Zhang Desheng, Department of Chemistry, Anqing Teachers College

Anqing Normal University has created the "four firsts" in the teaching of physical chemistry, developed and published the physical chemistry test database (Anqing Office), and was rated as an excellent course in Anhui Province. This paper introduces the practice and experience of teaching reform and curriculum construction in detail.

Keywords: physical chemistry teaching reform curriculum construction

Physical chemistry is an interdisciplinary subject between physics and chemistry, an important branch of chemistry and the theoretical basis of chemistry. Mr. Yin Yongjia said: "Inorganic chemistry is the limbs of chemistry, organic chemistry is the driving force of chemistry, analytical chemistry is the eye of chemistry, and physical chemistry is the soul of chemistry"; People who have no knowledge of physical chemistry can't understand chemistry. Physical chemistry is an important basic course for chemistry majors, which plays an extremely important role in the cultivation of chemical talents and plays a vital role in cultivating students' scientific world outlook and comprehensive quality, practical ability and creative thinking ability. Therefore, we must strengthen the course construction of physical chemistry, deepen the teaching reform, improve the teaching quality, and create excellent courses to complete the mission entrusted to us by the times.

The first is the situation of teaching reform and the achievements of curriculum construction.

From 65438 to 0980, the State Education Commission approved the establishment of Anqing Teachers College, the department of chemistry and the curriculum group of physical chemistry. Teachers Chen Debin (graduated from Beijing Normal University), Ye Songpei (graduated from Jilin University) and Chen Zicheng (graduated from Anhui University) have done a lot of work for the early construction of physical chemistry course, which has made the teaching of physical chemistry meet the basic requirements of undergraduate course. 65438-0988 joined the national teaching reform assistance group of physical chemistry in normal universities, started teaching reform and attached importance to curriculum construction. /kloc-in the past seven years, with the concern of college leaders, the strong support of department leaders and the help of experts from brother colleges, the teaching reform has achieved fruitful results. In the teaching reform and curriculum construction of Anqing Normal University, four firsts have been created:

(1) Be the first to separate teaching from examination. "The standardized test is to improve the quality of teaching. Starting from 1988, the final examination of physical chemistry adopts the unified standardized examination paper provided by the national physical chemistry center group of normal universities and implements standardized examination. The test results were sent to the central group for statistical analysis, compared with the brother colleges and universities, and checked our teaching level. At the beginning, our students' grades were very poor, with an average of only 565,438+0.83, while the score of Normal University was above 66. Compared with brother colleges, there is a big gap. After inspection and analysis, it is found that there are many problems, the teaching content can not meet the requirements of the syllabus, and some teachers choose the content at will to reduce the teaching requirements; There is a phenomenon that calculation is more important than concept in teaching. In view of these problems, we should carry out teaching reform, strengthen exercise teaching and compile exercise textbooks. 1990, our students scored 68.85 points, ranking 18 among 44 universities in China. Compared with myself, I have made great progress. And published related teaching research papers such as "Strive to improve the quality of objective questions and propositions" and "Good exercise class is a good way to improve teaching quality".

(2) The first item bank managed by microcomputer. 1990/Get the card before, 199 1 Get the computer management software of the question bank from Shaanxi Normal University, 199 1 Start using the Chinese character system of Sun Yat-sen University to input the questions on the card into the computer, and set up the first computer-managed question bank in our hospital, with more than 3,000 questions.

(3) Take the lead in developing computer-aided teaching. In the physical chemistry experiment 1993, the experimental data are processed by computer. Eight experimental data programs were written in basic language, which standardized the processing of experimental data and improved the experimental effect. 65438-0997 With the help of the teacher of Beijing Normal University, Authorware2.0 multimedia tool software was obtained. By learning and doing, we have developed two computer-aided teaching softwares (also called CAI courseware), namely "Basic Principles of Chemical Thermodynamics" and "Excellent Problems in the Practice of Basic Principles of Chemical Thermodynamics", which are the first teaching courseware made by our college. This courseware won the "Teaching Software" prize in the 11th Physical Chemistry Teaching Seminar of Normal University. He also published some teaching research papers, such as establishing a question bank, standardizing the separation of teaching and examination, and drawing experimental images of physical chemistry with a microcomputer.

(4) The first teaching guidance website-Physical Chemistry Teaching Guidance Network was established.

Our teaching reform achievements have been recognized by domestic experts. The teaching and research of physical chemistry in Anqing Normal University occupies a place in the national normal universities and is selected as a member of the physical chemistry center group of normal universities (the only one in Anhui). 199 1 the standardized physical and chemical examination question bank in normal universities (hereinafter referred to as the physical and chemical examination question bank in normal universities) was jointly developed by teachers in more than 40 universities across the country and was rated as the advanced level in China by the Higher Education Department and the Normal Department of the State Education Commission. Officially published by Higher Education Press on 1993. Most colleges and universities have purchased and used it. At that time, the question bank in normal universities made great contributions to promoting the teaching reform in colleges and universities. At that time, most computers were PC/XT or PC/AT. The question bank in normal universities uses CCDOS 4.0 Chinese operating system, dBASEⅲⅲ III III database management system, and the graphics are drawn in BASIC language. We also did a lot of work in it, and participated in the appraisal meeting in Shijiazhuang as the only representative of Anhui Province. Later, with the rapid development of computer technology, the operating system was constantly updated, using Pentium microcomputer, and the operating system was changed to Windows95/98 or above. On the advanced microcomputer, the question bank of normal university can't be used basically, so it's a pity to abandon it. If the efforts of dozens of college teachers are not in vain, they must be revised and upgraded. However, revision and upgrading is a very difficult and arduous task, and the Central Group and many key universities are unwilling to undertake this task. In the discussion of standardized examinations for many years, the four stations of Anqing Normal University have attracted the attention of many teachers in brother colleges. "In 200 1 year, the campus network of our college was opened, which provided an advanced environment for teaching reform. In order to apply advanced computer network technology to teaching, carry out online teaching and online counseling, promote teaching reform and cultivate innovative talents, we overcame many difficulties while studying and built the "Physical Chemistry Teaching Counseling Website of Anqing Normal University", which covers an area of 500MB. Our college is the first course counseling website in Anhui Province and even the whole country. The website has been well received by teachers in many universities in China. With his help, we held two national physical chemistry teaching seminars in Anqing. With gratitude and return, we offered to undertake this task in 1996. 1997 applied to the provincial education commission for the teaching project "development of general item bank management program", which was approved and funded. At the 11th National Symposium on Physical Chemistry Teaching in Normal Universities from 65438 to 0998, the Central Group officially authorized us to modify, upgrade and improve the question bank in normal universities. After more than three years of hard work, we have basically completed this arduous task by 200 1. Named "Physical Chemistry Test Bank (Anqing Edition)", the number of test questions reaches 12000, which is the highest level physical chemistry test bank in China. 200 1 was officially published by University of Science and Technology of China Press, and was welcomed by domestic counterparts. At present, it has been used by more than 30 universities in China. The question bank also won the first prize of 200 1 Anhui teaching achievement. In 2002, the textbook "Physical Chemistry Chapter Exercise" compiled by us was officially published in Anhui University Press, which is a good exercise textbook and a reference book for postgraduate entrance examination. After 1999, in order to meet the evaluation of the Ministry of Education, the curriculum construction of physical chemistry has reached a new level. We have introduced and trained highly educated teachers, purchased more than a dozen computers and a large number of new instruments for physical and chemical experiments, and used computers to control experiments, collect and process data.

Physical chemistry course was listed as a key course at the school level on 1997, and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Department of Education on 1999, and was established as the first batch of key construction courses in Anhui Province. Among the first batch of key courses in Anhui Province, physical chemistry courses are only the University of Science and Technology of China and Anqing Teachers College. In April, 2000, our physical chemistry course was rated as an excellent course at the school level. In 2004, our physical chemistry course was rated as an excellent course in Anhui Province. At present, there are only two excellent courses in Anhui Province, namely Hefei University of Technology and Anqing Teachers College. Our physical chemistry course construction is as famous as the key universities in the province, and it is in a leading position among the ordinary universities in China.

Second, the practice and experience of teaching reform.

In addition, in the arrangement of teaching content, we also actively negotiated with the first teacher of general physics and inorganic chemistry courses, and carried out reform and opening up with later countries, so should education, and so should physical chemistry teaching. Without reform, we can't keep up with the situation and cultivate talents that meet the requirements of the times. Every teacher should be aware of this and turn teaching reform into his own conscious action. The reform of chemistry teaching includes the reform of teaching content (i.e. teaching materials), teaching process, teaching methods and means, and teaching management (including teaching time, teaching arrangement, examination contents, examination methods, grading standards, etc.). ).

1. Teaching content reform, that is, textbook reform. We have used Physical Chemistry edited by Nandafu, Physical Chemistry edited by Yin Yongjia and Physical Chemistry edited by Shanghai Normal University, which are also called materialization in normal universities. We used the first, second and third editions, Physical Chemistry edited by Zhu and Xu in 2000 and Physical Chemistry edited by Wan after 2002. Constantly selecting new textbooks will increase teachers' burden and keep writing new lesson preparation notes, but we realize that writing lesson preparation notes can deepen our understanding of the content and improve the teaching effect. In recent years, due to the development of quantum mechanics, microelectronics and spectroscopy, the emergence of new materials, new catalysts and nano-materials has promoted the development of physical chemistry. Therefore, the teaching content should not be limited to textbooks, but should introduce students to the new knowledge and achievements of physical chemistry. In order to learn new knowledge, we use the opportunity of business trip and visiting relatives to entrust our colleagues and classmates to buy all kinds of newly published physical chemistry textbooks, teaching reference books, reference books for postgraduate entrance examination, study guides, problem sets, problem-solving guidance, problem-solving skills, multiple-choice questions, thinking questions and questions. Through various channels and students, the mimeographed teaching reference materials compiled by Shanghai Normal University, South China Normal University, Anhui Normal University and Shaanxi Normal University were obtained.

Contact the teachers of material structure and chemical engineering foundation, ask them for help and divide some teaching contents.

2. In the reform of teaching process, "six combinations" have been adopted.

(1) Macroscopic and microscopic combination. Explain difficult concepts from a microscopic point of view, and explain their physical and chemical significance. For example, to talk about the law of entropy, we should supplement the entropy flow and entropy production, the essence of entropy and the statistical significance of entropy. This method was first put forward by Mr. Pan Daokai of East China Normal University, and the effect is very good.

② Combining theory with practice. For example, the entropy of an isolated system increases, while the entropy of an open system decreases because it can have negative entropy flow. Contact the growth, growth, death process and entropy change of organisms in teaching; Connecting with China's reform and opening-up policy and isolating the system-"a closed mountain village", the entropy value will be bigger and bigger, the driving force for development will be smaller and smaller, the economy will fall behind and the people will be poor. To change the face, we must reform and open up the mountain village, "If you want to be rich, build roads first, have fewer children and plant more trees", and introduce foreign capital and advanced technology, that is, introduce negative entropy flow to make the system entropy. This not only deepens the understanding of the theory of entropy law, but also explains the correctness of the party's reform and opening-up policy from the perspective of natural science.

③ Combination of content and method. In order to establish some principles and laws in physical chemistry, it is necessary to explain not only the contents of the principles, but also the research methods used to obtain the principles. For example, when talking about ideal gas, ideal solution and ideal adsorption, explain to students that this is obtained by ideal model method; When it comes to reversible process, the explanation is obtained by scientific abstract method; When talking about the standard heat of combustion, standard heat of formation and standard electrode potential, it shows that this is obtained by relative numerical method. Combined with the teaching content, the application of reverse thinking, divergent thinking and analogy thinking methods is explained to students, and the creative thinking ability of students is emphasized in teaching.

④ Combination of basic knowledge and cutting-edge knowledge. At the end of each chapter of the textbook, or in the exercise class, introduce the frontier new knowledge, new theories, new achievements and new technologies of physical chemistry related to this chapter.

⑤ Combination of classroom teaching and teaching research. In classroom teaching, we should combine our own teaching and research achievements. For example, when talking about entropy criterion, combined with the teaching and research paper "Is total entropy the criterion of process direction?" When talking about the movement of chemical balance, combined with the teaching and research paper, "Is it necessary to increase the concentration balance of the reaction to move to the product?" Wait a minute.

⑥ Combining with middle school chemistry. We are a normal college, and most of the students we train will be middle school chemistry teachers in the future. We should contact the problems in middle school chemistry in teaching and cultivate students' quality as middle school chemistry teachers. For example, in middle school chemistry, NaCl and concentrated sulfuric acid are used to prepare HCl gas, and problems are raised. Why use concentrated sulfuric acid? Thickness is a vague concept. How thick can it be? 100 ml ethanol mixture 100 ml water. How many ml is it? How is the activity sequence table of metal elements determined? Lime burns in the air, why can the reaction go to the end without reaching equilibrium? Why is the clear sky blue? Why can I only see rosy clouds in the morning and evening? To explain these problems clearly, only through physical chemistry can students' interest in learning be aroused.

In addition, we should pay attention to teaching and educating people, cultivate students' scientific view of nature and dialectical materialism, and cultivate students' rigorous scientific attitude and enterprising spirit. We constantly encourage students to apply for graduate students and make continuous progress.

3. Exercise class is an important link to improve teaching quality.

Physical chemistry is a theoretical course that emphasizes concepts, laws and logical reasoning. It is not easy to learn it well. Physical chemistry is considered to be the most difficult course for chemistry majors. It is difficult to learn because it has many basic concepts and laws, which are very abstract and difficult to understand, master and solve exercises. In teaching practice, we realize that in order to simplify the complex and improve students' learning enthusiasm, besides doing a good job in theory class, exercise class is an important and indispensable link. Anyone who has studied physical chemistry knows that it is necessary to do more exercises. In the process of solving problems, we should deepen our familiarity and understanding of the theory and cultivate our ability to analyze and solve problems. The process of solving problems is the process of integrating theory with practice. Exercise classes should be like theoretical classes, preparing lessons carefully and writing lesson plans well. The content of our exercise class generally includes the following parts:

(1) The introduction of new theories and new knowledge will expand the knowledge.

(2) Summarize the knowledge learned in this chapter. What students learn in each class is often "fragmentary" feelings and knowledge fragments. Only by linking them together and forming an interrelated knowledge system can we understand them more deeply and master them better. To this end, after learning each chapter, we help students summarize the knowledge points learned in a chapter in the form of "contact map".

(3) Summarize the problems in students' homework. Errors in students' homework, especially typical and representative mistakes, should be pointed out in time, and unique problem-solving skills should be introduced and popularized.

(4) Organize discussion of thinking problems. There are some thinking questions at the back of each chapter in general textbooks. We arrange students to think and answer first, and then discuss and explain in the exercise class.

(5) Do a certain number of exercises. After learning each chapter, our school gave students a number of exercises, including about 30 multiple-choice questions, 5-8 calculation questions and proof questions. These exercises are typical and difficult, and many of them are selected from the postgraduate entrance examination questions. We usually give it to students in advance and let them do it first. When doing exercises, the teacher chooses typical questions to explain. At present, the chapter exercises of physical chemistry have been officially published, and every student has one.

4. Apply modern teaching methods to physical chemistry teaching.

Since 1990s, computer technology and network technology have developed rapidly. Multimedia computer integrates characters, sounds, graphics, images, animations, movies, etc., which breaks through the limitation of time and space and creates virtual reality. Multimedia computer and network have become important teaching means and tools. Applying multimedia computer to teaching can realize the modernization of teaching. The application of multimedia computer in teaching has changed teaching ideas and theories, teaching means, teaching methods, teaching viewpoints and forms, the structure and content of classroom teaching, the content and form of extracurricular tutoring, the content and method of examination, and the standards and means of student performance evaluation. A large number of practices at home and abroad show that computer-aided teaching has improved teaching quality and students' quality. Applying multimedia computer and network technology to teaching is an important direction of teaching reform. The main way we carry out computer-assisted instruction are:

(1) Compile electronic lesson plans and teaching courseware for classroom teaching. Different teaching materials should have different electronic teaching plans, which should be compiled and communicated by themselves. We have several sets of electronic teaching plans for physical chemistry, as well as teaching courseware such as electromigration.

(2) Give detailed answers to the thinking questions, exercises and exercises in the textbook, and input them into the computer to form a word document.

(3) Compiling CAI courseware. CAI courseware of "Basic Principles of Chemical Thermodynamics" was compiled, and CAI courseware of chemical kinetics, solution, electrochemistry, phase equilibrium, surface colloid, etc. were exchanged with brother universities, as well as several teaching guidance webpages of physical chemistry.

(4) Establish a physical chemistry teaching guidance website, and carry out online self-study, online practice and online discussion.

(5) Establish a physical chemistry examination database managed by computer. Mid-term and final exams are produced by computer, and students' papers are kept in a relatively stable standard (difficulty, type, question quantity, test operation, etc.). ), and the implementation of standardized examinations. According to the requirements of standardized examination, the results of the examination are statistically analyzed by computer, and the average score, difficulty, discrimination, reliability and grade distribution histogram of each class are calculated.

(6) Write and communicate a large number of physical chemistry experiment courseware. Experimental courseware includes experimental simulation courseware, experimental demonstration courseware, experimental teaching courseware and experimental data processing courseware. We plan to compile the database of physical chemistry experiments. Used for experimental inspection and evaluation.

Third, the experience of curriculum construction.

1. Actively declare teaching research topics and lay a solid foundation for curriculum construction.

To build a good course, we must have certain funds. Our funding mainly depends on applying for teaching and research projects. 1997 in order to revise the physical and chemical item bank in normal universities, we applied to the provincial education commission for "the development of general item bank management program". We applied for 8000 yuan, and the result was 1 000 yuan. This project is also the first provincial-level teaching research topic of Anqing Normal University. 1998 applied to the provincial education commission for "microcomputer control of physical and chemical experiments", which is a laboratory reform project. The original funding was 200,000 yuan, which was invested in three years, and the school matched half. But later, the province only gave 70,000 yuan and the school allocated 30,000 yuan. This 6,543,800 yuan has greatly changed the face of our laboratory, bought some new instruments and 7 computers, installed air conditioning in the laboratory, and everyone in the course group has computers. 1998 was approved as a key course in Anhui province, and the province gave 28,000 yuan each year. The school provided10.4 million yuan for three consecutive years, and * * * 42,000 yuan. 1999, together with director Jiang Xiaoyao of the computer department, applied for the provincial key teaching project "Development of CAI general courseware making tools for reviewing and practicing", and won the funding of 15000 yuan. In 2004, it was approved as an excellent course in Anhui Province, with 50,000 provincial grants and 50,000 school grants. At the same time, I also applied for a college-level teaching project and got thousands of dollars in funding. Since 1997, it has been funded by nearly 300,000 yuan, which has laid a solid economic foundation for curriculum construction.

2. Hold teaching seminars, invite experts to make reports, and improve the visibility of the school.

1990 presided over the teachers' seminar on the teaching of physical chemistry center group and some cooperative groups in national normal university. At the meeting, Hebei Normal University, East China Normal University Zhu, Shanghai Normal University Xu and Hunan Normal University Liu were invited to give academic reports. 1994 hosted a seminar on physical chemistry teaching in normal universities in Anhui province, and established contacts and exchanges with physical chemistry teachers in the province. During the celebration of 65438-0998 and100th anniversary, the 11th national seminar on physical chemistry teaching in normal universities was held. At the meeting, Mr. Jiang, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, and Mr. Qu Songsheng, an expert in physical chemistry of Wuhan University, were invited to give special reports. We also invited Academician Jiang as our visiting professor. During the holding of the seminar, we got the guidance and help from many experts and scholars from brother universities, which promoted our teaching reform and made our teaching reform keep up with the pace of domestic reform. At the same time, it also improved the popularity of our school.

3. Leaders attach importance to support and actively participate in domestic teaching seminars.

In addition to inviting experts to give lectures, the leaders of our department, Director Chen Zicheng, Director Wang and Director Chen Youcun, all supported our teaching reform and supported us to participate in the national seminar on physical chemistry teaching in normal universities in the early days when funds were very tight. We attended more than ten times before and after, and eight times spoke at the conference "Ugly daughter-in-law is not afraid to see in-laws", and boldly communicated with brother colleges and universities to exchange experience and achievements in teaching reform, and applied the advanced experience of brother colleges and universities to our curriculum construction. Every time I attend a seminar, I benefit a lot. For example, in 1989, I met Mr. Fu of Nanjing University and got help from him and Mr. Shen many times in the future. 1990, I learned how to manage the examination question bank by computer and how to build key courses. At that time, physical chemistry of Shaanxi Normal University was a key course in Shaanxi Province, and Anhui did not have the idea of building a key course at that time. For example, 1994, I learned to do physical and chemical experiments with computer control, and the computer collects and processes data; 1996, learn to make computer-aided instruction software (CAI) and simulate experiments with computers. 1998, learning to do teaching guidance web page; In 2000, I knew what green chemistry was and got several physical chemistry web pages. At the same time, I met many experts and scholars in the same field at the seminar, made friends, established friendships, and exchanged information frequently, which benefited a lot. In addition, we went out and visited East China Normal University, Central China Normal University, South China Normal University, Nanjing Normal University, Huaiyin Normal University, Linyi Normal University, Qufu Normal University, Shandong Normal University, Jinan University, Liaocheng University, Hebei Normal University, Huzhou Normal University, Zhejiang University of Technology and other institutions to learn their good experiences in teaching reform and curriculum construction.

At present, many colleges and universities are building excellent courses, and the online materials are also very rich. We often go to the physical chemistry websites of Nanjing University, Henan University, Huazhong Normal University and Sun Yat-sen University to download materials and learn about their teaching achievements.

4. Constantly establish course files.

The construction of our course files began at 1982, and now we have kept the examination papers and students' scores of each session. Save the documents of every process of our course, such as the pre-test card; For the first time, the national unified test paper was used to test papers and scores; There are poster version, CCDOS version, mimeographed version, self-printed version and published version in chapter exercises; Early test questions in the question bank; Develop CAI scripts and so on, more than 20 boxes of text files. Later, all kinds of electronic documents were saved by computers. These files truly record the difficult historical process of our curriculum construction.

Only through hard work can you get a bumper harvest.

It is not too difficult to establish a question bank, write electronic teaching plans, develop computer-aided teaching courseware and create excellent courses. As long as you are willing to invest, willing to learn, not afraid of hardship and fatigue, each course group can. There are five people in our course group, who have sorted out so many documents, electronic lesson plans, exercise solutions and teaching courseware, and sorted out and input more than 12000 test questions. They really put a lot of energy into it, that is, 1-2 people. We are full of enthusiasm, persistence and interest in teaching reform. We are willing to contribute to the curriculum construction. We are not afraid of difficulties, hardships and trivialities. We come early in the morning, stay late at night, play less computer games, and come to the computer room on Saturday and Sunday. Input the test questions into the computer, lose a few every day, accumulate over time, and carry forward the spirit of ants gnawing at bones. We are not ashamed to ask questions about computer technology, ask for advice with an open mind, do more operations and exercises, and constantly update our knowledge. For example, we used to use Basic language to process experimental data, but now we use Excel software, which is much more convenient and beautiful. We realize that curriculum construction should not be afraid of difficulties, dare to invest, work hard, gain, invest less and return less.

Our curriculum construction has been well received by experts inside and outside the province. When the Ministry of Education evaluated in 2002, the evaluation experts spoke highly of the curriculum construction of physical chemistry. Students' postgraduate entrance examination can also reflect the quality of teaching. Many students got more than 90 points in physical chemistry (calculated according to the total score 100). In recent years, one-third of graduate students have applied for physical chemistry or related majors. For five years in a row, students have been admitted to graduate students majoring in physical chemistry in East China Normal University. In 2003, 40% of the graduates of the Department of Chemistry took the postgraduate entrance examination, and all seven girls in the dormitory of 5 12 of the Department of Chemistry took the postgraduate entrance examination, resulting in the "seven golden flowers" which are famous all over the country.

Of course, although our physical chemistry course construction has made some achievements, there are still many shortcomings. Everyone is welcome to criticize and correct me, and we will make further efforts.

refer to

[1] Fu, Shen, Yao Tianyang. Physical chemistry [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1990, 4th edition.

[2] Yin Yongjia, Xi Ryan, Li Dazhan. A concise course of physical chemistry [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992, Third Edition.

[3] Wan, Zhan. Physical chemistry [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002, First Edition.

[4] Zhang Desheng, the establishment of a question bank to implement the separation of teaching and testing standards' China Contemporary Education', 2002,9.

[5] Zhang Desheng, Characteristic Analysis of Physical Chemistry Test Database (Anqing Edition) journal of anqing teachers, 2002,4.

Zhang Desheng, journal of anqing teachers, Drawing Graphics in Physical Chemistry Experiments with Microcomputer, No.4, 1998.

[7] Zhang Desheng, Application of Reverse Thinking in Physical Chemistry Research journal of anqing teachers, 200 1.

[8] Zhang Desheng, can the total entropy judge the process direction of journal of anqing teachers, 1987 1.

[9] Zhang Desheng, increasing the concentration of reactants does not necessarily shift the chemical equilibrium to the direction of producing products.

Journal of anqing teachers 1987 Phase II

[10] Zhang Desheng, strive to improve the quality of objective questions, journal of anqing teachers, 1990, No.2.

[1 1] Zhang Desheng, standardized examination is a good way to improve teaching quality, journal of anqing teachers, 1995.

[12] Zhang Desheng, application conditions of Gibbs free energy criterion journal of anqing teachers, No.4, 1995.

[13] Zhang Desheng, a good exercise class is an important link to improve teaching quality. Journal of anqing teachers, 1996, 1.

[14] Zhang Desheng, on the unique research methods of Journal of Physical Chemistry of Anqing Teachers College, 1997, 1.

[15] Zhang Desheng, on δδrGm? =-RTLnK？ Journal of anqing teachers, 1997 3.

[16] Zhang Desheng, application of entropy law in different systems journal of anqing teachers, 1998 1.

[17] Zhang Desheng, the cultivation of students' creative thinking ability in physical chemistry teaching, journal of anqing teachers 1998 supplement.