Internal institutions: classroom, full house, Hanfu, Mengfu, full house ticket signing office, Han ticket signing office, inspection office, sending and receiving red book office, batch office, copying library, rice library, etc. , each has its own department. In addition, there is no quota for writing books, and college students will send committees from Hanzhong.
During the period of Shunzhi and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the Cabinet was the central organization, praised the Emperor Xiang, was in charge of major policies, and was the place where the national centers gathered. However, since the establishment of the military department in the middle of Yongzheng, the minister of military affairs was responsible for major policies, and the cabinet gradually stopped participating in confidential affairs, and its power gradually became lighter, becoming the administrative affairs agency mainly dealing with this chapter. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the cabinet was reorganized, and the conference administration department was set up, with ministers as cabinet ministers. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the responsible cabinet was established, and the minister of military affairs was the prime minister and assistant minister of the cabinet, and the cabinet was appointed as an official. At this point, the military department was abolished and the cabinet became the central institution.
Military department: refers to the military affairs office where the emperor left Beijing. In the Qing Dynasty, the military department was the central hub, drafting imperial edicts, handling memorials and participating in maintenance. The emperor summoned military affairs ministers irregularly every day. On the day of the emperor's stay in Beijing, no matter whether he lives in the palace, Xiyuan or Yuanmingyuan, military affairs ministers must enter the military hall (Xiyuan military hall is at Xiyuanmen, Yuanmingyuan military hall is on the left), and they are not allowed to leave unless they are for the purpose of scattering values. When the emperor leaves Beijing to go out, the Minister of Military Affairs and Zhang Jing must accompany him. In the place where the emperor was stationed, a check-in room was set up to wait for maintenance, which was called military travel. For example, when the emperor visited the mausoleum, toured the Jehol, and toured Shengjing or other provinces, the military minister paid the membership fee at the palace gate or set up a yurt. If you are in the camp, put up a yurt at the east gate of Baibu City; When looking at the city, they all set up financial offices around Huangbu City. When I met Muling and Dingling, I entered the Lingmen.
Six departments: the general name of the six departments of the central administrative organs in the Qing Dynasty: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers.
In the five years before entering the customs (163 1), the Qing dynasty imitated the lighting system and set up six departments: official, household, ritual, military, criminal and industrial. Baylor is the prime minister of each ministry, and Cheng Zheng and other officials manage the administrative affairs of the country respectively. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs and unified the whole country, the six departments were further strengthened and improved as the central administrative organs, and were directly responsible to the emperor.
Among them, the official department is the first of the six departments, which is responsible for the appointment and dismissal management, assessment, rewards and punishments of civil servants; Ministry decrees in charge of household registration finance; The Ministry of Rites is in charge of school education, imperial examinations, etiquette, sacrifice and other affairs; The Ministry of War is responsible for the appointment, dismissal, assessment, rewards and punishments of Wu Zhi officials, as well as the registration of soldiers, weapons manufacturing, horse breeding management, martial arts examination and other matters. , and is also responsible for postal services; The Ministry of Punishment is in charge of penalties and prison orders, accepts criminal cases, and decides death penalty cases together with the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of laws and funds created in the world.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the Qing court carried out the official system reform, most of the original six famous names were abolished, and the power functions of the state administrative organs were redefined and divided. Therefore, there were ministries of foreign affairs, civil affairs, education, education, war, navy, justice, agriculture, industry and commerce, posts and telecommunications, administration, military advisory office, and so on.
Duchayuan: The highest supervisory organ in Qing Dynasty, named Duchayuan.
Duchayuan is responsible for correcting the corrupt behavior of yamen and officials at all levels, explaining the advantages and disadvantages of politics and people's livelihood, participating in the discussion of Jiuqing, reviewing the case of Qin Jiaotong University and the court trial and autumn trial together with the Ministry of Punishment and Dali Temple, checking the revocation and closure of documents, and patrolling the local public security in Beijing.
There are bachelor of imperial academy and bachelor of Chinese literature, bachelor of attendance, bachelor of attendance, reading, attendance and editing.
Imperial academy has officials, a library, books, a hole, a waiting room, a pen and a paste. Lingshu Chang Museum, Juju Bamboo Museum and National History Museum.
Hanlin officials were selected by Jinshi, taught for three years, took exams, and chose excellent ones to stay in yamen.
Responsibilities include forbidding courtiers, paying attention to banquets, recording daily life, compiling books and letters, compiling the history of books, and other errands, such as teaching Jishi Shu, filling rural examiners, studying provincial politics, and entering the southern study room and the upper study room.
Lifanyuan: In the Qing Dynasty, there was an organization in charge of ethnic minorities and foreign affairs, called Lifanyuan, which was the same as the six ministries. Together with Duchayuan, Hanlin Academy and Liubu, it is called "Beijing Department".
In the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang taiji founded the Mongolian yamen, which was responsible for ethnic affairs. In the third year of Chongde (1638), in June of the lunar calendar, the Mongolian yamen was changed to a courtyard.
At the beginning, Li Fanyuan's officials had 1 person, including left and right politicians 1 person, 8 deputy directors and 7 Xinlang 1 person. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Cheng Zheng was changed to minister, political assistant minister and assistant minister Yuan Wailang, and the number of Yuan Wailang and Qi groom was increased, and officials in charge of hall affairs, clerks, deputy envoys and pen posts were added. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Yolanda, a minister and assistant minister, was Yuan's official title, which was clearly defined as "Li Fan Yuan Shangshu was in charge of Yuan affairs" and "Li Fan Yuan Assistant Minister was in charge of Yuan affairs".
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), the emperor shunzhi thought that Li had a great responsibility in managing foreign affairs and should not belong to the Ministry of rites, so he ordered Li not to serve as the minister of rites, so he changed his name to Li Shangshu and Li Assistant Minister. It is also stipulated that the "official system" of the Legislative Council is the same as that of the six ministries. Ministers of Li Fan Academy can participate in the preliminary discussion of state affairs.
Li Fan Hospital consists of six departments, namely, Wang Hui, Dian Department, Meat Hospital, Laiyuan and Punishment Department, as well as Manchu Archives, Han Archives, Mongolian Archives, Secretary's Office, Monthly Library, Supervisor's Library, Treasury, Mi Yinshi and Salary Archives. In addition, Lifan Academy also has affiliated internal libraries, external libraries, Russian libraries, Mongolian official schools, Xixia studies, Tottenham studies and other units.
Lifan Academy has ministers 1 person (full, from grade one), left and right assistant ministers 1 person (full, from grade two), and extra Mongolian assistant ministers 1 person, which is the sage of Mongolian Baylor and Beizi (from grade two). There are 65,438+02 Langzhong (imperial clan 65,438+0, full 3, Meng 8, all five grades), 36 Yuanwailang (imperial clan 65,438+0, full 65,438+00, Meng 25, all five grades) and 6 Tang Zhu (full 2,Meng 3, Dao). * * * officers 172. In addition, there are 147 additional officials.
Yuan's general duties are as follows:
First, responsible for surprise inspection, annual class, tribute, banquet, reward, etc. Subordinate to officials such as princes and chieftains of various ministries, and send court servants, pens and posts to wait in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities and change them regularly;
Second, handle Manchu-Mongolian marriage affairs. In case the emperor marries the princess, it shall be handled by Zong Renfu in conjunction with Li Fanyuan.
Third, manage trumpet affairs and protect Yellow Religion (Yellow Religion is a school of Buddhism, founded by Zong Kaba, a monk in Tanggu during Yongle period of Ming Dynasty);
Fourth, manage the alliance, demarcation, post road and commercial trade of Mongolian flag;
Fifth, amend the Law on Punishment of Ethnic Minorities and participate in the trial of criminal cases. Members of the hospital stationed in various places participated in the trial of ethnic cases in the region. Any crime that is sentenced to more than the penalty shall be reported to the hospital for examination and approval in conjunction with the Ministry of Punishment or the Third Law Department;
Sixth, take charge of some foreign trade affairs. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister's Office was established, and Lifan Academy was no longer responsible for foreign affairs.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the Qing government announced that it was preparing for constitutionalism and began the reform of the official system. Imperial academy changed its name to imperial academy, but its subordinate institutions still followed the old system, only merged the Han file, the salary file and the supervision department into a full file, renamed it the leading department, and expanded the original Mongolian official school to imperial academy.
In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the official system of the Ministry of Law was established, and two new investigation and compilation bureaus were established, which were subordinate to the leadership office and later changed to the constitutional preparation office.
In the third year (19 1 1), Minister of Science and Technology and Fan was renamed Minister, and Assistant Minister was renamed Deputy Minister. After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the Qing Dynasty fell, and so did the Ministry of Household and Francisco.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the highest institution in charge of foreign affairs in the late Qing Dynasty. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), on June 9th, it was renamed as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the basis of the national government of the Prime Minister's Office, thus adding a new ministerial-level institution in addition to the original six departments and one hospital. Before the six departments and one hospital, the prince led the department and called it the Prime Minister Wang, and the ministers were only equal to the ministers who could do it.
At the beginning of his official position, there were Prime Minister Wang, one assistant minister, one assistant minister and one assistant minister, all of which were deliberately simplified by the emperor. Zhang Jing, the former office of the Prime Minister's yamen, was changed to one left and one right (third class), and the Senate hall was left and one right (fourth class); There are four doctoral counselors. Responsible for the delivery of confidential documents and all affairs; The Senate presides over the deliberation of laws and regulations, assisted by counselors.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs consists of the Ministry of Peace and Social Affairs, the Examination Department, the Accounting Department, the General Affairs Department, the Affairs Department, the document cleaning room, the telegraph office, the treasury and other institutions, with the same responsibilities as the Prime Minister's yamen. In addition, Cheng Can Hall was established, which consists of five departments: Russia, Germany, France, Britain and Japan. Later, it was changed into a unit, and soon Russia and Germany merged into one unit. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, five units merged into one translation office, which was responsible for the translation and interpretation of documents from eastern and western countries.
Translation Section, Translation Division, Class II, Class III, Translators.
In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the Statistics Department was established in September to make statistics on the foreign affairs of various provinces, such as the number of consuls, businessmen, foreign employees, churches, priests, foreign businessmen, etc. The Census and Statistics Department has one assistant, one assistant and two clerks.
In February of Xuantong Yuannian (1909), a secretary unit was set up under Cheng Can Hall to be responsible for receiving, sending, drafting and editing confidential documents. In August, a confidential unit was set up to be responsible for collecting and publishing confidential news. So far, Cheng Can Hall has six stocks.
In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), when the responsible cabinet was established in April, the official system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was reformed: the Prime Minister Wang and the Minister of Peace Affairs were removed, and the Shangshu was changed to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, with one person; Change the left and right assistant ministers to deputy ministers, one person; Add officials who can walk the Senate, learn to walk the Senate, and walk the Senate. With the assistance of the vice minister, the foreign minister is responsible for negotiations, publicizing beliefs, protecting overseas Chinese and servants, and establishing diplomatic relations carefully. General Political Department:
In short, the "General Political Department" is the yamen responsible for receiving and promoting this chapter and communicating information from top to bottom in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is equivalent to Sima Ling in Qin and Han Dynasties, the bus, the imperial doctor in Sui Dynasty, the Sifang Pavilion and Song Zhitong in Tang Dynasty. He joined the Indian Department and was awarded the Wen Gu Academy and the Procuratorate. Those who openly set up the General Political Department, change their positions, refute internal and external chapters, and introduce the words and deeds of their subjects. In its internal and external chapters, the four parties can complain or accuse of violating the law before playing. There was still a General Political Department in the Qing Dynasty, but its power was greatly reduced in the Ming Dynasty, and it was only in charge of the titles of the provinces. After proofreading, it was handed over to the cabinet. This chapter was illegally played, but the most important official documents of the Qing Dynasty were not entitled to receive it. Its chief official, the political envoy, can take part in the discussion of Hongyi Prison in the imperial court and lead it to Wen Gu Hall, which is listed as one of the nine central officials. In addition to the general political envoys, there are assistant officials and deputy envoys, one each from Manchu and Han. They are experienced officials, governors and penholders. Because the General Political Department of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is similar to that of the Song Dynasty, it is nicknamed "Yintai".
Interior Office: It is the institution in charge of court affairs and three banners decrees in the Qing Dynasty, and its full name is "the head of the interior office". Founded in the early years of Shunzhi, he was in charge of setting yellow flags and yellow flags, managing royal household chores and staying with the guards. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), Regent Dourgen was found guilty after his death, and the Zhengbaiqi was taken over by the emperor. The coating of Zhengbaiqi was transferred from slaves in Wang Fu to the royal family, which was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and became the coating system of Shangsanqi.
After the death of Shunzhi, the 13th yamen was restored, and the interior office was still set up and customized. Personnel, storage, finance, ceremonies, sacrifices, guards, prisons, engineering, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting, food and shelter, and all military and political affairs of the Three Banners are under the unified management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
There is a minister in charge of the internal affairs office, who has no quota and always leads the affairs of the office; There is one Tang Langzhong, who is in charge of two Tang people, and two people who are in charge of the appointment office. They are in charge of the election of government-owned civil servants, the supervision and supervision of various major events undertaken by seven departments and other places, as well as the handling of documents and files.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs consists of seven departments, including Chu Guang, DuDu, Zhang Yi, Accounting, Architecture, Qingfeng and Caution, and three hospitals, namely Shangyi, Armed Forces Department and Chen Feng, which are responsible for various specific affairs. And set up a worship room to be responsible for eunuch affairs; Three Flags Consular Office, which is in charge of three flags coating affairs; Three flags cover Xiao Qi camp, guard camp and pioneer camp, dividing guards and guiding followers in the palace. In addition, there are more than 40 subordinate institutions, including Royal Tea Restaurant, official rented warehouse, hall of mental cultivation Construction Office, Sanqi Zhuangtou Office, Sanzhi Office, Zhangjiakou Waiqun Animal Husbandry Office, Sheng Da Wula Office, Palace and Garden, with more than 3,000 employees. Their activities cover Gyeonggi, Zhili, Fengtian, Jilin, Mongolia, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other regions, and they are in charge of affairs.
In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), after the abdication of the Qing emperor Puyi, Puyi still lived in the Forbidden City according to the royal preferential conditions signed by the provisional government of the Republic of China and the Qing court, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs continued to keep it until 1924 when Puyi was expelled from the palace by Feng Yuxiang and others.
Imperial academy: imperial academy, also known as "Sinology" and "imperial academy", is the competent authority for decrees on Sinology. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were two schools in imperial academy, one in Beijing was called Beijian, and the other in Nanjing was called Nanjian.
In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), imperial academy in Nanjing was changed to Fu Xue in Jiangning, leaving only imperial academy as the capital. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy was originally under the Ministry of Rites, and was later personally handled by the prison.
In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), he served as the prime minister and supervisor, in charge of the laws and regulations on Chinese studies, and conducted educational assessment on Gong Sheng, Jiansheng and Eight Banners official students who entered the prison for study.
Imperial academy set up a wine offering, one for Han, one for Si, one for Han and one for Meng. There are halls for doctors, doctors, books and classics in the prison, which manage all kinds of affairs. Set up six halls of magnanimity, monasticism, honesty, righteousness, ambition and broadness as places of practice.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), after the establishment of the academic department, imperial academy was merged into the academic department.
Guanglu Temple:
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Guanglu Temple was established in the Ming Dynasty. Formerly a Ministry of Rites, it was independent in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658). In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (16 1), the Ministry of Rites was restored, and in the tenth year of Kangxi (1677).
Guanglu Temple is full, and Han Temple has one person each, ranking from the three categories; It's one person, and Han is two. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi, Han was short of one person, ranking fifth. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), the Prime Minister's Hall was specially simplified. There are standard reading rooms, senior officials of four departments, delicacies, good luck, palm candy, the office of the month, the national treasury and the yellow book room. Guanglu Temple is responsible for preparing banquets for the celebrations and sacrifices of the imperial court and providing food for officials and envoys.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the official system was reformed and Guanglu Temple was merged into the Ministry of Rites.
Taibu Temple:
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Taibu Temple was established in the Qing Dynasty, which was under the Ordnance Department of the Ministry of War. In charge of the collection of horse prices and silver in Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Jiangnan and other places, the year-end assessment and sale, and the preparation of horses and camels along the way.
In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the horse money collected by the provincial government was incorporated into the household assessment and sales; In the 9th year of Kangxi (1670), the No.2 stallion factory outside the Ministry of War was managed by Taibu Temple.
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), another yamen was built, and Taibu Temple became an independent institution.
In the sixth year of Jiaqing (180 1 year), patrol and camel-carrying were placed under the management of the Guards and the yamen respectively. Since then, Taibu Temple has been in charge of the affairs of the two-wing horse factory. Set up one person in Qing Dynasty, one in Manchu Dynasty and one in Han Dynasty to lead temple affairs; Shao Qing, Manchu and Han each have one person to assist them.
In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), a minister in charge of temple affairs was added, and in the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808), it was suspended.
At the beginning of Taibu Temple, officials such as Yuan Wailang and Chief Bookkeeper were set up to handle affairs separately, but their responsibilities were not assigned. In the sixth year of Qianlong (174 1), internal organizations such as Zuosi, Right Division and Main Office Hall were set up, and various services were set up in the temple. General manager 1 name, 2 general managers (left and right wings each 1 name), wing length, deputy director, deputy director, pastor, deputy pastor of the left and right wings of Inner Mongolia. Set up assistant manager, defense school, Xiao Qi school, nursing military school and nursing army to investigate the arrest.
In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Taibu Temple was once merged into the Ministry of War and regained its independence.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the Ministry of War was changed to the Ministry of War, and the horse factory affairs on the two wings of Taibu Temple were also placed under the management of the Ministry of War, so Taibu Temple was laid off.
Zhan Zhifu:
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Zhanshi House was established along the Ming Dynasty, which was soon laid off and located in the Third Hospital. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Zhan government was restored; Shunzhi fifteen years (1658) and beheaded. In the 14th year of Kangxi (1675), Zhan House was rebuilt.
Master Zhan was in charge of the previous generation and assisted the Prince of the East Palace. After Kangxi, before the Prince was established, Zhan Shifu became a place specially set up for the activities of Hanlin officials, and served as an examiner in court examinations. Zhan Shi Fu set up Zhan Shi, less Zhan Shi, one man and one Han, in charge of government affairs. There are left and right concubines, left and right consents, left and right praises, horse washing, master books, one Manchu and one Han. Han also served as a bachelor's degree in lectures, lectures, lectures, editing and editing in the Hanlin Academy.
The internal organs of Zhan government include Zuo, You Chunfang, Ministry of Economic Affairs and General Office.
In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Zhan Shifu was laid off and merged into imperial academy.