Since the reform and opening up, China's national economy has developed rapidly, gradually realizing the transition and development from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. In this situation, the social demand for talents has changed greatly in quantity and quality, which puts forward new requirements for China's higher education. However, at present, China's colleges and universities still remain in the original planned economy to a great extent, which is far from meeting the demand for talents in the socialist market economy. Now many colleges and universities have realized the challenges they are facing and started to carry out reforms. Some start with institutional adjustment, some start with staffing, and some start with professional transformation. , each has its own advantages. The following contents will be discussed from the professional structure adjustment and development direction.

1. Problems in the current professional structure

(1) Specialty setting is out of line with social needs.

Some colleges and universities do not pay attention to social and economic development and the demand for talents in the talent market when setting up majors; Or only pay attention to the current demand of the talent market, without a long-term and development concept, without analysis and prediction of the future demand of talents; Or far beyond economic development, only pay attention to the research of advanced theory, not to the needs of actual production and operation. These conditions have caused the disconnection from the actual demand and affected the development of colleges and universities.

(2) the professional structure is unreasonable

Whether the professional structure of a school is reasonable or not is related to the development focus and direction of this school. Some colleges and universities set up their majors across the board, and there is no distinction between key and non-key majors, and they do not pay attention to the cultivation of key majors and key majors, resulting in bland personnel training, no own characteristics, no "fist products" and no advantages.

(3) the professional scale is not harmonious

The professional scale of some colleges and universities is not reasonable, and they do not pay attention to the changes in the types and levels of talent demand in the talent market. Between majors, the enrollment scale is not in harmony with the market demand. On the one hand, demand exceeds supply, on the other hand, employment difficulties appear. At the same time, there is also a lack of coordination among graduate students, undergraduate students and junior college students in the same major, and there is a phenomenon of specialization in this field and dominance of one family.

(4) the teaching content is not appropriate

In terms of teaching content, some colleges and universities do not attach importance to the revision of teaching plan and the updating of teaching content, and the teaching content lacks priorities, the coordination of theory and practice, the coordination of ability training and knowledge updating.

2. Principles to be mastered in the adjustment of professional structure

(1) Handle the relationship between the variability of social demand and the lag of talent training.

When setting up, reforming and adjusting the professional structure, colleges and universities must have a long-term concept and combine the characteristics of higher education, not just looking at the present. Because talent training is lagging behind, it takes a training process from recruiting students to providing qualified talents to the society. The demand for talents in the talent market is changeable and changes with the continuous development of the economy. This kind of talents needed today may need another kind in the future, and the demand level, structural proportion, quality requirements and ability level of talents will change. Therefore, this requires us to have a certain sense of being ahead of the times in specialty setting, structural adjustment, teaching content and so on, so as to adapt to the future social demand for talents and be conducive to the self-development of colleges and universities.

(2) Combination of talent diversification and development orientation.

When setting up or adjusting the specialty structure, colleges and universities must combine their own characteristics, base themselves on the advantages of disciplines and majors, determine their own key disciplines or majors as their own development direction, and give some inclination in staffing, teaching staff, funds and equipment, policies and measures, and constantly give support, create conditions, promote their own continuous development, grow and form their own characteristics and advantages. Of course, in the process of determining the key development direction, we should also pay attention to the characteristics of the diversified demand for talents in the talent market, so as to achieve large-scale and multi-level key majors, multi-directional and small-scale general majors, and realize the unity of key and general.

(3) Do a good job in the coordination of talent flow and regional economic development.

Generally speaking, the flow of talents in colleges and universities is regional, and even if the whole country recruits students for employment, the direction of regional employment is obvious. On the one hand, this regionality is manifested in the regionality of the industry, on the other hand, it is manifested in the regionality of the region. The regionality of the industry is obvious in our current colleges and universities, but it is often easy to ignore the regionality of going up in employment. In fact, this imbalance in regional economic development does exist, especially since the reform and opening up, which has formed an economic development pattern from south to north, from coastal to inland, and from east to west. The imbalance of regional economic development has become more and more obvious. This imbalance in regional economic development is directly manifested in the different types, quality and hierarchical structure of talent demand. Developed areas pay attention to the cultivation of pioneering, managerial and high-tech talents; However, areas with relatively backward economic development pay more attention to the demand for applied and technical talents. Therefore, when setting up a major or adjusting the major structure, we must combine the employment destination and concentrated area of graduates of this major, the current economic development situation, development speed and development direction of this area, and the demand direction for talents in future economic development, so as to be targeted.

3. Relevant countermeasures and suggestions

(1) Do a good job in forecasting talent demand.

When setting up and adjusting the specialty structure, colleges and universities must make a good prediction of the demand for talents in the future development of socialist market economy, that is, analyze the demand for talents in the future. This demand situation analysis includes two aspects:

On the one hand, the supply of talents is analyzed by combining the future development planning, development direction, development goal and development speed of industries and departments, so as to scientifically predict the types, levels, quality, quantity and structural proportion of talents needed by industries in the next few years.

On the other hand, it analyzes the situation in the field of graduate employment. This situation analysis is closely related to the economic development status of the main employment areas of our university graduates, as well as the work, situation and role these graduates are engaged in. We should accurately grasp whether they are practical, technical, pioneering and innovative, participate in management decision-making, and predict the quantity, quality, level, type and structure of talent demand in this region in a certain period in the future according to the scale, speed and level of development in this region. Only in this way can the professional layout be more scientific, the professional structure adjustment be more reasonable and the professional development direction be more practical.

(2) Take the road of connotation development.

The connotation-oriented development path has two meanings: the first meaning is that when determining the main direction and key majors of our school, we should base ourselves on the existing foundation, take into account the advantages of our school in this department, this industry and this region, and combine the main research fields of our school at present, reasonably determine the key development majors and development directions, concentrate the strength of various majors, and give preferential treatment in terms of people, finance, materials, policies and measures. The other is to adapt to the needs of the market economy, combine existing majors and existing advantages, and implement diversified management to meet the needs of the talent market for talents at all levels. This diversified management includes vertical and horizontal professional expansion. For example, we should broaden and transform the majors that were too detailed in the past, and integrate multi-directional talents with arts and sciences, graduate students, junior college students and undergraduate students at multiple levels. In this way, on the basis of focusing on developing some majors, broadening the level, structure and types of personnel training is not only in line with the demand for talents in the development of market economy, but also conducive to the development of the school itself.

(3) Coordinate the depth and breadth according to the market demand.

When setting up and adjusting the specialty structure, colleges and universities must achieve deep and wide coordination. This deep and wide coordination is directly manifested in the proportional structure of talent types and talent levels, that is, the proportional structure of enrollment scale of each major and the proportional structure between different levels of the same major. For example, training graduate students into senior decision-making talents and senior scientific research talents. Undergraduate students pay attention to practicality and can participate in management and decision-making, while junior college students are closer to practical work and daily business. This kind of personnel training at different levels should be different in different majors. In the same major, the proportion of high, medium and low should be coordinated. According to the demand of talent market, combined with the development of socialist market economy and the forecast of talent demand at different levels in the future, the proportion should be determined, and the proportion structure should be constantly adjusted to make it more reasonable and coordinated.

With the coordination of the hierarchical proportion structure of talents, we should also pay attention to the teaching content, curriculum design, teaching plan, textbook selection and teaching methods. For example, for the training of junior college students, we must pay attention to the cultivation of practical operation ability, skillfully handle daily business, pay attention to practice, and be expert and comprehensive in the teaching process, as long as we are proficient in one line and can be competent as soon as we take up our posts; For the cultivation of high-level talents, we should pay attention to the research in deep, sharp and marginal fields, so that the cultivated talents have their own strengths and do their own things to meet the needs of multiple levels.

(4) Strengthen teaching management.

In order to cultivate good talents, we should not only do a good job in specialty adjustment and curriculum construction, but also strengthen teaching management. It is necessary to combine the macro management of the school, the middle management of the department and the micro management of the teaching and research section with the multi-level management of the school, department and room, and other departments should cooperate and coordinate well to ensure the normal development of teaching work and the continuous improvement of teaching quality.

(5) Further deepen the reform to meet the needs of the market economy.

If colleges and universities want to cultivate high-quality talents to meet the market demand and remain invincible in the fiercely competitive talent market, they must deepen the reform, implement the quota, strengthen the institutional reform, continuously expand the proportion of teachers engaged in teaching work and narrow the proportion of administrative staff, so as to make the proportional relationship between them more reasonable, which is the basic premise for the continuous development and prosperity of colleges and universities.

The market economy is constantly developing and changing. In order to continuously adapt to the market economy's demand for talents, higher education must constantly adjust and reform, constantly foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, scale down, recruit new people, and maintain a dynamic and coordinated relationship with the development of the socialist market economy, so as to achieve sustained and stable development of higher education.

Second, the development trend of talent training in colleges and universities

2 1 century is a century that constantly breeds great changes, such as economic globalization, social knowledge, knowledge economy, cultural diversity, information networking and so on. Faced with such complicated characteristics of the times, it is difficult for both professionals stationed in a corner and generalists who are knowledgeable but not proficient to adapt to the requirements of the times. In the report "Education-the Wealth Contained in it", the Education Committee of the International 2 1 Century put forward four requirements for talents in the 2 1 Century-"Learn to know, learn to do things, learn to get along with others and learn to survive", and thought that these four basic studies are the pillars of life, and education should be organized around them.

1. Analysis of the socio-economic situation of talent training in colleges and universities

Facing the 2 1 century, there are five major trends in human social and economic development: the acceleration of world economic integration, the rapid development of science and technology, the increasingly fierce international competition, the rapid development of network information and the increasingly exposed knowledge economy. 2 1 The new situation of social and economic development in the world and China in the 20th century has put forward new requirements for the training of talents in colleges and universities.

(1) China's entry into WTO requires strengthening the quality of education and cultivating "international compound talents"

China's accession to the World Trade Organization has been integrated into the world economic cycle. With the acceleration of the process of world economic integration, on the one hand, China's social and economic environment has undergone tremendous changes, and it has an all-round openness and universality in international trade rules; On the other hand, it has lost its original superior conditions and protection, and is facing fierce international competition in economy, science and technology, culture and talents. In order to win in the competition and freely integrate into the world economic system, we must actively adapt to the requirements of world economic development, actively study and apply international practices, and be familiar with WTO rules. There should be a large number of "compound talents" who are proficient in foreign languages, economy and trade, law and information technology.

(2) The era of knowledge economy calls for innovative talents.

The greatest feature of the era of knowledge economy is that it is based on the innovation, dissemination and application of knowledge, thus forming economic power. The knowledge level in the future economic development will largely determine the sustainable development level of the national economy. 1997 during the Asian financial crisis, the rapid economic development of the United States mainly relied on the great contribution of high-tech industries. Now it is no longer the traditional automobile and steel industries that support the United States, but more than 40 thousand software companies and more than 300 chip companies. The enlightenment of international experience to our education is that our education should cultivate more and better innovative talents. Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for a country's prosperity. This is the necessity of the new economic era, and it is also the destination of educational reform.

(3) The popularization and promotion of higher education needs to cultivate "entrepreneurial" talents.

In recent years, China's higher education has developed rapidly. In 2000, the gross enrollment rate of higher education reached 65,438+00.5%, and it is expected to reach 65,438+05% before 2005. Moreover, with the passing of the population peak in China, the proportion of school-age students will decline in a certain period of time in the future, and higher education is likely to be popularized and popularized. This will provide important talent support for the development of China in the new century. However, with the development of economy, the progress of science and technology, and the improvement of labor efficiency and productivity, it will be a routine behavior for employers to adjust their structure and reduce staff and increase efficiency, which all means the reduction of employment opportunities. If colleges and universities still train people in the past, the development space will become narrower and narrower. Efforts must be made to train "entrepreneurs" so that they are not only "job seekers" but also job creators. This requires talents to have not only professional knowledge and skills, but also self-confidence, adventurous spirit and pioneering spirit.

2. Challenges faced by China's business administration education

With the acceleration of the process of world economic integration, any country and any region will inevitably be integrated into the great cycle of the world economy. This trend not only poses a severe test for the survival and development of the vast number of industrial and commercial enterprises, but also challenges the business administration education in China.

(1) Challenges of increasingly internationalized enterprise management

At present, the current situation of enterprise management in China is: there is a management system, but there is no management action; There is a desire for management and a lack of management talents; There is a management outline, but no management rules. In the final analysis, these problems are due to the lack of high-quality management talents. As a full member of the WTO, China gives "national treatment" to foreign-funded enterprises. Many foreign companies will enter China, and many China enterprises will go international. If we want to make our national industry in an invincible position in the fierce competition, if we want to make our national industry successfully go abroad and go to the world. This requires enterprise management talents to be not only limited to traditional management such as operation, production, finance and human resources, but also familiar with international economic law, foreign-related negotiations and risk management. That is to say, future enterprise management talents should establish concepts and consciousness related to market economy, such as competition concept, cooperation concept, risk concept and information concept. At the same time, they must also have a strategic mind, broad thinking, far-sighted strategic vision, keen insight and accurate judgment. We should be good at seizing opportunities and making bold and timely decisions. Only by mastering the latest trend of world economic development, having the ability to engage in international business and adapting to the needs of global management can we become management talents who bravely shoulder the burden of national industry development in the new century.

(2) The challenge of the rapid development of science and technology represented by information technology.

In the information society, the development, possession, control and use of information will become the core of economic management. The unprecedented development of network technology will weaken the constraints of economic activities and time and space factors, thus having a significant impact on management activities themselves; The rapid development of science and technology and management science objectively requires that enterprise management talents must be able to adapt to the requirements of the times, keep up with the pace of the times, have strong knowledge updating ability, keep pace with the times and keep up with the trend of the times. This also poses a severe challenge to our business administration education.

(3) The challenge of modern society to the comprehensive quality requirements of enterprise management talents.

Faced with highly complex and rapidly changing management objects and tasks, as well as the enormous pressure of fierce competition, managers in 2 1 century must be all-round and high-quality enterprise management talents, and must establish a dynamic knowledge structure, not only to master management knowledge and skills, but also to master relevant technical, economic, social and humanistic knowledge, and have the ability and skills to flexibly and creatively integrate and apply knowledge in a changing environment. At the same time, we also need to master the sense of social responsibility, ethics, environmental awareness, the ability to adapt to social development, indomitable enterprising spirit, and the understanding of the cultural connotation of various ethnic groups required by cross-cultural management.

3. The current reform and development trend of professional personnel training in business administration.

During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, great changes have taken place in China's higher education for five years. The first is to change from quantitative development to quality improvement. Second, the adjustment of macro-layout structure has turned to the adjustment of disciplines and majors in schools. These major changes are strategic adjustments made to meet the changing demand for talents in the future social and economic development. At present, the reform and development trend of business administration major in colleges and universities is: basic, comprehensive, practical, lifelong and international.

(1) Basic trend of personnel training

In order to adapt to the rapid development trend of science and technology, shorten the aging cycle of scientific knowledge and accelerate the transformation of basic scientific research achievements into practical productive forces, basic teaching should be strengthened in the training of business administration talents in colleges and universities. Therefore, the cultivation of business management talents in colleges and universities must adapt to this trend and consolidate and broaden the foundation, including three levels: the first level is the foundation of scientific knowledge, such as natural science, social science and humanities; The second level is the foundation of quality and ability, such as political quality, ideological quality, moral quality, language foundation and cultural accomplishment. The third level is professional foundation, such as economic knowledge foundation, management knowledge foundation, hands-on and practical ability foundation, etc.

(2) The comprehensive trend of personnel training.

The integration of personnel training is the fundamental requirement of business administration personnel training in colleges and universities in the 2 1 century. The requirement of this integration is firstly manifested in the integration of disciplines, that is, the intersection and infiltration of disciplines to optimize the knowledge structure; Secondly, the synthesis of theory and method, that is, the comprehensive integration of frontier and marginal theoretical knowledge in all aspects and the optimization and integration of different analytical research methods; Thirdly, the integration of knowledge, ability and quality, that is, in the process of talent training, according to the guiding ideology of the trinity and coordinated development of knowledge, ability and quality, and using the interaction law between the three, the knowledge, ability and quality structure system of business administration professionals in general universities is constructed.

(3) The practical trend of personnel training.

Higher education in China includes training talents with different academic levels, including junior college students, undergraduates and graduate students. Junior college students focus on cultivating technical and management talents who master skilled operation skills, while graduate students focus on cultivating in-depth research and development ability in a certain field on the basis of undergraduate study. Undergraduates are between the above two, and tend to cultivate practical work ability on the basis of mastering solid theoretical knowledge. According to the different levels of colleges and universities, there are key points and general points. They have different tasks and requirements in personnel training, and general colleges and universities pay more attention to the training of practical talents. With the reform of the management system of colleges and universities in China, most ordinary colleges and universities are local colleges and universities, shouldering the heavy responsibility of serving local economic development; Since the reform and opening up, China's social and economic development has objectively formed different development patterns in the east, middle and west, which requires ordinary colleges and universities to combine the needs of local social and economic development in different regions to cultivate practical talents.

(4) The lifelong trend of personnel training.

Higher education in 2 1 century is no longer the process of passive education for people of a certain age, nor is it the last link of life education, nor is it the ultimate training ground for students to go to society. Undergraduate education is still a process of laying a foundation. We should pay attention to three aspects: ability and quality, knowledge and specialty, cultivate students' self-study skills to master musical instrument knowledge and continue to study in the future, and improve students' self-knowledge renewal ability. Strengthen practical teaching, encourage students to participate in scientific research, emphasize the cultivation of students' innovative spirit and entrepreneurial practice ability, and lay a solid foundation for students' subsequent innovative work and study.

(5) Internationalization trend of personnel training.

With China's entry into WTO and economic globalization, it is required that our higher business administration education should be internationalized and face the world. Therefore, from the design of students' knowledge structure, we should expand the fields and categories of knowledge and increase international economic knowledge such as international trade, international economic law, WTO rules and international practices. In terms of students' consciousness and concept, we should establish global consciousness and big market concept and improve their enthusiasm and initiative to participate in international competition and cooperation; From the cultivation of ability and quality, we should pay attention to the blending of eastern and western cultures and be familiar with the differences in social etiquette, ideology, religious beliefs and living habits under different cultural backgrounds in order to meet the needs of future management.

Third, optimize the talent cultivation ability and quality structure in colleges and universities.

Colleges and universities shoulder the heavy responsibility of national economic construction and social development for talent demand. Therefore, the running direction and training objectives of colleges and universities must adapt to the talent demand of social and economic development. At present, with the establishment and perfection of China's socialist market economic system and the deepening of economic system reform and political system reform, social and economic development has put forward higher requirements for talents, which have changed from knowledge-based to ability-based and quality-oriented, especially for management talents. This requires us to constantly adjust the school-running mechanism and mode, constantly optimize the curriculum structure and content system, and constantly update the teaching means and methods to ensure the improvement of teaching quality and teaching level. At the same time, it is more important to take the process of cultivating students' quality as a systematic project, optimize the quality structure, determine the training objectives, design the training mode, choose the training scheme and implement the training measures, so as to achieve the ultimate training objectives.

1. Understand the connotation of quality education

Quality education is the social system and strategic choice for the cross-century education reform and development in contemporary China. With the deepening of educational system reform and the gradual establishment of socialist market economic system, quality education, with its unique educational connotation and character, will have a far-reaching impact on social education and national spirit, and is conducive to rebuilding the new humanistic spirit called for by the cross-century reform and development in contemporary China.

The first unique connotation and feature of quality education lies in its comprehensive and comprehensive education. Different from traditional education, which focuses on a single "exam-oriented" strategy, quality education advocates an all-round and comprehensive "quality" strategy, that is, to realize the infiltration of arts and sciences, the integration of reason and mind, and the integration of body and mind; Realize the unity of erudition and expertise, theory and practice, inheritance and innovation; Achieve the unity of learning and belief, personality and society, and learning and being a man. This new integration and unification will improve the ideological and moral concepts of science and education, the awareness of democracy and legal system and the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation under the background of higher standards of education and culture, thus promoting the reform of basic education, the emancipation of national ideology and the awakening of cultural awareness, and rebuilding the scientific and educational awareness and humanistic spirit of the whole nation.

The second unique connotation and feature of quality education lies in its educational adaptability and times. The socialist market economy and the wave of modernization provide a broad stage and realistic demand for quality education, which should be combined with the times, conform to the times and be forward-looking. The strategic project of quality education is to conform to the call of this era, vigorously promote "ability" education and transform the cultural quality of the whole nation; Improve thinking ability through basic theory education; Improve their resilience through social practice education; Improve their professional ability through professional and technical education; Through the education of new subjects and new thinking, we can improve their creative ability and cultivate a large number of "capable people"-compound multifunctional talents who can shoulder the mission of the new era. This is a great challenge for basic education to move towards quality education. The mission of quality education is also to cultivate and rebuild the subjective consciousness, creative consciousness and spirit of the times of a generation across the century.

2. The characteristics of management professionals and the composition of students' ability and quality.

(1) Characteristics of management professionals

Advanced technology and scientific management are the guarantee of enterprise success, and the introduction of advanced production technology and the development of high-tech products depend on the quality and level of managers in the final analysis. As successful producers, managers and decision-makers facing the 2 1 century, they must have high-level working ability and all-round comprehensive quality in order to adapt to the requirements of the times and the needs of high-tech level and market competition in the high information age. Excellent managers in the future should have the following abilities and quality structure (Figure 4- 1):

Figure 4- 1 Structure of Training Ability and Quality of Management Professionals

(2) The content of the ability and quality structure of management students.

As can be seen from Figure 4- 1, a successful manager must have the comprehensive abilities and qualities in the above aspects. However, this comprehensive ability and quality is the final combination of quality structure, that is, the goal that can be achieved through comprehensive education and training in school for four years (or several years) and continuous study, practice and exercise for a period of time after employment is the specific application ability and quality, and the ultimate goal of training. In the training process from enrollment to graduation, we must systematically and step by step implement various training programs, start with the most basic ability and quality training, and cooperate with ideological education, political education, professional education, other social knowledge education and practical training to achieve the ultimate goal of ability and quality training.

3. Optimization of comprehensive ability and quality structure of management students.

As can be seen from Figure 4- 1, realizing the ability and quality of future management professionals is our ultimate training goal, and the realization of this training goal must be carried out from all aspects of the content system of students' ability and quality, that is, combining professional courses to cultivate basic ability and quality. However, the basic abilities and qualities include self-study, operation, creative thinking, adaptability, social skills, writing, organization, oral expression, adaptability, research, observation, management and many other aspects, and each aspect has a different role in the ultimate goal, so the emphasis in the training process is different, which requires the final training.

The priority list method, also known as the priority graph method, is an optimization method that compares with the 0- 1 method of mandatory determination method and expresses the relative importance of each evaluation item or the priority order of each evaluation item in tabular form. According to its specific application, priority list method can be divided into simple priority list, multi-input priority list, multi-input weighted priority list and priority list when the highest score is even. This time, we invited six experts and teachers to compare the relative importance of the above-mentioned 14 basic abilities and qualities to the training objectives of management professionals' abilities and quality structure. The results are shown in Table 4- 1.

According to the above comprehensive analysis and optimization, it can be seen that the comprehensive quality structure of management students consists of organizational ability, management ability and creative thinking ability 14. These abilities and qualities are combined with professional training, political education and ideological education. Through the implementation of various training programs and specific measures, after four years of all-round and multi-level training and exercise, the training goal is finally achieved, and the ability and quality level of an excellent management talent is reached.

Table 4- 1 Priority Table for Comprehensive Analysis of Competency and Quality Structure of Management Specialty