fallen here.
Yuri Rafbin made repeated investigations in this area and accidentally found "iron silicide" on a small mound. This discovery not only excited Rafbin, but also caused a sensation in the whole academic circle. Rafbin said that "iron silicide" cannot be formed naturally in nature. What is even more incredible is that the "iron silicide" discovered by Rafbin also contains neon, xenon and argon. Such a combination of material components is impossible to form in the earth environment.
Alien "black box"?
Rafbin said in the research report that these "iron silicide" are undoubtedly fragments of alien flying saucers. These cobblestone-like "iron silicide" are also engraved with neat patterns that look like hieroglyphics. Rafbin believes that these patterns cannot be formed naturally, but are "handmade" products. However, in the experiments of scientists such as Rafbin, it is found that even the most powerful laser instrument can only leave a slight trace on the "iron silicide", and hieroglyphics will naturally not be drawn by human ancestors.
Rafbin believes that "hieroglyphics" may be just a beautiful appearance, and this silicon crystal is likely to hide huge information. Maybe this is a "black box" fragment of an alien flying saucer. Rafbin said that they found two identical "iron silicide", which were found more than 70 kilometers apart and 250 kilometers away from the Tunguska explosion center.