1. Doctor
It is a degree that marks a person's ability to produce original results or academic ability, and it is the highest level degree at present. Having a doctorate or equivalent academic ability means that a person has the ability to enter the academic stage from the learning stage. The ability to produce original results or academic ability is the core connotation of doctoral degree, and it is also the most essential feature of people with doctoral degree.
2. Doctoral and postdoctoral students
Doctor is the highest degree, that is to say, the highest level that a student can obtain (in some countries, doctoral students are also jobs, such as Germany). Postdoctoral researchers, also known as postdoctoral researchers, refer to those who engage in related research in universities or scientific research institutions or continue their studies within a limited time after obtaining a doctorate. Postdoctoral students are not degrees.
Postdoctoral researchers refer to those who are registered with the approval of the Office of the National Postdoctoral Management Committee and engaged in postdoctoral scientific research at mobile stations or workstations. Has the following characteristics: [4]
First, "postdoctoral" means an experience. Doctor is the highest degree, so "postdoctoral" can not be regarded as a higher degree than doctor, and postdoctoral researchers can not be awarded any other degree title. At the same time, "postdoctoral" is not a professional technical or administrative position.
Second, postdoctoral researchers are mainly engaged in scientific research, which is often exploratory, pioneering and innovative.
Third, postdoctoral researchers are official national staff, not students. During the postdoctoral research, the length of service shall be calculated as other regular employees, and they shall enjoy the same treatment as the regular employees of their own units in addition to the preferential treatment provided by the state.
Fourth, for the station-setting units, postdoctoral fellows are time-limited staff and are not included in the official establishment. They must flow out of the station after their work expires. They are actually in a state of mobility before they get a fixed job.
The origin of postdoctoral is in developed countries. Many doctors find it difficult to find a fixed job after graduation, but when they are ready to fight for a fixed job, they will go to the unit they want to go to (usually universities or other scientific research institutions) to engage in certain research work, so they become postdoctoral. "Postdoctoral" should not be understood as an experience. The full name of "postdoctoral" should be "postdoctoral researcher", that is, "postdoctoral" refers to people. The term "postdoctoral" among postdoctoral researchers only means an experience, not that "postdoctoral" is an experience, but that "postdoctoral experience" should refer to an experience. Speaking of it, he is a "postdoctoral fellow". The correct understanding should be-he is a person who has been engaged in related research or further study in universities or scientific research institutions for a limited time after obtaining his doctorate.
In China, the post-doctoral experience period is more like a formal post-doctoral education. You have to enter the postdoctoral workstation and issue an experience certificate after leaving the station. What you need to understand is that almost all countries, including China, have a doctor's degree and no postdoctoral fellow.
professor
It is the highest academic title of teachers in colleges and universities; In ancient times, it was set up in local official schools; Honorifics for teachers in private schools; Explain and impart knowledge and skills. Professor is the highest level of university teachers' titles. The word "professor" in Chinese comes from the meaning of "preaching and teaching to solve doubts", which is the name of academic officials in ancient China, and this position was set up in universities in the Han and Tang Dynasties in China.
Development history
Professor is a title in the higher education system. This office was established in the universities of Han and Tang Dynasties in China. In the context of modern Chinese and Japanese, it is often used as a synonym for the word "professor" in English, which refers to a senior teacher who teaches in a modern higher education institution (such as a university or community college). China Han Tang Imperial College has doctors to teach students. The doctor is the later professor. In the Song Dynasty, central and local schools began to set up professors. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were Confucian professors in state capitals, and there were Confucian professors in official schools in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the establishment of the new school in the late Qing Dynasty, the university set up full-time faculty and associate faculty. 19 12, the Ministry of Education of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China promulgated the University Order, which stipulated that universities should have professors and assistant professors. 19 17 revised the university order, stipulating that universities should have full professors, professors and assistant professors. 1924 university constitution abolished the post of assistant professor. 1927 The Regulations on the Qualification of University Teachers promulgated by the Education Administration Committee of the Kuomintang government began to stipulate that university teachers are divided into four grades: professors, associate professors, lecturers and teaching assistants. People's Republic of China (PRC) has remained unchanged since its founding. Professor originally meant to impart knowledge, lecture and teach, but later he became a scholar. After the Han and Tang dynasties, there were professors in schools at all levels, who were responsible for the specific affairs of school examinations.