In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination scholars were divided into three classes. The first class entered imperial academy directly, the second class was Jishi Shu of imperial academy, who obtained the qualification of preparing for imperial academy, and the third class was entrusted with local grassroots officials or other positions. It can be seen that only those who can directly enter imperial academy are the best in the imperial examinations. For such a group of talents, the court attached great importance to and carefully cultivated them. The daily activities of the Hanlin Academy not only fulfill its function of dealing with political affairs, but also have the significance of exercising ability and increasing knowledge. For example, all kinds of imperial edicts issued in the name of the emperor should have been drafted by cabinet ministers, but in fact most official documents were written by Hanlin, which helped Hanlin officials adapt to government affairs, deepen their experience and strengthen their familiarity with state affairs; The compilation of History of Ming Dynasty was generally led by Chen Ge, and Hanlin was responsible for the actual editing, which strengthened the in-depth understanding of the political code stories of past dynasties by Hanlin officials. In the course of giving lectures at the banquet, Hanlin officials were constantly familiar with the imperial etiquette and state affairs; At the same time, the teacher-student relationship formed by giving lectures and reading at the banquet became an important condition for Hanlin officials to enlighten their minds and exert influence on the emperor during or after their stay in the hospital. In addition, Hanlin officials have more opportunities to get close to Confucianism, power, appreciate historical materials and newspapers, and attend some important meetings, so as to have a concrete and in-depth understanding of current affairs and politics. All these have enabled Hanlin to accumulate political knowledge and experience and prepare for better political literacy in the future.
Officials in imperial academy in the Ming Dynasty had two meanings: one was the cabinet members who participated in the maintenance. Cabinet members claim to be university students, so the Cabinet and the Hanlin Academy are an integrated and two-in-one institution, which is also the reason why only people from Hanlin background can enter the cabinet in the Qing Dynasty. Since the Chenghua period of Ming Xianzong (A.D. 1465- 1487), not only the cabinet, but also six ministers have made it a rule to appoint Hanlin officials. According to "Official History of the Ming Dynasty II", "It was in six departments at that time. When it is self-contained, after Zhou Hongyi, the ministers and assistant ministers of the department of rites must come from the Hanlin, and the two assistant ministers of the official department must come from the Hanlin. Hanlin Shangshu, bachelor (all six), assistant minister, reading teacher. In Zhan Shi Fu, officials of the Party and Bureau, depending on their grades, will take the title of our college (Zhan Shi and Shao Zhan Shi take the title of bachelor, illegitimate children, Yu De, Zhong Yun, Zanshan take assistant minister, wait for bachelor and even edit). Secondly, imperial academy in the Ming Dynasty included the posts of secretary supervisor, history museum, works bureau, living lang and Scheler in the previous generation. Therefore, these official names have been abolished. In fact, even these officials have been abolished, sometimes just as a decoration.
The cabinet university was one of the official systems in China in the Qing Dynasty, with a first-class rank. 1659, the Qing government unified the museum with the Inner Third Hospital, renamed it the Cabinet, and its cabinet was equipped with university students. Two Manchu and two Han. During the Qianlong period of 1730, college students became customized three halls and three pavilions. In fact, the cabinet college students have the right to vote, which can be said to be the actual prime minister of the Qing Dynasty. After the abolition of relative power, Zhu Yuanzhang had to deal with a lot of political affairs every day. In order to ensure that the monarchical power is not excluded, and it is easy to handle political affairs, in the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang imitated the Song Dynasty system, and selected several civil servants from imperial academy and other institutions to serve as college students in Guan, Dongge Guan, Guan, Wuying Hall and Wenhua Hall. The Ming emperor Judy allowed cabinet ministers to participate in the maintenance, but he didn't care about his subordinates and couldn't tyrannize officials. Starting from Zhu Gaochi, Emperor Renzong of Ming Dynasty, six ministers, assistant ministers and university students in Diange became more and more powerful. After the mid-Ming dynasty, cabinet ministers had the distinction of master book, sub-book and group book. It is extremely important to record the right to plan a ticket, and all political affairs are under control. With the passage of time, the power of the cabinet has accumulated from generation to generation. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Diange University had mastered part of the power of the prime minister, and was no longer the "adviser" of the original emperor, but Huiji became the actual prime minister. The Cabinet has become the de facto administrative center of the country. But the status of records is often challenged by autocratic eunuchs. After all, the record is not a legitimate prime minister. The confusion of state affairs in the mid-Ming dynasty was closely related to this.
The bachelor of cabinet was one of the official systems in China in the Qing Dynasty, and its rank was second-class. 1659, the Qing government unified the museum with the Inner Third Hospital and renamed it the Cabinet, which had a bachelor's degree. In terms of quantity, among the bachelor of cabinet, there are 6 Manchu and 4 Han. In the 1730 s, when he was in the long dynasty, it became the custom of three halls and three pavilions. The number has reached dozens.
The word bachelor first appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. "Zhou Li Chun Guan": "The letter is thorough, the scholar is handsome and the song is thorough." Etiquette and mourning: "Doctors and bachelors know how to respect their ancestors." Kong Zhu, a famous scholar in the Tang Dynasty, said: "This bachelor's degree is a bachelor's degree from a university or a primary school in a township, a country and a country." Yao and Xu, as well as universities and primary schools, are places where the children of ancient nobles studied, which are equivalent to the schools in imperial academy after the Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty. It can be seen that the bachelor's degree originally refers to the aristocratic children who are studying, and later gradually becomes the general name of official names and scholars.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the bachelor became an official and dedicated his literary skills to the court. For example, Geng Xin and Xu Ling, famous poets in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, once worked as bachelors in the East Palace of Liang Wudi, accompanied the emperor to write poems and wrote many gorgeous palace poems. At that time, there were no places, no order and no names for the bachelor. Some of them were favored by the emperor, others were in a low position and even bullied. Although their positions and responsibilities are different, one thing is the same, that is, a bachelor must be knowledgeable or specialize in one subject.
The Tang Dynasty set up a bachelor's college and was ordered to draft imperial edicts. The status of bachelor has been greatly improved, and bachelor can even participate in state affairs. For example, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, called eighteen scholars, including Confucian scholars, Fang, Du Ruhai, to discuss world affairs. Xuanzong and Dezong established imperial academy and Bachelor's College. Bachelor of Hanlin is the first among all the bachelors, and is often served by a scholar with profound knowledge and literary attainments. Li Bai, a famous romantic poet, once worked as a bachelor of Hanlin. After the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the bachelor's degree from the Imperial Academy, the bachelor's degree was named after temples, pavilions and pavilions, among which the bachelor's degree from Guan Wendian was the most distinguished, and only those who had served as prime ministers could award it. After the Tang Dynasty, there were also university students, ranking first in halls, pavilions and museums. In the Qing dynasty, the position of university students became more prominent, and the official worshiped Zhengyipin, ranking first among civil servants. These university counselors set an example for all officials, even those of the Prime Minister. Therefore, people do not call each other by their first names in public places and private etiquette, but treat them as "main hall". Whether a bachelor or a college student, he must be a learned person.