The life of the characters in Qian Xuesen's works
Qian Xuesen19 1 1 February11was born in Shanghai. He studied in the middle school attached to Beijing Normal University and Jiaotong University in his early years. 1934 Summer vacation, graduated from Jiaotong University and was admitted to Tsinghua University to study abroad at public expense.
1One day in August, 935, Qian Xuesen left the motherland from Shanghai on a ship of the American Postal Company. The muddy waves of Huangpu River rolled and looked at the gradually blurred Shanghai City. Qian Xuesen silently said: "Goodbye, motherland. Now that you're in power, you're in a mess. I went to the United States to study technology and will come back one day to help you revive. "
Qian Xuesen went to the United States to enter the aviation department of MIT, and his academic performance has always been among the best. He had to practice in a factory to study engineering, but at that time, the American aviation factory discriminated against China people, so a year later he began to study aviation engineering theory, that is, applied mechanics. He transferred to California Institute of Technology.
Qian Xuesen came here with admiration. Because, located in Pasadena, a suburb of Los Angeles, there is a famous professor of aerodynamics-Feng? Carmen, she is Hungarian. But later, Qian Lao himself may not have thought that he could become Feng? Professor Carmen's apprentice, and become one of the best, promoted to his best assistant.
In the early 1930s, aviation science was still in its infancy. Feng? Carmen was the top figure in this field at that time, and was later known as "the father of supersonic flight". 1970, there was a crater on the moon named after him.
Feng? Carmen looked up at the serious and short young man carefully. He asked several questions for Qian Xuesen to answer. Qian Xuesen answered all his questions with a little thought. Feng? Carmen secretly praised: China people are quick-thinking and full of wisdom. He accepted the student happily. 1945 at the beginning, Qian Xuesen became Feng? Member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Panel headed by Carmen. After Germany surrendered, he went to Europe with the investigation team of the regiment to inspect aviation and rocket technology. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a full professor at MIT. During the monitoring period, apart from teaching, he still did not give up academic research. 1953 published "Take-off from Earth Satellite Orbit", which laid the foundation of small thrust flight mechanics. 1954 published "Engineering Cybernetics". 1955 Before returning to China, he asked Feng? When Carmen said goodbye, Feng? Carmen said excitedly, "You have surpassed me academically now!" " "
Qian Xuesen became Feng? Graduate student of Guggenheim Aviation Laboratory led by Carmen. This laboratory later became the cradle of American rocket technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the first three members to conduct rocket technology research here. 1929 to 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Jiaotong University. After graduation, I applied for studying in Tsinghua University at public expense. After entering the school, I worked as an intern at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. 1935 to 1939 studied in the department of aeronautical engineering of MIT and obtained a master's degree. 1936- 1939 studied in the department of aeronautics and mathematics of California Institute of Technology, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1939- 1943, researcher, Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. 1943 to 1945 was an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (1940 to 1945 was a communication researcher in Chengdu Institute of Aeronautics, Sichuan). 1945- 1946, associate professor, Department of Aviation, California Institute of Technology. 1946- 1949, associate professor and professor of aerodynamics, Department of Aeronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1949- 1955, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology. Married Jiang Ying on 1947.
1955 returned to China. 1955 to 1964, director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 1965 to 1970 served as deputy minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1970 to 1982 served as deputy director of the science and technology Committee of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense and vice chairman of the China association for science and technology. He has served as the first and second director of China Automation Society, honorary president of China Aerospace Society, China theoretical and applied mechanics Society and China Systems Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1986 to 199 1 May, served as the chairman of the third National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology. 1991may was elected honorary chairman of China association for science and technology at the fourth national congress. 1April, 1992, was appointed honorary chairman of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences. /kloc-0 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering in June, 1994.
Qian Xuesen is an alternate member of the 9th to 12th CPC Central Committee and vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th CPPCC National Committee.
Qian Xuesen is a pioneer and outstanding representative of China's space science and technology. He is known as "the father of China's space flight", "the father of China's missiles" and "the king of rockets". During my study and research in the United States, I cooperated with others to complete the summary and preliminary analysis of long-range rockets, laying the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets. The hypersonic flow theory put forward by others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. At the beginning of 1956, the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry was reported to the Central Committee and the State Council. In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and was appointed as a member. 1956 was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China-the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of the theoretical and applied research of modern mechanics and system engineering in China.
In his early years, he did pioneering work in many fields of applied mechanics and rocket and missile technology. Many theories put forward by independent research and cooperation with von Carmen have laid the foundation for the development of applied mechanics, aviation engineering and rocket and missile technology. After returning to China, he served as the technical director of rocket, missile and satellite development for a long time, and made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's missile and space industry. Creative research has been made in many theoretical fields, such as engineering cybernetics, systems engineering and systems science, thinking science and humanities, Marxist philosophy and so on, and great contributions have been made. 1956 won the first prize of the Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences, and 199 1 won the special prize of national scientific and technological progress in, and was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class English Model Medal by the Central Military Commission of the State Council and China Academy of Sciences.
1957 won the first prize of natural science of China Academy of Sciences. 1979 won the outstanding alumni award of California Institute of Technology. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1989 was awarded "Rockwell Medal", "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" and honorary member of International Polytechnic. 199 1 year 10 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 1995 65438+ 10 won the "1994 ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal". June 5438 +2006 10 won the "50 highest honor awards for China's space industry: two bombs and one satellite".
He is the author of Engineering Cybernetics, On System Engineering, Introduction to Interstellar Navigation, etc.
The study and research work are very tense. Qian Xuesen works more than ten hours a day, studies for half a day, discusses for half a day, and continues to struggle at night. Three years later, he got a doctorate with excellent results and stayed in school to teach, becoming Feng? Carmen's right-hand man. During this period, he not only mastered the basic knowledge of aerodynamics, but also stood at the forefront of this science. From 65438 to 0939, he studied the aviation structure and made a breakthrough in just one year.
In the second year of California Institute of Technology, Qian Xuesen met his classmate F? j？ Marina. Introduced by Marina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group of California Institute of Technology at that time, and met Weinbaum, secretary of the group and assistant researcher of chemical physics. In the group, Qian Xuesen studied Engels' anti-Turin theory with everyone; Current affairs are often discussed at the weekly meeting. 1938 In the winter, after the outbreak of World War II, this group was dissolved.
However, China's just request was unreasonably rejected by the United States. On July 2 1 day, the Geneva meeting closed. In order not to interrupt communication channels, Zhou Enlai instructed Wang Bingnan and the United States to hold consular talks in Geneva from July 22nd. To further demonstrate China's sincerity in the Sino-US negotiations, China released four detained American pilots.
On July 25th, 1955, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China set up a steering group for Sino-US talks, which was directly led by Zhou Enlai. 1 In August, the Sino-US talks were upgraded from the consular level to the ambassadorial level.
Wang Bingnan flashed Qian Xuesen's letter.
China's high-profile attitude is ultimately to let Qian Xuesen and other scientists studying in the United States return to China as soon as possible. But on this key issue, Americans cheated. Despite more than 65,438+00 contacts between China and the United States, American representative Johnson insisted that China could not give the real reason why Qian Xuesen wanted to return to China.
Just as Zhou Enlai was anxious about this, Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress, received a letter from the other side of the ocean. He opened it and signed it "Qian Xuesen". He couldn't help feeling a shock. He finished reading the letter quickly. The content of the letter was originally to ask the motherland government to help him return to China.
This letter was written by Qian Xuesen on a small cigarette paper and sent to his relatives in Belgium at that time, and sent to Vice Chairman Chen Shutong. For such an unusual overseas letter, Chen Shutong knew its weight and sent it to Zhou that day. "This is really great, and it can completely refute the lies of the US government!" Zhou Enlai immediately made careful arrangements, ordered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to give this letter to Wang Bingnan, who was holding ambassadorial talks between China and the United States, and instructed Wang Bingnan: "This letter is very valuable. This is irrefutable evidence that the American authorities are still preventing China citizens from returning to China. You should use this letter to expose their lies in the negotiations. "
At the beginning of August 1 China-US ambassadorial talks, Wang Bingnan took the lead in saying to Johnson: "Mr. Ambassador, before we start the discussion, I have been ordered to inform you of the following news: On July 3 1 China decided to release1American pilots including Arnold Wei in advance according to China legal procedures, and they have already arrived in. I hope that this measure taken by the China government will have a positive impact on our talks. " When it comes to Qian Xuesen's return to China, Johnson still repeats the same old tune: "There is no evidence that Qian Xuesen will return to China, and the US government cannot force orders!" Therefore, Wang Bingnan flashed Qian Xuesen's letter to Chen Shutong, and confidently retorted: "Since the American government issued an announcement as early as April 1955, allowing scholars studying in the United States to travel freely, why did Dr. Qian Xuesen, a scientist from China, write to the China government for help in June? Obviously, the request of China scholars to return to China is still blocked. " Johnson was speechless before the facts. The American government had to approve Qian Xuesen's request to return to China. 1On August 4, 955, Qian Xuesen received a notice from the US Immigration Bureau allowing him to return to China.
1955 September 17, Qian Xuesen's dream of returning to China has come true! On this day, Qian Xuesen, with his wife Jiang Ying and a pair of young children, finally boarded the ship "President Cleveland" and embarked on the journey of returning to the motherland.
Thanks to Qian Xuesen's return to China, China's missile and atomic bomb launches were at least 20 years ahead of schedule.
Qian Xuesen's main achievements
summary
1955 10 after breaking through various obstacles and returning to China, he joined the China * * * production party on 1959. He used to be the director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the deputy director of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, the deputy director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, and the honorary chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology.
Qian Xuesen put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of rocket and missile technology in China. From April 65438 to April 0958, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, making great contributions to the development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China. Qian Xuesen used to be vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. 199 1 In June, the State Council and the Central Military Commission awarded Qian Xuesen the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal.
Founder of China's space industry
From 65438 to 0965, Qian Xuesen formally submitted a report and plan to the state, suggesting that the research plan of artificial satellites should be included in the national task. Qian Xuesen contributed wisdom to solving many key technical problems in the implementation of the satellite development plan.
Qian Xuesen has made great contributions to science and technology in many aspects. With his rich knowledge in the fields of collectivity, power, guidance, aerodynamics, structure, computer and quality control, he played a great role in organizing and leading the research and development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft in New China, and made outstanding contributions to the rapid development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China.
Qian Xuesen served as the technical director of China's rocket and space program for a long time, and made great pioneering contributions in space technology, system science and system engineering. Qian Xuesen published 7 monographs and more than 300 papers. The main contributions are as follows:
① Applied mechanics
Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics. With feng? Carmen's research on compressible boundary layer reveals some temperature changes in this field and establishes Carmen Qian Xuesen's method. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.
② Jet propulsion and space technology
From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.
③ Engineering cybernetics
In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.
④ Physical mechanics
Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.
⑤ System engineering
Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. The social form of any society has three aspects: economic social form, political social form and ideological social form. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.
⑥ System science
Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.
⑦ Thinking science
Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, proposed the establishment of noeticscience Science and Technology Department, and scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly stated at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:
(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.
(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers.
(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.
8 human science
Qian Xuesen is an advocate of human body science in China.
Qian Xuesen put forward the theory of "functional state of human body" to describe the open and complex giant system of human body and study the structure, function and behavior of the system. He believes that Qigong and specific function are a functional state, which puts the research of Qigong, specific function and TCM system theory in an advanced scientific framework and occupies an important position in the research of Qigong and specific function. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, researchers from Beijing Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering began to study the functional state of human body at 1984. They use the method of multidimensional data analysis to integrate many physiological index variables measured by human body into change points that can represent the whole system of human body and its position in a multidimensional phase space composed of various variables, and move them to a relatively stable position, that is, the position of target and target ring. They found the respective targets and rings of human awakening, sleep, alertness and qigong functions. In this way, the theory of system science is embodied in the human body system, and the research of human body science has objective indicators and scientific theories.
Pet-name ruby science and technology system and Marxist philosophy
Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.
Honors won by Qian Xuesen
1979, California Institute of Technology awarded Qian Xuesen the highest honor "Outstanding Alumni Award" (but it was not until 200 1 that Qian Xuesen officially accepted this honor).
199 1 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" by the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and was awarded the first-class hero model medal by the Central Military Commission.
1999, the Central the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award Qian Xuesen the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal".
In 2007, he was awarded "Touched China Person of the Year".
On March 28th, 2009, he was awarded the "Best Honor Award for Lifetime Achievement" for "The world is beautiful because of you".
On April 13, 2009, Shanghai Jiaotong University 1 13 celebrated its anniversary. Four alumni, including Qian Xuesen, won the "Outstanding Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award" from Shanghai Jiaotong University.
On June 3, 2009165438+1October/KLOC-0, the second China Green Development Forum awarded Qian Xuesen the "China Lifetime Achievement Award for Green Contribution".
Moved by Yan Su, the Emperor Elector of China, he commented on the old man Qian Xuesen in this way: the universe is big and the sky is big, all in the heart of a child. The two bombs shocked the world and soared into the sky, casting Chinese pride, and first frost would not lose his temples. When I look back, I only pay a silent smile.
I was moved by the acceptance speech given by China Organizing Committee to Qian Xuesen: In his mind, the country is the most important, the family is the most important, science is the most important, and fame and fortune are the least. Five years back home, ten years to play. He is a treasure house of knowledge, a banner of science and a model of China intellectuals.
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