In order to meet the needs of globalization, the training goal of China University in the new century should be the universal citizens of China, and the shortcut to achieve this goal is to reform the contents of the "two courses".
Keywords: "two courses", the training objectives of colleges and universities
The training objectives of China University have been clearly stated by the three generations of the Party's leading core. However, how to combine their principled exposition with concrete educational practice, especially after entering the new century, what should be the specific training goal of China University in the face of drastic changes at home and abroad? Some people think it should be innovative talents, some people think it should be quality talents, some people think it should be engineers, some people think it should be entrepreneurs; Some people think that it should be a broad-based, high-quality and applied talent; Others think they should be qualified citizens of China; ..... From a certain point of view, the above point of view is not unreasonable, but from the perspective of people as the sum of social relations, it is not without bias. The author thinks that the training goal of Chinese universities in the new century should be the universal citizens of China, and the reform of "two courses" is an important means to achieve this goal.
1. It is the training goal of universities in the new century to cultivate universal citizens of China.
It is imperative to establish the training of China citizens who are universal in the world as the training goal of colleges and universities in the new century. It is also a realistic requirement and a reference to foreign experience, which conforms to the character of Marxist theory keeping pace with the times.
1. It is an inevitable requirement of the development trend of economic globalization to cultivate universal citizens of China.
Since the beginning of the new century, the tide of world economic globalization and integration has been surging. With the deepening of China's reform and opening up, especially after its accession to the WTO, China's participation in the world economy is deepening. Economic globalization is not only the globalization of capital flow, but also the globalization of knowledge flow, and the globalization of cultural exchanges among all ethnic groups under the condition of vigorous development of knowledge economy. No matter what kind of resource flows, it is the flow of people that plays the leading role, the most dynamic and the carrier role. In other words, the globalization of today's world is actually the internationalization of talent flow. Therefore, the competition among countries in the world is, in the final analysis, the competition for talents. However, the talents here are unique talents, and they must be cosmopolitan, national and knowledgeable at the same time. Only talents with these three characteristics can adapt to the challenges and recognition of different cultures in the globalization movement, highlight national characteristics in the global cultural interaction movement, promote the spread of national culture, and prevent national culture from being eliminated in the globalization wave. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of globalization, China's universities should aim at cultivating qualified talents with world, nationality and knowledge.
2. It is a realistic need for the diversified development of China's economic ownership to cultivate China citizens who are universal in the world.
With the gradual development of China's socialist market economy, with public ownership economy as the main body, multi-ownership economy has developed into the basic form of China's economy. Foreign-funded enterprises have become an important force in China's economic development. According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 200 1, there were about 60,000 foreign-invested enterprises in China, with more than 20 million employees, accounting for 12% of the national non-agricultural labor force. From 1996 to 2000, the number of employees in state-owned units decreased by 31420,000, a decrease of 27.9%, and the number of employees in urban collective units decreased by15170,000, a decrease of 50.3%. In the same period, foreign-funded enterprises and other economic units created nearly 4 million jobs, private enterprises created 6.48 million jobs, and individual economy created 4.27 million jobs. Most of these new jobs are filled by new laborers, college graduates and migrant workers. There are 356 foreign-funded enterprises in Guangzhou, with a total of 96,044 people, 3,800 foreign talents, accounting for only 2% of the total, and local talents account for more than 98%, which is nearly 8 percentage points higher than five years ago. At present, foreign-funded enterprises are still the first choice for graduates, and 63.9% of college students want to join foreign companies after graduation. In addition, 12. 10% and 7.92% of the graduates choose to study abroad and start their own businesses. With China's entry into WTO and the further influx of foreign capital, the number of college graduates working in foreign-funded enterprises will continue to rise. This shows that foreign-funded enterprises and studying abroad have become the main trends of college graduates in China. Most foreign-funded enterprises have an international background. In fact, when college graduates enter foreign-funded enterprises and go abroad, they directly participate in the process of economic globalization, cultural globalization and knowledge globalization. Practice shows that graduates with global vision, national cultural spirituality and scientific and cultural level are the easiest to adapt to the cultural ecology of foreign-funded enterprises and grow rapidly. On the contrary, those who have a high level of scientific and technological knowledge and lack global vision and national cultural literacy will soon be eliminated. This shows that it has become an unshirkable responsibility for universities in China to cultivate college students with world vision and national cultural literacy.
3. It is a summary of the experience of the developed countries in cultivating the universal citizens of China.
/kloc-In the 9th century, a British ethicist named samuel smiles said: The future of a country does not depend on the firmness of the castle, but on the civilized quality of its citizens, the education people receive, and their foresight and moral level. In the past 20 years, all countries in the world have been carefully examining the training objectives and modes of higher education, the characteristics of talent demand in the new century, and adopted a series of corresponding measures. 1987 10.06, Japan's "Outline for Promoting Education Reform" was officially promulgated, which established the training goal of Japanese education in the 2 1 century: to cultivate a cosmopolitan Japanese with broad mind, strong physique, rich imagination, self-reliance and unity spirit (to cultivate Japanese who are truly trusted by the international community). Emphasize that education should adapt to internationalization, (1) understand the individuality of Japanese culture and the superiority of other cultures from an international perspective; (2) As a Japanese, we should not only be patriotic, but also look at the fate of mankind from the perspective of the world; (3) Deeply understand diversity and master the ability of international communication. 1989165438+10 In October, UNESCO held an international seminar on education in the 2 1 century, and its conference report clearly pointed out: "In short, the most successful workers in the 2 1 century will be the most comprehensively developed people, as well as the people who are interested in new ideas and new ideas. It has become the mainstream of the reform and development of higher education in the world, which provides a useful reference for examining the present situation of higher education in China and promoting the goal, mode, approach and education reform of talent training. It requires us to examine and think about the basic goal of talent training in higher education in China from the perspective of 2 1 century.
4. It is the inevitable result of the concrete application of Marxist theory of keeping pace with the times in the field of higher education to cultivate China citizens who are universal in the world.
According to the viewpoint of historical materialism, the educational theory and goal in a certain period are determined by the development of national economy, society and education and the changes of world economic and political structure. Different historical periods face different characteristics of the times, which leads to a series of new changes in educational environment, educational objects, educational contents, methods, forms, educational mechanisms and systems. Therefore, the establishment of school education and training objectives must adapt to these new changes, and constantly enrich, modify and improve the original target structure to meet the growing needs of students' all-round development and the needs of the country, society and nation. The party's three generations of leading collective are far-sighted, always standing in the forefront of the times, based on new practice, grasping the theme and characteristics of the times, applying Marxist theory of all-round development of people, studying major issues of school education reform and development, constantly deepening the understanding of the law of success, updating the education and training objectives in time, comprehensively promoting quality education, and effectively promoting the all-round development of students. As early as 1983 10, Comrade Deng Xiaoping clearly put forward the development strategy of "education should face modernization, the world and the future". This educational development strategy is not only the overall strategy and direction to guide the future development of China's education, but also the guiding ideology to establish China's educational policy, educational objectives and training objectives. This is Comrade Deng Xiaoping's scientific answer to the most basic question of education development in China, which is far-sighted, grasping the pulse of the times and the law of education. The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further wrote Theory of Three Represents as the party's guiding ideology in party constitution. Theory of Three Represents's practice in the field of higher education inevitably leads to the conclusion that higher education should cultivate qualified citizens with world vision, national cultural literacy and advanced scientific knowledge. Because, in the wave of globalization, only with a world vision can we be far-sighted and better represent advanced culture and advanced productive forces. Only by mastering advanced scientific culture and productive forces can we better represent the interests of the people.
Second, the universal connotation of China citizens and the responsibility of the "two courses"
So, what is the specific connotation of China citizens? How to solve this problem?
1, the meaning of global China citizens.
The so-called universal citizen of China refers to the China people who are aware of the rights endowed by the country and the world in the world economic, political and social activities, and at the same time consciously assume the responsibilities and obligations to the country and the world. Besides, as a world citizen of China, he should be cosmopolitan, national and knowledgeable at the same time.
The so-called cosmopolitanism is totality, overall situation and times. In the new era of economic globalization, the whole world has become an organic whole. Global economic integration and the development of network technology have raised many topics of common concern to all mankind, such as humanistic care and environmental protection. He asked a new generation of college students to observe the development trend of the contemporary world from a global perspective and make their own answers to major issues related to the future and destiny of mankind. Another important sign of the world is to have a diversified vision. Economic globalization does not exclude diversity. At present, not only the world political structure is developing in the direction of diversification, but also the diversification of economy and culture is still the development trend. We should advocate the cultural view of "harmony but difference". As an ordinary citizen of China, we should have an overall understanding and grasp of the development of world history. Due respect and understanding should be given to the world's multiculturalism; We should have more understanding, respect and criticism of the political ecology of all countries in the world.
The so-called nationality is a category closely connected with the world. As the saying goes, the more national, the more cosmopolitan. China citizens all over the world must first have an overall understanding and grasp of China's history and traditional culture, and have a basic attitude of respect and awe for their own national culture; Need to fully understand the country's political, economic and legal systems; We should fully grasp our rights and obligations as nationals, and have a mature mentality and reasonable expectations for exercising rights and enjoying obligations.
The so-called knowledge refers to China citizens' extensive understanding and mastery of social, natural, political, economic and cultural fields. Here we should emphasize two aspects of knowledge: first, as professionals, we should master, apply and develop our own professional knowledge; The second is the domestic and foreign knowledge that citizens should have, including basic knowledge such as politics, history, economy, law and morality. This kind of knowledge is the basis for the formation of world citizen consciousness and good behavior.
Nationality is the root, knowledge is the body, and cosmopolitanism is the direction. Only those who are cosmopolitan, knowledgeable and have no nationality, lack personality and attach importance to feelings, and it is difficult to win the respect and recognition of other nationalities; People who are only national and knowledgeable, but not cosmopolitan, are easy to fall into blindness; People who are cosmopolitan and national, but not knowledgeable, lack quality and are easy to be impetuous. Only college graduates with these three attributes can be called universal citizens of China and become respected and proud people of China all over the world.
2. The responsibilities and limitations of the "two courses".
So how to achieve the goal of cultivating China citizens who are universal in the world? For many years, in order to implement quality education, it has been advocated that colleges and universities should attach importance to students' humanistic education. To this end, many colleges and universities have opened a large number of humanities elective courses, and some schools have more than 20 courses. However, the effect is not ideal. There are three reasons: First, class hours are limited. Humanities elective courses are generally ranked after professional courses and professional basic course credits; Second, the content lacks systematicness. Students are selected entirely according to their personal interests, and there is little systematic connection before and after; Third, the textbook lacks applicability. Most of the textbooks of humanities elective courses are directly transformed from professional textbooks, and some are even professional textbooks, which are not suitable for non-professional students. Therefore, if we continue to follow the concept of humanistic education and offer more elective courses, it is obvious that the worldwide civic education in China will not achieve the expected results. The author believes that from the current situation of curriculum construction in colleges and universities in China, "two courses" can shoulder the heavy responsibility of this era well, and reforming the teaching content of "two courses" is a shortcut to achieve this goal. This is the thought:
First, the "two courses" in colleges and universities are compulsory courses, which is conducive to ensuring the systematization of educational content and quality; Second, the "two courses" class hours in colleges and universities are guaranteed, although the current class hours are tight; Thirdly, the problems existing in the "two courses" in colleges and universities require the reform of their contents. We can make full use of the "two courses" reform to achieve the universal goal of civic education in China.
It is undeniable that the "two courses" in colleges and universities play an important role in cultivating new people with "four haves" and quality education. However, it is also undeniable that the "two courses" in colleges and universities are also facing severe difficulties. For example, students are not interested in learning and lack enthusiasm for learning. According to a survey, 75% to 78% of students in a university don't like the "two courses". Many people think that the reason for this situation is that the teaching method of "two courses" is outdated and cannot meet the needs of students. So everyone will do everything possible to improve teaching methods and means. Practice has proved that the improvement of the teaching method of "Two Courses" is conducive to the improvement of teaching quality, but the embarrassing situation of "Two Courses" will not be greatly improved without the reform of the content of "Two Courses". John rawls, a famous contemporary thinker, is a little shy and stutters. Hundreds of people gathered in a trapezoidal classroom as soon as he hung up the sign of opening a large class for undergraduates. Every time you need to "strive for hegemony" in advance. What Harvard college students value is not Rawls' lecture skills, but the teaching content. At present, the shortcomings of the "two courses" in colleges and universities are mainly manifested in two aspects:
First, the teaching content of the "two courses" is divorced from social reality and students' personal reality. "Several Opinions on the Reform of the Two Courses" clearly stipulates: "Teach the basic principles of Marxism, try to answer important theoretical and practical questions that students are generally concerned about, correctly grasp the characteristics of students' thoughts and physical and mental development, follow the educational laws, be concise and easy to understand, conduct lively teaching, and try to guide them to understand the spiritual essence of Marxism, master Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods, and improve the persuasiveness and effectiveness of teaching. "However, the current textbooks are seriously lagging behind and are still the product of the planned economic system and rigid thinking in the past. Throughout the textbook, there is a condescending sermon, such as "what should contemporary college students do", but there is no further analysis of "why do you do this", let alone the classification of college students and what types they should do. On the other hand, teachers stick to the pure theory in books, do not combine theory with practice, do not talk about their own experiences, and do not deeply analyze deep-seated theories. A considerable number of students think that the teaching content of the "two courses" is far from their own and vague, which seems to have little to do with their knowledge learning and employment prospects.
Second, the overall teaching content of the "two courses" lacks logic. The content of the "two courses" university curriculum is not well connected with the ideological education curriculum in middle schools, which makes students feel that the "two courses" are empty political preaching; Ignore the logical connection and mutual connection between "two courses" and other courses and the curriculum system of "two courses". At the same time, there are also shortcomings and areas to be improved in subject system, teaching practice and teaching points. The current "two courses" textbooks tend to be compiled by the whole country or the whole province, and mutual plagiarism is serious. There are dozens of versions in the country, which are similar. Although the system is more and more strict, its internal vitality is being stifled step by step.
The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China repeatedly emphasized that we should keep pace with the times and do a good job in theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation. Only by innovating the contents of the "two courses" can the teaching of the "two courses" be rejuvenated and shoulder the heavy responsibility of cultivating the citizens of China.
Third, in order to adapt to the change of training objectives, the reform of "two courses" in colleges and universities
1, the idea of adapting the content structure of "two courses" to the training objectives
The teaching content of "two courses" belongs to the ideological category, which is not eternal. It should have a distinct era. Only by combining the changes of the times and making timely adjustments can we play its due role and provide qualified builders and successors for social development. The author believes that the construction of the content system of "Two Courses" should embody the following basic ideas to adapt to the cultivation of universal citizen goals in China: "Promoting the all-round progress of society and the all-round development of individuals" should be the ultimate goal and destination of "Two Courses" teaching; We should pay attention to the integration of theoretical quality education and ideal and belief education, realize the unity of Marxist theoretical education and analysis of contemporary world reality, unify the establishment of a scientific world outlook with the establishment of a correct outlook on life and values, and effectively solve the problems of students' beliefs, beliefs and confidence; We should follow the principles of combining inheritance with innovation, highlighting the main theme and broadening new fields, clarify the angle and depth of teaching content, avoid simple repetition of teaching the same content, and reflect the characteristics of each course; It is necessary to reflect the historical development track and the latest development trend of the discipline, keep the content of the discipline systematic and open, timely reflect the international situation and domestic socialist construction and the new policies adopted by the party and the state, properly handle the relationship between broadening students' knowledge horizons and stimulating college students' sense of historical responsibility, and cultivate students' sense of social responsibility and historical responsibility.
2. The specific content and structure of the "two courses" are adapted to the training objectives.
According to the needs of training objectives and the principle of constructing the content of "two courses", the author thinks that the new curriculum system of "two courses" in colleges and universities should include the following courses:
(1) Marxism and its China systematically introduced the historical inevitability of the emergence and development of Marxism from the perspective of historical development; Introduce the historical process of the emergence and development of scientific socialism theory and the success and lessons of its practice; This paper systematically introduces the historical process of Marxism in China. Make students fully and systematically understand and master Marxism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents. Clarify the essence of socialism and its development motive force.
(2) Dialectics of Nature and Thinking Methods systematically introduces the development of human thinking science from a historical perspective, helping students realize that Marxist philosophy is the most scientific world outlook and methodology in human history.
(3) China and World Cultural History mainly introduces the historical development process of China and the world's multiculturalism, helping students to look at China's traditional culture and the world's multiculturalism from the perspective of historical development. Stimulate students' sense of mission and responsibility to pay attention to the destiny of human development and solve the same problems facing mankind.
(4) The Theory and Practice of Political Science mainly introduces the historical process of the emergence and development of political theory and practice in the world (including China), systematically introduces the true meaning and development law of democracy, freedom and equality, shows the diversity characteristics and inevitability of the world political system, and helps students comprehensively and objectively understand the political ecology, international political situation and China political status quo in the contemporary world.
(5) The legal system of market economy mainly introduces the historical process of the emergence and development of market economy thought and legal thought from the perspective of historical development, introduces the historical practice of market economy system and legal system, and the relationship between market economy and legal system, so as to help students correctly understand and understand the significance of "ruling the country according to law" and enhance their legal consciousness and concept.
(6) Ethics Theory and Practice, mainly from the perspective of the emergence and development of ethics, systematically introduces students to ethics theory and practical knowledge, helps students correctly understand and understand the significance of "ruling the country by virtue", strengthens social ethics awareness and attaches importance to ethical practice.
3. Other supporting measures to adapt to the content reform of the "two courses"
To achieve the training goal, curriculum construction is very important, but it is still difficult to achieve obvious educational results only by reforming the content without perfecting the teaching method management system. According to the urgent problems existing in the teaching of "two courses" in colleges and universities, the following supporting reform suggestions are put forward:
(1) The examination system of "Two Courses" should be reformed. The original intention of offering "two courses" is to help students establish a scientific world outlook, outlook on life and values, and to help them become people with good moral cultivation and civilized behavior. Therefore, the study of the learning effect of "two courses" should combine the examination of students' theoretical knowledge with their daily behavior to achieve the unity of theory and practice. Change the current "two courses" examination system, only pay attention to theoretical examination results, without considering the separation of learning and application in daily moral behavior practice.
(2) Reform the teaching methods of "Two Courses". First, implement the special teaching system, break the original chapters of the textbook, extract the key contents from the textbook, combine the historical development track of knowledge with the current international and domestic development reality, comprehensively sort out, and carry out profound theoretical analysis and systematic and targeted explanation according to the principle of few but fine. This will not only help to ensure the systematic and interesting teaching content, but also arouse the enthusiasm of students to learn the "two courses"; It is also beneficial for the teachers of the "two courses" to study the teaching content in depth and improve the teaching level and quality. Second, pay attention to the use of modern teaching methods. Now, computer network and audio-visual technology are being widely promoted and applied in the teaching field. Teachers of "Two Courses" should seize this favorable opportunity, introduce modern teaching methods into their own teaching activities in time, improve the boring impression of "Two Courses" teaching, stimulate students' learning enthusiasm and achieve good educational results.
(3) Correctly handle the relationship between theoretical teaching and practice of "Two Courses". The combination of theory and practice of "two courses" includes two aspects. First of all, theoretical teaching should be combined with the development practice of the real world and society. Second, theoretical teaching should be combined with students' psychological needs and actual situation. The vitality and vigor of the "two courses" come from the close combination of theory and practice, which is recognized as the only way. However, we really need to work hard on how to combine them. As far as the most basic requirements are concerned. When teaching theory in combination with social reality, we should not only explain the essence of social reality, but also explain why; We should not only talk about the realistic history, but also talk about the present and future; We should not only have the spirit of criticizing reality, but also have an attitude of affirming the inevitability of reality. Oppose the extreme behavior of denying and overthrowing everything in order to cater to students' psychological needs, and prevent the "two courses" from becoming an "accusation meeting" against social reality in the name of connecting with reality. When teaching theory in combination with students' reality, we should not only see their advantages and hopes, but also pay attention to their defects and deficiencies; We should not only emphasize the relative independence of theory and practice, but also pay attention to the close connection between theory and personal reality. We should not only oppose the idealism of "emptiness", but also oppose the "kitsch" theory to please students.