Aesthetic education, also known as "aesthetic education", together with moral education, intellectual education and physical education, constitutes the basic content of quality education in China. Comparatively speaking, aesthetic education is a kind of transcendental comprehensive education. It emphasizes "edifying", which is the active participation and dedication of the subject, making people experience beauty, success, happiness and loftiness, and improving their sensitivity, appreciation, creativity and self-improvement in a subtle way.
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There are many ways and methods of aesthetic education for college students, and inheriting and carrying forward excellent traditional culture is one of them. As an ancient civilization with a history of more than 5,000 years, China has formed splendid traditional culture in the long-term historical development process, and has also left us rich educational materials and many successful examples of aesthetic education.
First, carry forward excellent traditional culture and take "self-cultivation" as an important goal of aesthetic education.
Mencius said, "I am good at nurturing my noble spirit." This kind of "Qi" is a subjective state of mind, which is "supreme, rigid" and "stuck between heaven and earth", and is born from the internal "collection of righteousness" (collection of righteousness means that everything is consistent with righteousness. See "Mencius Gongsun Ugly" (Zhu Note), not waiting for external demand. Later generations understood "noble spirit" as the highest benevolence and morality, and patriotism is the concentrated expression of this benevolence and morality.
Patriotism has always been regarded as a "big festival" in China's excellent traditional culture. "Being brave", "being a martyr to our country", "doing one's best" and "giving up one's life and forgetting one's death", etc., advocate integrity and stress sentiment, cultivate China people's sense of justice and right and wrong, form national integrity, and gradually condense and consolidate their deep feelings and national integrity for the motherland. Although the concept of patriotism is only in modern times, patriotic thoughts and behaviors have long been one of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. As early as the pre-Qin period, our ancestors regarded "magnanimity and generosity" as their value ideal, which required members of society to be loyal to their duties. Mencius' so-called "the joy of the world, the worry of the world" and Xunzi's so-called "the great event of the world" all show the moral belief of caring for the world. This belief has been enriched and perfected from generation to generation. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Fan Zhongyan and Gu in the Song Dynasty had summed up this point brilliantly with the famous sayings of "Worrying about the world first, then enjoying the world" and "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", expressing the lofty aspirations and lofty integrity of Chinese sons and daughters to take the world as their own responsibility, care about the country and the people, and love the country and the people. A person with great love in his heart can achieve the future. It is the goal of our education to cultivate our college students into such people with great love.
Second, carry forward excellent traditional culture and take "self-cultivation" as an important way of aesthetic education.
China people attach importance to personality cultivation, forming the subjective moral spirit of inward exploration, which is embodied in the theory of virtue cultivation characterized by self-discipline and self-cultivation. This theory of self-cultivation emphasizes self-discipline and self-transcendence, thus maintaining interpersonal relationship and overall order and establishing moral self. "Book of Rites University" said: "From Tian Zi to Shu Ren, all of them are based on self-cultivation". In other words: from the emperor to the ordinary people, as long as we are single-minded, we take self-cultivation as the foundation. The purpose of self-cultivation lies in self-improvement, becoming a moral saint and laying the foundation for governing the country and leveling the world. In the history of China's ethical thoughts, a set of unique methods of self-cultivation has been formed, such as self-examination, self-prosecution, respect for Tao, gathering righteousness and nourishing qi. And the most representative is what Ceng Zi said: "I live in three provinces.". China's traditional morality has always warned "cautious independence". Shendu comes from the Book of Rites: "A gentleman is wary of not seeing it, and he is afraid that he has never heard of it. Don't see it hidden, don't show it, so the gentleman is cautious. " This means that when you are alone and no one else is paying attention, you should also be careful about your behavior. This tradition of introspection has cultivated the consciousness and initiative of the Chinese nation in practicing morality, and shaped many gentleman personalities with noble quality and firm moral integrity.
Aesthetic education can play an important role in cultivating and developing the perceptual ability of the educated, cultivating and perfecting noble personality and shaping perfect ideal human nature. First of all, we should pay attention to the personality cultivation of the educated. Only people with good sentiment and morality can feel, appreciate and create beauty, and can constantly improve themselves, improve themselves and surpass themselves.
Third, carry forward the excellent traditional culture and regard "harmony between man and nature" as an important content of aesthetic education.
Although ancient thinkers in China have different understandings of the relationship between heaven and earth, they all think that heaven and earth are inseparable, and the classic summary of this internal relationship is "the unity of heaven and man" and "the unity of heaven and man". Biography of Zhouyi says: "Husband is in harmony with heaven and earth, with the sun and the moon, and with the four seasons." Thinkers call the phenomenon that man, nature and the law of social development coexist as morality. When people abide by the morality that conforms to the laws of nature and the harmonious development of society, Confucianism is sincere because of Ming, sincere because of Ming, and the harmony between man and nature. When people use morality to guide social practice, and further deepen their understanding of the law of social development in practice, and achieve a new "harmony between man and nature", a new and more realistic moral thought is formed, that is, "harmony between man and nature". The moral concept of "the unity of man and nature" advocates "the benevolent loves others", which shapes China's philosophical outlook on life. It also shows that China's traditional morality not only emphasizes the dominant position of man, but also emphasizes that man must constantly understand the laws of nature and follow the laws of social development, so as to finally realize the perfect integration of man and nature.
The idea of "harmony between man and nature" emphasizes the coordination between man and nature, and its theoretical basis is to regard the whole world as a big system in which both man and nature are located. However, due to the unreserved exploitation of nature and the unrestrained consumption and enjoyment of natural objects, the relationship between man and nature has become highly tense. Today, the world is already facing the dilemma of resource depletion and fishing. Mankind's blind conquest of nature has been retaliated by nature, and environmental crisis and energy crisis have been coming. Humans are increasingly aware of the importance of the coordinated development between man and nature. Today, with the construction of a well-off society and a harmonious society in an all-round way, it is particularly important to regard "harmony between man and nature" as an important content of aesthetic education.
Fourth, carry forward excellent traditional culture and take "self-improvement" as an important content of aesthetic education.
The phrase "strive for self-improvement" comes from Yi Zhuan: "A gentleman strives for self-improvement". "Under Cohesion" emphasizes: "The size of heaven and earth is born." In other words, heaven moves forward, forward, and endless; A gentleman should emulate the virtues of heaven and earth and strive for self-improvement. Self-improvement is an important content of Chinese excellent traditional culture, and it is also a glorious tradition of China people's humanistic spirit at all times and in all countries. Self-improvement is a quality of self-transcendence and continuous progress, which embodies an indomitable and indomitable will. As the Book of Rites University praised: "New is new, and change is new." This spirit of self-improvement has condensed and strengthened the centripetal force of the nation and cultivated the national spirit of self-confidence, self-esteem and self-improvement.
Self-improvement is a magic weapon to inspire China people to be brave in innovation, make unremitting efforts to overcome all kinds of risks and withstand all kinds of tests. Self-improvement means that a nation, a country and every practical subject give full play to their subjective initiative and consciousness, be positive, go forward bravely and strive for strength. This spirit is the essence of China traditional culture and the spirit of the Chinese nation, which has been valued and advocated by people of insight since ancient times. Self-improvement is characterized by self-esteem, self-confidence, supercilious and independent personality; It is characterized by perseverance, hard work, not being pessimistic and discouraged in the face of difficulties and setbacks, being brave in pioneering and enterprising; It is manifested in lofty aspirations, persistent pursuit of lofty ideals and goals, and so on. For thousands of years, this spirit of self-improvement has influenced the trend of the whole national culture and spiritual activities. Regardless of the past, present and future, it is the spiritual motive force for our country and nation to stand among the nations of the world. Aesthetic education in colleges and universities must inherit and carry forward the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation and cultivate young students to establish an aesthetic spirit of self-improvement.
2 1 century is an important period of strategic opportunities for socialist China, but it also faces unprecedented difficulties and challenges. As the backbone of socialist construction, college students can overcome all difficulties and obstacles on their way forward and realize their own value in building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation only if they have the noble sentiment and aesthetic spirit of self-transcendence, continuous progress, perseverance and tenacious struggle.
Bronze wares and promoting national culture
The pride of the Chinese
Bronze refers to the alloy of copper with other chemical elements such as tin and lead, so it is named because of its blue-gray color. China had bronzes in the late primitive society, and then China experienced the Bronze Age of 16 centuries, creating a splendid civilization.
At present, the earliest known bronze product is a single cast bronze knife unearthed from Majiayao cultural site in Linjia, Dongxiang, Gansu Province, which has less decoration and reflects the simple aesthetic consciousness of ancient ancestors.
In Xia dynasty (2 1 century BC ~ 65438+6th century BC), there were already ritual vessels symbolizing identity, which echoed the political system of ritual system.
In Shang dynasty (65438+6th century BC ~ BC 1 1 century), bronzes reached their peak, with large-scale objects overlapping, intricate patterns and some mysterious colors.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century ~ 776 BC), the bronze ware was more closely combined with the ritual system, and the smelting and casting technology became more and more mature, and long inscriptions appeared, which became precious historical materials.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (776 BC ~ 2265438 BC+0b BC), bronzes changed their previous designs, with slim and fresh shapes, and generally adopted high-level production techniques, full of local and life colors.
After Qin dynasty (22 1b). c ~ 1840a。 D), the proportion of sacrificial vessels has been greatly reduced, and coins, weights and measures and bronze mirrors have been updated and created, becoming the mainstream of bronze wares in feudal society in China. For a long time, China's bronze casting skills have remained at a level that other countries can't catch up with.
Bronze ware integrates modeling, sculpture, painting and other arts, and has extremely high practical value and artistic aesthetic value. It is a treasure in China's cultural relic art and the essence in the world art history.