Principles of Marxist Philosophy in Reading Notes

Chapter 1 Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology.

The symbol of the establishment of Marxism is the Manifesto of the Productive Party published by Marx and Engels in 1848, including: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism.

The most fundamental theoretical characteristics of Marxism: the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

Party constitution, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, clearly stipulated that the Communist Party of China (CPC) should be guided by Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents.

Marxist philosophy, namely dialectical materialism and historical materialism, is a scientific world outlook and methodology.

Marxist philosophy reveals the universal laws of the historical development of the whole world, including human society: the world is material, the material world is moving, changing and developing, and the movement, change and development of the material world are regular, so people can understand and apply the laws to transform the world and gain freedom.

Philosophy originated in ancient Greece, which means "love wisdom".

All philosophy from ancient times to the present is a systematic and theoretical world outlook, that is, the theoretical form of world outlook, a generalization and summary of knowledge of nature, social knowledge and thinking knowledge, the most general nature and law of studying the development of nature, society and human thinking, and the most abstract social ideology with class nature.

Philosophy is the knowledge of world outlook and methodology.

World outlook is the basis of methodology, and methodology is the embodiment and application of world outlook.

Philosophy and other sciences are the relations between universality and particularity, individuality and individuality, generality and individuality, abstraction and concreteness.

The basic problem of philosophy: the relationship between thinking and existence.

Materialism and idealism are the basic schools in the history of philosophy development.

The basic viewpoint of materialism: nature, matter and existence are primary, and spirit, consciousness and thinking are secondary; The world is material, and material is the origin of all things in the world; Matter exists independently of human consciousness, and consciousness is the product of long-term development of matter and its reflection in human brain, or matter determines consciousness.

Historical forms of materialist philosophy development: ancient naive materialism, modern metaphysical materialism (mechanical materialism) and modern dialectical materialism.

Primitive and spontaneous materialism. It is believed that the origin of the world is one or several primitive substances, such as water, fire and gas, which is the origin of all things in the universe. Adhere to the correct view that material comes first and consciousness comes second, but it has the defects of intuition and speculation.

Modern metaphysical materialism: it has obvious limitations and defects of the times. One is machinery, which holds that "man is a machine"; The second is metaphysics, that is, understanding and explaining the world and things from an isolated, static and one-sided point of view; Third, it is not comprehensive, has no scientific concept of practice and has no understanding of practical activities.

Modern dialectical materialism (Marxist philosophy): It has achieved a high degree of unity between materialism and dialectics, materialist dialectical view of nature and materialist dialectical view of history, and is a truly scientific, complete, thorough and practical materialist philosophy.

The basic view of idealism is that spirit, consciousness and thinking are primary, while nature, matter and existence are secondary; Consciousness determines matter, and consciousness does not depend on matter.

The main forms of idealism: subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Two opposing development views: dialectics and metaphysics.

Dialectics: Looking at the world from the viewpoint of contact development, we think that things and phenomena in the world are generally linked to development and change, and the reason for their development and change lies in the contradictions within things.

Metaphysics: Looking at the world from an isolated and static point of view, thinking that all things and phenomena in the world are isolated and static, and denying that the reason for development and change lies in the contradictions within things.

The emergence of Marxist philosophy is a great change in the history of philosophy development: 1. The discovery and establishment of historical materialism revealed politics and its history from the relationship of economic development, and ended the unique dominant position of idealism philosophy in the field of social history. 2. The philosophy of thorough materialism based on practice overcomes the negative metaphysical defects of old materialism. 3. The philosophy of unity of science and revolution based on practice is the scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat.

The research object of Marxist philosophy: the general law of the development of nature, society and thinking.

Marxist philosophy has achieved the unity of materialism and dialectics in theoretical content, the unity of materialist view of nature and historical view, and formed a complete theoretical system of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are inseparable organic whole.

Two great discoveries of Marx: 1, historical materialism; 2. The development law of human history.

The great significance of Marx's discovery and creation of historical materialism: 1, which made materialist philosophy develop into a complete philosophy and declared the bankruptcy of idealism; 2. Turn socialism from fantasy into science; 3. The research of social science is guided by scientific historical view and methodology.

The fundamental feature of Marxist philosophy: the unity of practicality, revolution and science.

The basis of theory is practice.

Philosophy and social science is mainly to help people solve the world outlook, outlook on life and values, theoretical understanding and scientific thinking, and to understand and apply the laws of social development and social management.

Dialectical materialism and historical materialism play an important role in people's correct understanding of social phenomena and improvement of moral quality and spiritual realm: 1, Marxist philosophy is a "great cognitive tool"; 2. Marxist philosophy has a guiding and enlightening effect on people to grasp themselves, standardize their lives and improve their moral quality; 3. Marxist philosophy is enlightening to improve people's theoretical thinking ability, working ability and spiritual realm.

/kloc-Three discoveries of natural science (cell theory, law of conservation and transformation of energy, Darwinian evolution) in the first half of the 9th century laid the foundation for the establishment of Marxist philosophy.

Two thoughts of modern Quartet philosophy: scientism and humanism.

Scientism: rejecting metaphysics (referring to traditional ontological philosophy), denying the world outlook function of philosophy, and advocating experience and natural science.

Humanism: affirming the world outlook function of philosophy, criticizing science and technology, opposing rationality and promoting irrationalism.

Marxist philosophy is the world outlook and methodology of the proletariat. Modern western philosophy is generally a bourgeois philosophy theory.

The China of Marxist philosophy: The correct application of Marxist philosophy theory to China's concrete practice, combined with China's concrete practice, is the inheritance, enrichment and development of Marxist philosophy in China.

Theoretical Achievements of China-ization of Marxist Philosophy: Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Their Philosophical Thoughts and Theory of Three Represents.

Chapter II Materiality of the World and People's Practical Activities

The significance of Marxist material view: 1. Adhere to the thorough materialist monism, criticize the idealist view of matter and the dualist view of matter; 2. Insist on the theory of reflection and knowability of dialectical materialism, and criticize transcendentalism and agnosticism; 3. Adhere to the dialectics of matter and material form, adhere to the material category of philosophy and the * * * and individuality of specific scientific's concept of matter, and overcome the metaphysical defects of replacing the general and * * * with individuals and individuality in the materialist view of matter in the past. 4. Adhere to historical materialism and oppose historical idealism.

The existing forms of matter: motion, time and space.

Matter is in motion, and moving matter can only move in time and space.

Motion: The existing form and inherent attribute (fundamental attribute) of matter, including all changes and processes in the universe, from simple position to complex thinking activities.

Static: a special state of motion.

The relationship between dynamic and static: unity of opposites, absolute and relative, whole and part, mutual penetration. 1, movement is universal, eternal and unconditional, so it is absolute, and stillness is local, temporary and conditional, so it is relative; 2. Static is a special state of movement, an insignificant change and a stable state in the process of movement; 3. There is stillness in motion and stillness in motion; Everything is the unity of absolute motion and relative stillness.

Space-time: the existing form of moving matter.

Time: the continuity of the process of material movement, that is, uniqueness or irreversibility.

Space: the vastness of moving matter, that is, three-dimensional space

Practice is an objective activity that people can actively transform the material world.

Practice is the unique nature and special movement form of human life activities.

The basic forms of practice: production practice, practice of transforming social relations and scientific experiment.

Practice is essentially a dynamic process of dynamic creation, and it is the unification of humanization of nature and man's naturalization.

Consciousness is the function and attribute of human brain, and it is the material condition and physiological basis of consciousness.

Consciousness is the subjective reflection of the human brain on the objective world.

The principle of material unity of the world: 1, the world is diverse; 2. The unity of the world lies in its materiality. The world is diverse and unified, unified in matter, and matter exists objectively.

The philosophical basis of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts: the principle of material unity of the world.

Adhering to everything from reality and seeking truth from facts is the fundamental requirement of thorough materialism monism; Seeking truth from facts is the essence of Marxism.

Chapter III Relations, Development and Laws of the World

(German philosopher Hegel) Three basic historical forms of dialectical method: naive dialectics, idealistic dialectics and materialistic dialectics.

The relationship between subjective dialectics and objective dialectics: the relationship between thinking and existence or between consciousness and matter.

Materialist dialectics: science about the universal laws of the development of nature, human society and thinking movement.

Connection: the mutual influence, interaction and interdependence between all things and phenomena and among the elements that make up things.

The connection of things: objectivity, universality, diversity, restriction and systematicness.

System: an organic whole with stable structure and specific functions composed of several interrelated and interacting elements.

Materialist dialectics reveals: 1, the universal connection of all things; 2. Universal contact will inevitably lead to movement, change and development.

The essence of development: the emergence of new things and the demise of old things.

The fundamental sign of the difference between old and new things: whether it conforms to the inevitable trend of the development of things.

Process: the persistence of material movement in time and the extensiveness in space are the forms of the existence and development of things and their contradictions.

Law: that is, objective law (law) is the essential connection and inevitable trend in the process of development and change of things.

Scientific Law: (Law) People's correct understanding of objective law is expressed through the thinking form of concept, judgment and reasoning, that is, the scientific concept and expression form of objective law.

Phenomenon: the external connection, surface characteristics and external manifestations of things.

Essence: the fundamental nature of things is the internal connection of the basic elements of things, which is determined by the inherent special contradictions of things.

Necessity and contingency: a pair of philosophical categories that reveal and reflect the relationship between certain trends and uncertain trends in the development of things.

Cause: a phenomenon that causes a certain phenomenon.

Results: The phenomenon was caused by the action of causes.

Causality: the relationship between things or phenomena caused and caused.

Causality is not only a continuous connection, but also a relationship between cause and cause.

Possibility and reality are a pair of categories that reflect the relationship between things in the past, present and future.

The significance of the principle of dialectical relationship between possibility and reality: 1, the opposition between possibility and reality makes it necessary to exert people's subjective initiative; 2. The unity of possibility and reality makes people give full play to their subjective initiative; 3. It needs certain conditions to turn possibility into reality. We should actively create conditions and strive to achieve good possibilities.

The essence of the existence of things: the inherent stipulation that one thing is different from other things.

Quantity of things: the inherent stipulation of things that can be expressed by quantity.

The existence degree of things: the limit of things to maintain their quality and quantity is the unity of quality and quantity, and everything is the unity of quality and quantity.

The law of mutual change of mass: revealing the state and form of the movement and development of things.

Quantitative change: the change of the quantity of things, that is, the increase or decrease of quantity and the change of place, is realized as a small and insignificant change, reflecting the continuity of things.

Qualitative change: the change of the nature of things, from one qualitative change state to another, is a fundamental and significant mutation, a breakthrough and transcendence of the original degree, and a continuous and gradual interruption of things.

Positive factors (aspects) and negative factors (aspects) in the development of things.

The development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling.

The law of negation of negation: the direction and road of things' change and development is a cyclic process from affirmation to negation and then to negation of negation.

The law of unity of opposites: the essence and core of materialist dialectics. 1, the law of unity of opposites reveals the fundamental content of universal connection, especially the internal driving force of change and development; 2. The law of unity of opposites is the central clue of other laws and categories; 3. Contradiction analysis is the most fundamental method of understanding; 4. The law of unity of opposites embodies the fundamental difference between dialectics and metaphysics.

Internal cause: the internal cause of the movement, change and development of things, that is, the contradiction of things themselves.

External cause: the external cause of a thing, the external connection and contradiction between one thing and other things.

The principle of unbalanced development of contradictions: the contradictions existing in things and the development of contradictions are unbalanced, including major contradictions and non-major contradictions, and there are major and non-major aspects of contradictions.

The significance of the principle of unbalanced development of contradictions: adhere to the viewpoint and method of unifying the two-point theory and the core theory of materialist dialectics, adhere to the two-point theory and oppose the one-point theory; Adhere to the theory of emphasis and oppose the theory of balance. Adhering to the basic line of "one center and two basic points" is to implement and embody this view.

The fourth chapter is the essence and process of cognition (dialectical materialism epistemology)

The occurrence of cognition is the result of the interaction between natural factors and social factors. Marxist philosophy pays attention to the occurrence of cognition from the perspective of labor practice, and holds that labor plays a decisive role in the occurrence of cognition.

The essence of cognition: the dynamic and creative reflection of the theme on the object on the basis of practice or through practice.

Practice is the way of human existence, and practice is the intermediary of human interaction with the world.

The primary and basic viewpoints of Marxist philosophy and its epistemology.

Practice determines cognition: 1, and practice is the source of cognition; 2. Practice is the driving force of cognitive development; 3. Practice is the only criterion to test that man is truth; 4. Practice is the ultimate goal of cognition.

The purpose of human understanding the world is to transform the world, and the knowledge generated in practice must return to practice to guide and serve the practice and realize the transformation of the objective world.

Cognition reacts to practice: 1. It is determined by the essence of practice, which is dynamic and dominated by consciousness, which determines that practice cannot be separated from the guidance of cognition. 2. Determined by the characteristics of cognition, cognitive activities and their achievements are relatively independent, and once formed, they can react to practice.

Perceptual knowledge: The knowledge acquired by people through sensory organs on the basis of practice has the characteristics of directness and concreteness, and there are three forms: feeling, perception and representation, which is the primary stage of cognition.

Rational knowledge: people's understanding of the nature and laws of things based on perceptual knowledge, which is characterized by indirectness and abstraction, mainly in three forms: concept, judgment and reasoning, other theories and assumptions. It is an advanced stage of understanding. Rational knowledge is detached from the object from the phenomenon, but it reflects the object more profoundly and completely from the substantive content.

Perceptual knowledge solves the problem of phenomena, while rational knowledge solves the problem of essence.

The cognitive movement is a process of practice, cognition and re-practice. A correct understanding often needs to be repeated many times, with the expected result as the symbol, before it can be completed.

Dialectical materialism epistemology: truth is discovered through practice, and truth is confirmed and developed through practice. From perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and from rational knowledge to guide revolutionary practice, transform the subjective world and the objective world. Practice, cognition, practice and cognition are endless, and the content of each cycle of practice and cognition has reached a higher level.

Truth: People's correct understanding of objective things and their laws is an understanding that conforms to objective laws and laws.

The attribute of truth: 1, the absoluteness of truth; 2. Relativity of truth.

The relationship between absolute truth and relative truth: the relationship of unity of opposites.

Source: (/s/blog _ 49bb2a280100boy.html)-Principles of Marxist Philosophy in Reading Notes _ Warm Bird's Nest _ Sina Blog

Law of Truth Development: Truth is an endless development process from relative to absolute, and any truth is a link from relative truth to absolute truth.

Practical standard: the unity of certainty and uncertainty, absoluteness and relativity.

A scientific and reasonable value evaluation should not only conform to the correct understanding of the status of the object, but also conform to the correct understanding of the needs of the subject.

The fundamental way to realize value choice: social practice.

Dialectical materialism epistemology is the philosophical theoretical basis of the party's ideological line, the concrete application of epistemology and the ideological basis of the party's political line.

Dialectical thinking (subjective dialectics): the reflection of objective dialectics is the dialectics of thinking process and development in the form of concept, judgment and reasoning. It is a basic and scientific way of thinking and cognition, and an intermediary for people's correct understanding.

The basic methods of dialectical thinking: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concreteness, and unity of logic and history.

Chapter V Essence and Basic Structure of Human Society

The history of human society is an integral part and special form of the development process of the whole material world. Historical view or social historical view is people's view on the origin, essence and development law of human society, and it is also people's fundamental view on social historical view.

The basic problem of historical view: the relationship between social existence and social consciousness is the implementation and expression of the basic problems of thinking and existence in historical view.

Marx's two discoveries: historical materialism and surplus value, laid the theoretical foundation of Marxist political economy and scientific socialism.

Social material living conditions (social existence): including the synthesis of basic elements such as production mode (production activities), geographical environment and population factors.

When making a plan, a country, a region and even human beings should use resources in a planned and rational way, transform nature according to the harmony and unity of natural laws and human needs, determine the appropriate relationship between man and nature, and consider population, labor resources and implementation to implement the strategy of sustainable development.

Mode of production: the concretization of labor practice or production practice refers to the material production activities of what tools human beings use and what social relations they engage in, that is, the unity of productivity and production relations.

The unity of opposites of human social and natural.

All social life is essentially practical.

The practical nature of society: 1. Practice is the root of social relations; 2. Practice constitutes the basic field of social life; 3. Practice is the driving force of social development.

The development of society is mainly the change of human social structure and the development of social relations, which is driven by practice, especially the production practice constitutes the fundamental driving force of social development. Productivity is the ultimate decisive force of social development, and productivity is "the result of people's practical ability".

The basic structure of social organism: socio-economic structure, political structure and conceptual structure.

Socio-economic structure: refers to the sum total of the dominant production relations that are adapted to a certain stage of the development of productive forces.

Productivity: the actual ability of human beings to conquer and transform nature, the ability to realize the material transformation between man and nature, and the objective material force to solve the contradiction between man and nature.

Productivity belongs to the relationship between man and nature.

The development of productive forces has three historical forms: manual production, large machine production and automatic production.

Science and technology are the primary productive forces.

The relations of production refer to the economic relations that occur in the process of production and are independent of people's will, and belong to the relationship between people.

The essence of production relations: material interests.

The ownership relationship of the means of production is the relationship of people's fundamental interests; Determine the relationship between distribution, exchange and consumption; It is the basis of dividing classes; It is the standard to distinguish the nature of economic form.

Superstructure: political superstructure (political and legal system) and ideological superstructure (social ideology).

The essence of the state: a tool for one class to oppress another.

State power is at the core of the political structure and plays a controlling role in the whole social system. State power is the control center.

Social consciousness: it summarizes all human ideological elements and ideologies, as well as all human spiritual phenomena and processes.

Ideology: A social ideology that reflects and serves the economic base.

Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts to social existence. This is the basic principle of historical materialism.

Cultural structure: the structure of the concept system with ideology as the main content, including social concepts and contact methods of political and legal thoughts, morality, art, religion, philosophy and other systems.

The essence of ideology is rooted in social existence.

In a society of class confrontation, the thoughts of the ruling class and the thoughts of the ruled class are fundamentally opposed.

Two basic forms of civilization: material form and spiritual form.

Culture: broad sense culture and narrow sense culture.

Culture in a broad sense: the general name of all material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings.

Narrow sense culture: spiritual wealth including language, literature, art and all ideologies.

Building material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization can provide a solid foundation for building a harmonious society; Building a harmonious society can also provide important conditions for the construction of material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization.

Chapter VI Laws of Social Development and Historical Creators

Social law: the law of human practical activities, the essential connection in the process of human practical activities, that is, the inherent essential connection of social development.

People's thoughts, motives and purposes are determined by the material living conditions of society, and the degree of realization depends on whether it reflects the objective requirements of social development; People's conscious activities can only accelerate or delay the historical process, and can not change the general trend of historical development, but can conform to the general trend of historical development.