What are the classics of ancient thought and culture?
brief introduction
Four Books, University, The Doctrine of the Mean, Analects of Confucius, Mencius. Song people took out two books, The Book of Rites, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean, to match The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu wrote A Collection of Notes on Four Books, Chapters and Sentences. Four books? The name depends on this. And after that? Four books? It has always been a must-read book for orthodox education in ancient China, and it is also a primary standard book for selecting candidates in imperial examinations. The abbreviation of Five Classics, Five Classics, Book, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period, was first called during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It contains rich historical materials of ancient China, and is a necessary teaching material for ancient education. Under the advocacy of the ruling class, it has become a classic of mainstream culture in China, and it is also a social standard to measure the etiquette and civilization of "gentlemen". Six meridians refers to six meridians, that is, in? Five classics? In addition, Jing Yue has been added. Also called? Six classics? For what? Six arts? Yes, from Han Yu's Shi Shuo? Xi Zhi is the first of the six arts? Are you online? Six arts? Namely. Six classics? . Thirteen classics. Since the Han dynasty, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn Period have been called? Five classics? . Tang dynasty? Three gifts? (Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji)? Three levels? (Biography of Ram, Biography of Hub Beam, Biography of Zuo), together with The Book of Changes and Poems, what is it called? Nine classics? . Tang Wenzong Stone Carving Classics, Filial Piety Classics, Analects of Confucius and Er Ya are included in the Classics, right? Twelve classics? . In the Song Dynasty, Mencius was promoted to a classic. Why? Thirteen classics? Known as. San Zi Jing San Zi Jing was widely used in the old society. Legend has it that it was written by Wang Yinglin in Song Dynasty and supplemented by scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties. By the early Qing Dynasty, the whole book had 1 140 characters. The content begins with expounding the importance of education, and then tells the stories of famous things, classics, historical knowledge and the industriousness of the ancients in turn. All three words rhyme, which is convenient for children to read. The grammar is flexible and rich, and the language is easy to understand. After editing, it was widely circulated and used until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. A thousand words, a thousand words, were widely used in the old days. In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Dynasty was compiled by Zhou Xingsi, and Liang Wudi was compiled by Datong Book. A thousand words in the book are arranged into four rhymes, which introduce the knowledge about nature, society, history, ethics and education, and there are basically no repeated words. From the Sui Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, it was widely used as a children's literacy textbook. After the Song Dynasty, there were various sequels and adaptations, but none of them spread widely and lasted for a long time. A thousand poems, a thousand poems, old-time books. There are two kinds of poems, the new edition of five-character dry-nail poems and the reorganization of thousands of poems. The former is about Wang Xiang's annotation, while the latter is about Xie Fangde's annotation and Wang Xiang's annotation, both of which are seven-character poems. The two anthologies are divided into quatrains and metrical poems, most of which are works of Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty, especially the Song Dynasty. Because the selected poems are easy to understand, they are widely circulated. There are 300 Tang poems. Sun Zhu, a retired scholar in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, compiled and actually selected 300 Tang poems, which were arranged according to five ancient poems, seven ancient poems, five laws, seven laws, five unique poems, seven unique poems and Yuefu poems. The original intention of the selection is to use it as a home school textbook. Most of the selected poems are artistic and easy to recite, which is the most widely circulated anthology of Tang poetry. The view of ancient prose stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose. The view of literature stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, stops at the view of ancient prose, and stops at the view of ancient prose. This book contains 222 articles from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, arranged in the order of dynasties. The selected works are generous and sorrowful, and the language is catchy. The brief comments of each article are quite insightful. It is the most widely circulated and influential anthology of ancient prose after the Qing Dynasty. Twenty-four histories Twenty-four histories Twenty-four biographical historical books from historical records to Ming history are called? Official history? , compiled in the Qianlong period of the Qing dynasty. This book has a total of 229 volumes, recording the historical events of more than 4000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the end of Ming Dynasty. It is an important material for historical research, and is usually called the history of China. Among them, Historical Records is a general history, and the rest is a dynastic history. Historical Records is China's first biographical general history. Formerly known as Taishi Gongshu, it was called Historical Records after the Eastern Han Dynasty and was written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. The 130 volumes of the book, including twelve biographies, ten tables, eight books, thirty subjects and seventy biographies, record the history of about 3,000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The book is rich in information, and the author has extensively consulted and investigated a large number of historical materials and events on the spot. Beautiful and vivid writing and rigorous structure, it is regarded as a model of historical works in feudal times and plays a very important role in the history of historiography and literature in China. Biographical examples created by the author have been imitated by people who have written official history in past dynasties. "Tongzhi Jian Zi Tongzhi Jian Zi" was written by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, with a total of 294 volumes. Song Shenzong and its? In view of the past, do you have the resources for governance? , named "Zijian". The book has a wide range of materials, including more than 300 kinds of unofficial history, annals, music, travel and collections besides the official history of past dynasties. Carefully cut, rigorous and clear, and profound in skill, it is a general history of chronicles with far-reaching influence on later generations. Shen Kuo and Meng Qian Bi Tan were written by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095) was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Is a scientist known for his erudition. For literature, art, natural science, technology, history, archaeology and other disciplines have in-depth research. Shen Kuo was an official all his life, actively participated in Wang Anshi's political reform, and was also a politician. 1088, was ordered to live at will, and then settled in Meng Xi Park in Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). 1095 died in this park at the age of 65. He wrote a lot in his life, only according to the history of Song Dynasty? There are 22 kinds of records in Yiwenzhi, with a volume of *** 155. At present, there are only 26 volumes of Meng Qian Bitan, 3 volumes of Bubitan, Xubitan 1 volume and Changxing Collection 19 volume. Meng Qian Bi Tan is a book written by Shen Kuo in Meng Xi Park in his later years, which is a literary genre of notes. About one third of the books are about science and technology, covering a wide range of fields, such as mathematics, astronomy and calendar, geography, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, metallurgy, weapons, water conservancy, architecture, animals and plants, medicine and so on. There are many faithful records of science and technology at that time, as well as Shen Kuo's in-depth scientific achievements, which is a very important book in the history of science and technology in China. Professor Needham called Shen Kuo the most outstanding figure in the whole history of science in China. Praise his book Meng Qian Bi Tan as a milestone in the history of science in China. In the astronomical calendar, Shen Kuo's idea of attaching importance to observation runs through his astronomical research. During the period of 1074, Shenhuo put forward improvement suggestions and design schemes for three astronomical instruments: the armillary sphere for measuring celestial positions, the floating and leaking of time and the landscape platform for measuring the length of the sun shadow. When Shen Kuo was ordered to be the supervisor of Tiansi, he personally recommended Wei Pu, a Huainan native who was proficient in calendar art, and wrote a Fengyuan Calendar in 1074, which was promulgated in 1075. Shen Kuo boldly advocated the use of the twelve calendars closely related to agricultural production. Twelve gas is a year? Take beginning of spring as the beginning of the year. 3 1 day, 30 days? ,? It's all the same, even if there are two small ones, but once a year? So, can you do it? All the years have passed, and there will never be a leap? . His suggestion is simple and scientific, which is more reasonable than the current Gregorian calendar. In mathematics, Shen Kuo mainly studied? Gap products? And then what? Can you turn in circles? Wait a minute. Gap product technology belongs to solving stacking problem and high-priced arithmetic progression summation, for which Shen Kuo has created a correct solution formula. Roundness is a problem of knowing the circular diameter of the bow and finding the arc length by raising it. Shen Kuo deduced an approximate formula for calculating the arc length of bow. Later, Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty used Shen Kuo's formula in revising calendars and making campaigns. In physics, Shen Kuo discovered through experiments on paper men? * * * vibration phenomenon? He himself has done concave mirror imaging experiments. Exploring the cause of Yang Xiang's fire with experiments. People have carefully observed and studied the ancient transparent mirrors. In geosciences, Shen Kuo made a lot of observation and research on topography, and pointed out that siltation was the real reason for the formation of the North China Plain. His first three-dimensional map quickly became popular. In medicine, Shen Kuo has done a lot of work, identified the similarities and differences of drug names according to the physical objects, and collected prescriptions, and compiled Su Shen Liang Fang (volume 15). On the basis of field investigation, careful observation and scientific experiments, he used reasonable logical reasoning methods to draw scientific conclusions from nature. Huangdi Neijing is one of the most brilliant classic works in China ancient culture, and it is also the first work known as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Huangdi? A masterpiece handed down from generation to generation in the name of; At the same time, it is also the earliest theoretical classic of traditional medicine in China. Huangdi Neijing was written in the Qin and Han Dynasties about 2000 years ago. Her extensive and profound scientific exposition covers not only medicine, but also the scientific achievements made by mankind such as astronomy, geography, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, military science, mathematics and ecology. Surprisingly, some profound and incisive expositions made by China ancestors in Neijing, though as early as 2000 years ago, revealed many achievements that modern science is trying to prove and will prove. Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao and Li Shizhen, the most famous doctors in ancient China, were all deeply influenced by the thought of Neijing, studied hard and absorbed its essence, and eventually became a generation of medical saints in China history. Huangdi Neijing, as the theoretical basis and essence of traditional Chinese medicine, has played an important role in the prosperous history of the Chinese nation for nearly two thousand years. Imagine that about 700 years ago, a plague broke out in Europe, and a quarter of Europeans lost their precious lives. Although there was a plague epidemic in China for nearly 2,000 years, there has never been a painful record like that in Europe, so the role of traditional Chinese medicine and Neijing in China can be fully demonstrated. Therefore, the Chinese nation is the best nation in the world! China culture is the best culture in the world!
What is the Disciple Rule?
Disciple Rules, originally named Xun, was written by scholars in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. Its content adopts Article 6 of The Analects of Confucius. Disciples are filial when they enter, loyal when they leave, and love the masses, while kindness is stingy when they leave. Later, it was revised and adapted by Jia Cunren in Qing Dynasty and renamed Disciples Rules. Disciple rules * * * have 360 sentences, 1080 words, three words and one sentence, two sentences and four sentences, which rhyme fluently; The whole article begins with a "general introduction", and then it is divided into seven parts: "Filial piety is when you enter, filial piety is when you leave, honesty is when you believe, universal love, kindness is good, and you spare no effort to learn literature". When people learn the rules of disciples, they will have a wrong understanding when they hear "disciples". Who do they think learned it? Children learn it. In fact, this "disciple" is not a child, but a disciple refers to a saint. Students are called apprentices. Teacher Deng Weidong of Beijing Disciple Control Education and Training Center pointed out that the meaning of "disciple" should also keep pace with the times: at home, it refers to children; In school, refers to students; In the company, employees; In the unit refers to the next level; In society, it refers to citizens. "Gui" is also a knowing word, with "Fu" on the left and "Jian" on the right, which is called a gentleman's opinion. Of course, the gentleman's opinion must be to follow the teachings of sages, that is, the truth of life, to do things and treat others.