New words and phrases

1. by chance: by chance; happen

How did you become a tour guide? How did you happen to be a tour guide?

I happened to be out when she called.

2. Neat.

1) neat and orderly

Zola always keeps her kitchen clean and tidy.

2) save time and effort; Skillfully; efficient

Finally, we found a very clever way to solve the problem.

Neat and tidy. tidy/neat

These adjectives all mean "neatness".

Neat refers to the clean and tidy appearance of a person or thing.

His clothes are always neat and clean. The clothes he wears are always neat and clean.

Tidy emphasizes neatness and order.

Andrew's apartment is always so neat. Andrew's room is always neat.

Orderly is more semantic than the above words and is the most commonly used. Refers to arranging complex and subtle things neatly according to their internal relations, emphasizing order.

She needs to organize her thoughts more systematically. She needs to organize her thoughts in a more organized way.

3. Efficiency expert: A very efficient person.

Note: This phrase is a noun attributive structure of "noun+noun". In this structure, two nouns have no subordinate relationship; The first noun usually acts as a logical object, and the subject noun usually acts as a logical subject. Bookcase. In this lesson, the author uses many such structures, such as kitchen utensils, shirt factory, quality control, workflow, assembly line, machine operator, background music, tea break, math class and so on.

4. foundation; basis

The earthquake shook the foundation of the house.

The workers are laying the foundation for the house. The workers are building the foundation of the house.

Collocation:

There is no basis. It is groundless.

Lay the foundation for

Shake/shake the foundation of sth. Shake the foundation of ...

(or shake/shake something. To its foundation)

CF: foundation, basis, foundation, and. ground

These nouns all mean "foundation".

Foundation, when used in a specific sense, refers to the foundation or foundation of a solid building; When used as a metaphor, it is basically the same as basis.

Foundation refers to the foundation that constitutes or supports a specific object. It can also refer to a military base or be used as a metaphor.

Basis is mainly used for abstract or extended meaning.

The meaning of ground is close to that of basis and foundation. Generally, it refers to the basis of a decision, argument or relationship, and it can also refer to the basis of a reason.

1). His view is based on something he read in the newspaper.

The earthquake shook the foundation of the house.

3). Then I went to the Alameda Naval Air Base to work as an assistant to a mechanic.

The reasons for his decision have never been clearly stated.

5. Come in: Have or find a place; Play a role

She won the second place in the 100 meter race. She won the second place in the 100-meter race.

6. Look around: walk around a place and check it; Examine the situation

He ran around looking for a rented house. He looked around for a house to rent.

7. Be surprised at ...

She was surprised at what you told her. She was surprised at what you told her.

8. In any case:

Everything she does is absurd.

not at all

I have no reason to doubt everything he said. I have no reason to doubt what he said.

9. check. examination

The customs officer checked my passport rather suspiciously. The customs officer checked my passport suspiciously.

CF: inspection, inspection and. study

These verbs all mean "investigate, check".

Inspect focuses on checking something according to certain quality standards and finding out shortcomings or differences.

Examination is the most commonly used word, which can refer to a rough inspection or careful observation or investigation to determine the nature, function and characteristics of things.

Investigation refers to in-depth and meticulous on-site investigation to discover the truth or understand the situation.

1). This study investigates the influence of violent TV programs on children.

2). I got off to check the damage.

3). This study investigated the effect of alcohol on long-term memory.

She held the bill under the lamp and examined it carefully.

10. miss: v.

1) is missing

Our team lacks a guide. Our team is short of a defender.

2) Invisible, unable to hit, unable to grasp, unable to grasp, unable to reach, etc.

The bullet narrowly missed her heart. The bullet narrowly missed her heart.

3) Regret the absence of people or things

I really missed her when she left. I really missed her after she left.

1 1. Except: except; Except ...

The house is empty except for the janitor. The house is unoccupied except the caretaker.

CF: except, except &

These prepositions or phrases all mean "except".

Except focuses on exclusion and subtraction from the whole.

Except for is mostly used to explain the basic situation or affirm the main part, and also leads to the opposite reasons or details, thus partially correcting the main meaning before and expressing regret.

"Except ..." means adding parts or individuals to the whole.

1). Do you participate in other sports besides football and basketball?

Apart from being a little tired, she feels good.

Besides money, people choose jobs for other reasons.

I have finished all the questions except the second one.

There is no one on the street except one or two cars.

12. Mitigation; alleviate

This injection can relieve the pain. Injection can relieve the pain.

The doctor's explanation relieved me of my worries. The doctor's explanation dispelled my fears.

13. boring

This course is so boring that the students are listless. This class is boring, and the students are bored with it.

14. dull.

1) boring

The meeting was dead. The meeting was very dull.

2) Not bright or clear

Jane's hair is dark brown.

3) slow understanding; foolish

If you don't understand, then you are more dull than I thought.

Dull, boring & dull

These words are adjectives, meaning "boring" and "boring"

Dull means boring because of dull and lack of interest, and its connotation is sameness, unattractiveness and lifelessness.

Weekly meetings are often very boring. Weekly meetings are usually boring.

The concept of boredom is the widest, especially boring conversations and articles, including boring people.

He is really one of the most boring people I have ever met. He is really the most annoying person I have ever met.

Boredom refers to being bored by describing someone or something for too long, and also refers to being bored by doing something repeatedly. Emphasize the physical discomfort caused by boredom.

We had to sit through the serious speech. We had to sit there and listen to some boring speeches.

15. Absent-minded; Absent-minded; neglected

The absent-minded boy always loses his books. The absent-minded boy always loses his books.

16. Delay: To delay or cause to stop.

Due to the traffic accident, the traffic was interrupted for several hours. The accident caused traffic disruption for several hours.

17. fire: v.

Fire sb. From his/her work, sacks (infml. )

Sam was fired by the management for inefficiency. Sam was fired by the management for inefficiency.

2) shoot; shoot

The police fired rubber bullets to disperse the crowd. The police fired rubber bullets to disperse the crowd.

CF: dismissal, dissolution & exemption

These verbs all mean "dissolve, dissolve".

A colloquial word for fire refers to being suddenly and flatly dismissed, and his actions are as clean as shooting.

Disse is the lightest formal word in this group. Generally, only from the above can we see the reasons or reasons for dismissal.

The tone of dismissal is very heavy, which means that there is reason to dismiss, and it also means that it will not be reused.

1). Bryant was unfairly fired.

She was fired after being found stealing from her employer.

7 recruits were expelled from the army because of health problems.

18. Major:

Bigger or more important

In most cities in the world, busy traffic is a big problem. Traffic congestion is a major problem in most cities in the world.

Noun (short for noun) A student who specializes in a certain research field.

She majored in English in college. She majored in English at the university.

19. implementation: vt. Get sth. By hard work; Finish sth. successfully

I only finished half what I hoped to do. I only finished half what I hoped to do.

20. management: n.

A person in charge of a factory or business.

This company is being led by a new manager. This enterprise is managed by the new management.

2) Managing the behavior of enterprises

Many small companies fail because of poor management. The failure of many small businesses is caused by poor management.

2 1. Productive

They work hard, but they are not very efficient. They work hard, but their efforts are not fruitful.

22. Frequently occurring; habitual

Gradually, he doesn't come to the door often. As time went on, his visits became less frequent.

23. promotion: n.

1) position rises

As long as you make achievements, you can expect to be promoted. If you succeed, you can expect a promotion.

2) Activities aimed at helping to sell products

He is in charge of sales promotion. He is in charge of sales promotion. 2) Activities aimed at helping to sell products

background knowledge

A. American education system

In the United States, education is the responsibility of each state, not the federal government, so the requirements of each state may be different. The following is a summary:

Kindergarten: before the age of 5

Primary school: 6- 1 1 year (grade 1~6)

Junior high school: 12- 13 years old (grades 7-8)

Senior middle school: 14- 17 years old (grade 9~ 12)

University: bachelor's degree or bachelor's degree for 4 years.

University: master's degree or master's degree for 2~3 years; Doctor 2~8 years

B.what is industrial engineering?

Industrial engineering is a detailed analysis of the use and cost of personnel, materials and equipment in an organization, with the aim of improving its productivity, profit and efficiency. People who participate in this analysis are called industrial engineers.

At first, the analysis technology of industrial engineering was mainly used in manufacturing industry to improve production methods, establish production control procedures, determine work standards and make wage payment plans. The application of industrial engineering technology has gradually expanded to non-manufacturing fields, such as construction and transportation, farm management, restaurant and hotel management. Although the field of industrial engineering is developing continuously, its main application is still in manufacturing.

Text translation

Sam set out to improve the efficiency of the shirt factory, but as we will find in the second half of this unit, the result of his plan did not completely meet his expectations.

Sam ADAMS, industrial engineer

If you ask my mother why I became an industrial management engineer, she will tell you that I have always been like this.

What she means is that I always want to arrange everything in an orderly and neat way. When I was still in primary school, I liked to put my socks in the top left drawer of the wardrobe, my underwear in the top right drawer, my shirt in the middle drawer, and my neatly folded pants in the bottom drawer.

In fact, I have always been an efficiency expert of the whole family. I arranged my father's tools, my mother's kitchen utensils and my sister's boyfriend.

I need to be efficient. I want to be organized. For me, everything has a fixed position, and everything is always in the right position. These qualities have laid a good foundation for my future industrial management.

It's a pity that I'm a bit overbearing, and I'm not very good at listening to other people's opinions. When I tell you my first project after I got my bachelor's degree in university, you will understand what I mean.

After graduation, I returned to my hometown-a small town in Indiana. I had not found a job at that time. A friend of my father's, Mr. Hobbes, owns a small shirt factory in town. In the past five years, the number of workers in this factory has increased from twenty to eighty. Mr. Hobbes was worried that his factory would become too big and inefficient, so he asked me to be a short-term consultant.

I came to the factory and spent a week or so looking around and taking some notes. To tell you the truth, I was surprised by what I saw.

The strangest thing is that the factory has no quality control. No one checks the finished products produced by the factory. Therefore, some shirts packed for shipment lack one or two buttons, collars and sometimes even sleeves.

The production conditions in the factory are very poor. The workbench is very high, so it is uncomfortable for workers to sit next to it. Except for half an hour for lunch, there is no rest time to adjust the boring work all day. There is no music in the factory. The walls in the workshop are all dark gray. To my surprise, the workers didn't strike.

In addition, the production process of the factory is also intermittent. There is a young man sewing buttons on the assembly line who is particularly absent-minded. It was not long before I recognized him. It turned out that he was the "big Jim" who sat behind me in middle school math class. He was so slow that all the shirts were delayed when they arrived at him. The students behind him on the assembly line had to wait there and do nothing; Therefore, when "Big Jim" works and thinks, a lot of time goes by in vain, and the labor efficiency is greatly affected. I've been thinking about why he hasn't been fired all week.

After a week's observation, Mr. Hobbes asked me to give an oral report on the results of the investigation. I summarized the main points and reported to him as follows:

"If quality inspection is carried out, you will greatly improve the quality of finished products."

"If the assembly line is redesigned, the production process will be stable and save time and energy."

"If the height of the workbench is lowered, the machine will be more comfortable to operate."

"If the factory plays pleasant background music to beautify the monotonous environment, the productivity of the factory can be greatly improved."

"If employees have a coffee break of 15 minutes in the morning and afternoon, they will be more efficient."

"If workers can get regular salary increases and promotions because of their excellent work, they will have greater enthusiasm for production."

Mr. Hobbes thanked me for my report and told me that he would discuss my suggestion with his brother, the owner and manager of another factory. "We care about the development of the factory," he said. "We should keep pace with the times."

He also gave me a check for one hundred dollars and a box of shirts.