The history of archives and archival work can be traced back to thousands of years ago, and archival science was formed after the reform of bourgeois archival work in Europe at the end of 18, and it had gone through a long brewing process before. From slave society to feudal society, archival work has developed continuously and accumulated a lot of experience, mainly the experience of sorting and cataloging. In Europe, the ancient Romans classified and kept files according to the documents they sent and received; In the 5th ~11century, feudal manor archives and church archives classified archives as "open" (general documents) and "closed" (confidential or personnel appointment documents). 11~15th century, some archives kept files in the order of business department, year, month, day and file type. 16 ~ 17 century, there appeared the methods of sorting files according to monarch, subjects and diplomacy, the methods of sorting files according to region, cause and time sequence, and the methods of sorting files according to branches of central organs, which were divided into church rule, political leadership, judicial affairs and financial management. Archival cataloging is also developed on the basis of archival arrangement. For example, the ancient Romans compiled a chronological copy, the Kingdom of Naples compiled a file directory of 1284, and the French constitutional treasure house compiled a file directory of 13 18. /kloc-in the middle of the 6th century, early works on archival work appeared, such as J. von Ramingen's Comprehensive Report-How to Calculate a Perfect Registration Room and Registration Room and Its Organization and Management. In China, the Shang Dynasty kept files on bones or tortoise shells by binding them into books. The archives appraisal system of "sorting once every three years" was implemented in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the method of "classifying books, classifying books" was adopted to sort out files in chronological order. The stored files were classified, numbered and sealed in Yuan Dynasty. Huangshu in Ming Dynasty was classified according to the standard of chronological and geographical classification. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the Classified Catalogue of Clearing Dongda Library compiled by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Cabinet adopted the method of classifying documents according to their names and problems. Ancient Chinese scholars attached great importance to summing up the experience of archival document compilation, and put forward the compilation principles of "words don't mean everything" (that is, respecting the original text) and "asking more questions for reference" (that is, not making arbitrary corrections).

The ideological factors and germination of archival science in ancient society are partial, fragmentary and empirical knowledge, which has not yet formed a scientific knowledge system, but it has prepared conditions for the formation of archival science. After the end of 18, some European countries, driven by the bourgeois revolution, reformed the archives work, established national archives, promulgated the Archives Regulations and other rules and regulations, put forward the principle of "opening archives", opened archives to the public, set up archives schools, and trained archives professionals. And develop into a national cause. This change and development of archival work practice and the rise of archival undertaking not only put forward urgent requirements for archival research, but also provided conditions for the establishment of archival science. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the concept of "archival science" first appeared in Germany. Og used the concept of archival science in 1804' s Theoretical Thinking on Archives Science and 1834' s Journal Archives Science, Ancient Philology and History. 1885, the French scholar C.-V. langlois published the article "Science of Archives" in theNo. 1 issue of International Archives, Libraries and Museums, and put forward the viewpoint that archival science is a science for the first time.

/kloc-in the 20th century, many European archivists have conducted extensive discussions on the nature, position and function of archives, as well as the arrangement, identification, cataloging, utilization and publication of archives, involving all aspects of archival work. The theory of archival arrangement is the core issue discussed in the formation of European archival science. Archivists have put forward the principle of cause, the principle of respecting the whole clan and the principle of source, and demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of these principles in theory and practice. The Handbook of Archival Arrangement and Cataloguing, published in 1898 by Dutch archivists Miao Lei, J.A. Firth and R.F. Luo Ying, summarizes the experience of archival work in Europe, inherits and develops the previous research results, and systematically expounds the theories, principles and methods of archival arrangement and cataloguing. The most wonderful part is the profound discussion of the theory of the whole family, which puts forward that the whole family of archives is organically related and inseparable. In the 20th century, archival work increased with the development of archival practice. Representative works include Archives Management Manual written by H. jenkinson in Britain (1922), Archives Science written by Italian E. Casanova (1928), Archives Science written by German A. Brennecke (1953), French Archives Bureau and French Archivists Association. American T.R. shellenberger wrote Modern Archives Science-Principles and Technology (1956) and Archives Management (1965), and Canadian H.A. Taylor wrote Archival Materials Arrangement and Cataloguing (1980).

Before the Soviet Union 19 17 October Revolution, Russian archivists нв Kalachev and д?samokvasov wrote many works on archives and archival work. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union established a socialist archival undertaking, and archival science also developed rapidly. The Lenin Archives Law promulgated by 19 18 laid the foundation of the national archives theory and the principle of centralized and unified management. Soviet archivists have written all kinds of archival works, among which the detailed exposition of national archival theory is an important feature of Soviet archival science. His main works are: г α Kyatiev's Theory and Technology of Archival Work (1935), в chernov's History and Organization of Soviet Archival Work (1940), ля Mizin and H.A.M.C. Xie. Rudder Song's Theory and Practice of Archival Work in the Soviet Union (1980), etc. 1966 set up the all-Soviet Institute of Literature and Archives, whose research scope includes philology, archival science, document compilation, scientific and technological archives and special archives management, and archives protection technology. More than 250 research works have been published from 1966 to 1987. 19 1 1 The Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal monarchy in China, and the archives of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which had been kept secret, were no longer exclusive to the royal family. In the early 1920s, due to the spread of ouchi archives to the society, it attracted the attention of academic circles, and carried out the collection and arrangement activities of Ming and Qing archives. In 1930s, historians such as Shen Jianshi, Xu Zhongshu, Wu Han and He Sheng wrote many papers, which made a meaningful discussion on the historical value of archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the arrangement and cataloging of archives. For example, the three principles summarized by Shen Jianshi in the Report on Archives Arrangement in Document Repository: "The principle of arrangement is not to lose the original truth, the principle of compilation is universal cataloging, and the principle of display is to take care of the nature of cultural relics coherently", which is concise and insightful. In order to improve administrative efficiency, the Kuomintang government agencies launched a file reform movement. Some administrators and archivists have studied the archives management of existing institutions and published a number of archives management works such as Archives Management and Arrangement (1938). The research contents include file management, filing, classification, filing, sorting, cataloging, collection and volume adjustment, which reflects the level of file work practice at that time. In the 1940s, China began to set up archives education, set up archives management specialty in Wenhua Library College in Wuchang, set up private Shi Chong Archives School in Chongqing, set up archives management courses, studied archives science, and introduced archival science ideas and management experience from some European countries. Shi Chong Archives School published A New Theory of Archives Management in China (1949) edited by Yin Zhongqi. The research of archival science in the Republic of China was conducted by historians, administrators and archival educators respectively. It is helpful for the construction and development of archival science in China to study archival management from its own needs. However, due to the limitation of the practical development level of archival work at that time, archival research still stays on the summary of the experience of archives management in Ming and Qing dynasties and the current archives management in institutions, focusing on specific business research and lacking theoretical generalization.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), a nationwide socialist archival undertaking was established (see Archives Undertaking in People's Republic of China (PRC)), which opened up a broad road for archival research. 1956 "the State Council's decision on strengthening national archives work" puts forward: "strengthen the research work of archival science and other auxiliary disciplines and improve the scientific level." China's philosophy, social science development planning, science and technology development planning, national economic and social development planning, etc. all contain the contents of archival science and technology research. The basic task of archival science research is to comprehensively sum up the construction experience of China's socialist archival cause, critically inherit the heritage of China's archival science and learn from the beneficial knowledge of foreign archival science, and build archival science with China characteristics under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. China attaches great importance to the construction of archival science discipline system. In the mid-1950s and 1960s, disciplines such as philology, archives management, science and technology archives management, archives protection technology, China archives history, foreign archives history and archives literature compilation were established. In 1980s, a discipline system of archival science was established, which paid equal attention to basic theory and applied theory and technology, and all disciplines were further improved and developed. China has established various types of archival academic research institutions, which has created conditions for the development of archival science. 198 1 year later, the China Archives Society and the system archives societies of various provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and industries were established one after another. From 65438 to 0980, the National Archives Bureau formally established the Institute of Archives Science and Technology, and some provinces and cities also established archives research institutes one after another. By 1990, 35 colleges and universities in China have established archives colleges, departments or professional teaching and research offices, which are both archives teaching institutions and archives research institutions. 198 1 ~ 1990 There are 287 works on archival science and philology published by various publishing houses. For example, Zeng San's Collection of Archives Work (1990) compiled by the National Archives Bureau, Contemporary Archives Science in China (1988) compiled by Pei Tong, and An Introduction to Archives Science (1988) compiled by Wu Baokang, the liberal arts teaching office of the First Higher Education Department of the State Education Commission and the education of the National Archives Bureau. The principles of unified leadership and hierarchical management put forward and demonstrated by China, the principle of maintaining the integrity and safety of archives and facilitating the use of all sectors of society, the principle of managing archives according to the law of archives formation, the principle of maintaining the historical relationship of archives, and the principle of maintaining the true face of archives work are important theoretical principles guiding the construction of Chinese archives. China encourages archival science and technology research. By the end of 1990, two scientific research achievements had won the third prize of national scientific and technological progress, 132 scientific research projects had won the national ministerial prize, and 1 10 scientific research projects had won the outstanding achievement award of China Archives Society. Since the establishment of 1950, the International Archives Council has played an important organizational role in organizing international archival academic exchanges and cooperation. In order to facilitate the international exchange of business experience, there are various publications such as Archives (annual), Bulletin of the International Archives Council (semi-annual) and International Archives Magazine (semi-annual). In order to promote the standardization of international archival terminology, a Dictionary of Archival Terminology (first edition 1964, revised edition 1984) was compiled. Library and Archives Series was published in cooperation with UNESCO, among which archives professional works include: Model Draft of Archives Law (1972), Protection and Restoration of Archives Materials (1973), Basic Work Plan of Archives and Organization of Intermediate Archives (1974), etc. Starting from 1977, the series of Archives Manual of the International Archives Council began to be compiled, and the published books include Basic Standard Manual for Archives Restoration, Basic Manual for Tropical Archives, Manual for Archives Construction and Equipment, and Archives Arrangement and Cataloguing. Since 1979, UNESCO and the International Council of Archives have systematically carried out special investigations and special pilot projects on archival undertakings around the world.