In the 7th century, the struggle for land resources and political power in Japanese society became increasingly fierce, and the samurai class gradually formed. 165438+At the end of the 20th century, the Japanese feudal Lord Yuan's family was punctual in Lu Ao and once put down a local civil strife. Yuan Yi liked the court, but was turned down. The Yuan Yi family will reward the achievements of the interior ministers. This move won the hearts of the people, and the warriors in Kanto (now Tokyo) took refuge in him and formed a master-slave relationship with him. Since then, Japan has formally formed the foundation of the samurai class. Over time, the ideology, morality and behavior norms of this samurai class gradually formed the "Bushido".
Crazy advocate caesarean section
The word "Bushido" began in the early years of the Edo period (1603- 1867). However, as early as the end of the 8th century in Heian period, there had been such titles as "the way of samurai", "the study of bow and arrow" and "the study of fighters in Bandong", all of which were the embryonic forms of Bushido. It drives the samurai to take loyalty and obedience to the Lord as their primary obligation, and it is a typical way to kill and fight for the Lord.
At the end of 12, after the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, the royal system was established, and the master-slave relationship was further established in the form of rites and laws. The political status of samurai began to rise, and the political system of Wu was also strengthened. Confucianism, Zen and Shinto began to become the passwords engraved in the hearts of samurai. Bushido at this time is also a way of war aimed at killing people, but it emphasizes dedication and etiquette. The most typical thing is that the tendency to die is beautified, and suicide by caesarean section has become a "glorious way to get rid of it." At that time, the worship of laparotomy was so crazy that the location and method of laparotomy were different. In addition, there are more cruel martyrdom, ranging from a few people to hundreds. Masaki Kobayashi, a contemporary film director, once filmed "Cut the Abdomen", which truly portrayed the cruel scene. In fact, the motivation of samurai to sacrifice their lives for righteousness is ultimately driven by interests. In the Wu family society, they exchange their reputation for the rights and interests of future generations.
Before the Edo era, samurai's official duties centered on military service and made contributions on the battlefield. During the more than 200 years in the Edo period, substantial fighting has disappeared, the role of samurai as combatants has been formalized, and the main official duties have been transformed into administrative affairs. The basic content of Bushido is transformed into loyalty, courage, reputation, obedience, righteousness, frugality, courtesy and diligence. Of course, all this is to strengthen the Wu family's politics and master-slave relationship, meet the needs of samurai's economic life and duties and obligations, and cultivate their skills and "character" to contribute to the Lord. Among them, "loyalty" is the core and soul and plays the role of commander in chief.
The essence is cruel and heartless
This kind of "loyalty" is manifested in increasingly strong, blind and narrow revanchism. The most far-reaching event was the revenge of "Chisui 47 ronin". 170 1 year, edo justice center insulted the head of Asano Nagaakira, the owner of Chishui city in Bozhou, and committed suicide. Forty-seven courtiers in Asano Nagaakira became ronins, plotted to kill Yiyang, and then committed suicide. This red spike incident has become the theme of "loyalty to officials and love for Tibet" expressed by various Japanese literary genres in past dynasties.
This "loyalty" spirit in Bushido is related to the samurai's view of death. 17 16 years, narrated by Masahiro Yamamoto of Saga, and written by Chen Ji of the same clan. *** 1 1 has more than 200 sections. This is the classicality of Japanese Bushido, which shows the indomitable and unswerving view of death in Bushido. Of course, "not killing" and "killing" are closely related. Ye's book is full of the Analects of Confucius, a very cruel soldier. For example, Saga Kojima's ancestor Naomachi told his son Katsumi that if beheading is used for it, the executioner must be beheaded first. So in his yamen, ten people were arranged to behead him one by one. The "100-person beheading" during the Japanese invasion of China is a typical example of this cruelty.
Many examples in Ye Shu are also outrageous. For example, Uemon Horie, a warehouse keeper in Edo Prefecture, stole the gold and silver in stock, was forced to confess after being arrested, and was ordered to be tortured to death. So he burned all his hair, peeled his nails, cut his hamstrings and tortured him with tools like a cone mill. For another example, Saemon Yamamoto, according to his father's instructions, beheaded the dog at the age of 5 and beheaded the condemned man at the age of 15, in order to develop a murderous character. Therefore, many behaviors described in Bushido are merciless and outrageous in nature.
After the Meiji Restoration, Bushido did not end with the feudal system and the withdrawal of feudal warriors from the historical stage. On the contrary, Bushido evolved from Bushido in the Middle Ages. The core of Meiji government is composed of middle and lower class samurai. 187 1 and 1878, Yamagata Aritomo, minister of the army, promulgated seven chapters of the military code "Reading the Law" and "Military Advice" to revive Bushido under the cloak of military spirit. In this way, Bushido gradually evolved into "modern imperial Bushido" and "modern militaristic fascist Bushido" and became a spiritual tool for foreign aggression and expansion. For example, in the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army often used the "suicide bomber attack method", that is, relying on the bushido spirit of its own officers and men who were not afraid of death, they continued to charge forward regardless of casualties, forcing the other side to finally lose their morale and collapse and surrender, so that soldiers could fill the "road to victory" with blood and life.
The Spiritual Tool of Foreign Aggression
In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 at the end of 19, the Japanese army brutally carried out the "Lushun Massacre" and the "Leading Taiwan Massacre". Western powers agree that Japan is a barbaric country. Nitobe Inazo wrote Bushido in English at 1899 in order to explain the cruelty of the Japanese army to the international community.
Niitobe studied at Hopkins University in the United States in his early years, and Woodrow Wilson, who later served as President of the United States, was his classmate. After graduation, Niitobe married Mary, an American. With the help of Mary, Shinto Yoshio published an English book Bushido, which compared Japanese tradition with Europe and America, introduced in detail the similarities between Japanese Bushido and chivalry in Europe and America, and held that Japan's belly cutting and revenge were by no means barbaric. With elegant English, Bushido is widely sold in European and American intellectual circles, and Nikai Toshihiro has also become the authority of Japanese spirit and ethics. 1905, Mr. and Mrs. Nikai Toshihiro were summoned and commended by Emperor Meiji for packaging the Japanese foreign war in the spirit of "Bushido". Then, Shinto Yoshitaka was promoted step by step, and successively served as a professor at Imperial University of Kyoto, the president of the first institution of higher learning, a professor at Imperial University of Tokyo and the president of Tokyo Women's University.
From 65438 to 0920, Yoshitaka Shinto served as Deputy Secretary-General of the League of Nations for seven years, taking charge of Japan's international propaganda work and actively shouting for Japan's colonial rule. After returning to China, Yoshitaka Shinto served as a member of the House of Lords, defending the "September 18th Incident" in Northeast China, saying that "Manchukuo" was "national self-determination" and always emphasized the legitimacy of Japan's invasion of China. 1938, the Japanese version of Bushido was translated by Tadao Yanaibara and published in Yanbo Bookstore, which became the "final edition" of Japan. Chapter 16 Bushido still exists? Draw a conclusion: Bushido has always been the spirit and motivation of Japan. According to the book, through Sasuke Xiangshan, Saigō Takamori, Toshiichi Kubo, Koji Edo, Hirofumi Ito, Shigeyoshi Otaku, Sakahara and others, the reform cause of "restoring monarchy" in Japan was promoted, and Japan became a "country with imperial power up and down". However, he denied that Japan's "internal affairs" achievements were based on "external levy".
In the 20th century, Japan transformed from a traditional society to a modern society, transforming, renewing, inheriting and strengthening the core values of Bushido in the traditional society, making it the core values of the modern society. On the new version of Japanese currency issued by Bank of Japan at 1984, the pattern on the 5000 yen is Nitobe Inazo, which shows that the Japanese advocate Bushido.
In fact, since the Meiji Restoration, Japanese militarists have spared no effort to invade and plunder foreign countries with Bushido as their spiritual pillar and tool of war, and obtained huge reparations and colonial interests, which greatly accelerated the pace of Japan's modernization. At present, the three magic weapons of Japanese-style enterprise management model-lifelong employment system, annual merit sequence system and trade unions in enterprises, that is, "labor and capital share the same life", are directly derived from the traditional family concept model of "the unity of monarch and minister" in Wu family society. This shows the profound influence of Bushido on Japan. ▲
Don't close your eyes during caesarean section: the secret of Japanese caesarean section culture
First, the origin and evolution of laparotomy
In the first year of Yongjiu (AD 989), before being arrested, Fujiwara cut open his abdomen, then picked out the internal organs with the tip of a knife and threw them at the loyalist-it is said that this is the earliest source of caesarean section.
The prevalence of caesarean section began after the Kamakura shogunate, and it took the responsibility of losing the position, or was ashamed of being captured before the war, accounting for the vast majority, and continued until the Warring States period. After the opening of Edo, social rule was relatively stable, and caesarean section due to martyrdom and "patting the belly" as punishment gradually became the mainstream. Although the shogunate strictly forbids martyrdom, it can't stop this historical trend.
As for why caesarean section was chosen as the noblest way for samurai to die, it is generally believed that many countries and nations in ancient times advocated that the human soul was in the womb; Therefore, when warriors need to show their souls to the outside world, they use caesarean section and rituals to show people.
Second, the type of motivation.
A self-defeating war, eg a long history of shallow wells
Take responsibility for negligence.
Sacrifice to save the lives of subordinates or colleagues with one's own sacrifice (such as Shimizu Zongzhi)
Admonish the Lord with death, eg in a political show of a draw.
Fame is to save face.
Being a martyr is the first step to death before the Lord.
Run after your stomach for the sake of morality.
In order to build a reputation
In order to bring benefits to families and future generations,
Drink tears of regret after laparotomy without considering abdomen.
Anger, indignation, and indignation at caesarean section for untrue crime.
Special punishment for samurai (such as TaBaSaburo)