1850 On March 7th, masaryk was born in Hodonin, a border town in Moravia province, when he was Austrian. My father is a poor groom and used to be a serf. My mother is a Czech of German descent. She received a good education and had a great influence on the growth of masaryk's childhood.
Masaryk didn't attend a regular primary school, but studied in a simple and hard primary school in his hometown for several years. Masaryk left school at the age of 14 and went to Vienna as an apprentice to become a locksmith. 15 years old, came to Brno, studying in a German school and working as a tutor. Soon, he was expelled from school for opposing the Catholic Church. From then on, masaryk began to discuss many issues about the country and life.
At that time, Czechoslovakia was still under the rule of Austria-Hungary. In 1960s, Austria-Hungary dual-track system was established here, and China's financial, diplomatic and military power was in the hands of Austria-Hungary. In Czechoslovakia, the Hungarian aristocrats and bourgeoisie implemented a strict Hungarian policy, closed the schools of Czechoslovakians and dissolved the only national cultural group "Slovak Society" founded in 1862. Slovaks can only receive education in Hungarian schools. All these have seriously hindered Slovakia's cultural progress. Under the rule of Austria, the Czech Republic, west of the Tahe River, was dominated by the German bourgeoisie, and the northern and western regions of the Czech Republic were rapidly German. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/9th century, Czech local industries developed further and some machine factories were established in Brno. However, in many Czech enterprises, especially in business, German capital is dominant. Czechoslovakia, the owner of this land, is in a slavery position both economically and politically.
1867, the empire promulgated the December Constitution. Although this constitution adopted the political system of western advanced countries, the remnants of feudalism still exist seriously. Big landlords hold the lifeblood of state power and national economy. Catholicism has a great influence on the development of culture and education. Agriculture is backward, and 4/5 farmers in China only own 12% of the land. Many Czechoslovakians were forced to emigrate to make a living. 1857—— 1890, about 500,000 people moved out of the Czech Republic. Since the 1930s and 1940s, the Czechoslovak bourgeoisie has been constantly struggling. Young masaryk witnessed all this and was strongly dissatisfied with Czechoslovakia's humiliating national status and the destruction of national culture by the Catholic Church. Worried about the future of the nation, he began to seek the truth of saving the country. He often quotes the words of John Huss, a great reformer in Czechoslovakia, to motivate himself: "Seek the truth, listen to the truth, learn the truth, love the truth, publicize the truth, master the truth and defend it to the death."
After dropping out of Brno, masaryk returned to Vienna. He was admitted to Vienna University with honors. 1876, received a doctorate in philosophy.
From 65438 to 0879, masaryk was a philosophy lecturer at the University of Vienna and believed in Platonism. 188 1 year, he published his first sociological book Suicide in German. From 65438 to 0882, Prague University was divided into two parts: German College and Czech College. Masaryk is a professor at the Czech Academy. 1885, he published another important book, Fundamentals of Logic.
Masaryk was a famous liberal philosopher and historian before the First World War. Philosophically, he pays more attention to reality. In addition to concentrating on writing, he also participated in social activities extensively in the 1980s and 1990s. He gave speeches at various clubs and gatherings in Prague and cared about women's education. 1883, masaryk founded the critical monthly magazine, 1893, founded our times monthly magazine, and the Czech "realistic revolutionary movement" began. The basic principle of the so-called "realistic revolutionary movement" is to study and discuss in politics, literature and philosophy with scientific methods and critical attitudes; Its purpose is to revive national culture on the basis of science. This movement has had a great influence in both political and academic fields. 1898, he finished his important book "Social Problems". In this book, masaryk saw the profound conflict within capitalism, but he advocated solving this conflict through improved means rather than social revolution.
Masaryk studied the history of Czech, Austrian and advanced countries in Western Europe, compared them with each other, and determined to strive for the rejuvenation of the motherland and the nation. He traveled to Europe, America and many Balkan countries to publicize the culture and history of Czechoslovakia, hoping that Czechoslovakia, which had been dead for a long time, would not be forgotten by the world. 1889, masaryk changed a magazine named Time into a political weekly to publicize national consciousness to Czechoslovakia people and devote itself to the development of Czechoslovakia's national science and culture. Since then, masaryk has officially started his political career.
At this time, the old conservatives in the Czech bourgeois state party have failed. The Czech Youth Party is organized by young people, who pay more attention to farmers, workers and intellectuals. Masaryk's thought has a great influence on the Party. 189 1, masaryk was elected as a member of the Austrian parliament as a candidate supported by the Czech Youth Party, and soon resigned to join the Czech national rejuvenation movement.
1900, masaryk and his colleagues founded the Czech People's Party, which was renamed the Czech Progressive Party in 1905. The party enjoys a high reputation among intellectuals. 1907 re-elected as a member of parliament. During his tenure, he repeatedly criticized * * *' s political and economic policies. Starting from bourgeois reformism, he advocated solving the Czech problem within the scope of federal Austria, that is, implementing Czech autonomy under the rule of Austria-Hungary. He believes that this can ensure peace and promote the prosperity of all ethnic groups.
19 14 In the summer, after the outbreak of World War I, masaryk clearly saw that Austria would inevitably be involved in this war and would be devastated. At this time, he decided to lead Czechoslovakia people to get rid of the rule of Austria-Hungary. Many years later, he once said that only a revolution that can bring about change and improvement will be considered justified.
In World War I, Britain, France and Russia formed the Allied Group to fight with the German-Austrian alliance. This created favorable conditions for Czechoslovakia to get rid of Austria-Hungary. At that time, most Czech bourgeois politicians still believed that Austria would win and supported * * *. Young Czechs openly sided with czarist Russia. Another part of the Czech bourgeoisie, represented by masaryk, saw the weakness of Russia and adopted the policy of relying on Britain, France, Italy, the United States and other western countries, trying to destroy the Habsburg rule and strive for national independence through this war. Because it is very difficult to carry out national movements in the Czech Republic under the rule of Austria-Hungary. So, first of all, Czechs abroad set off a Zionist movement aimed at striving for national independence. In July 2004, Czechs living in Paris demonstrated in front of the Austrian Embassy. Some Czechs joined the French army against Austria. Czechs living in Chicago and London also distributed declarations and held anti-Olympic demonstrations. In the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army, many Czech soldiers turned their guns and defected to the Russian army. In this case, masaryk went to neutral Netherlands and Italy in June 5438+the same year 10.
Masaryk took an active part in the Czech Zionist movement abroad and traveled to western European countries to publicize his thoughts. 19151kloc-0/0. In October, he came to Switzerland with a large number of Czech nationals and established the Czech National Committee. In September 2005, he went to London, where he became a professor and raised donations. Edvard Bene actively assisted him in his diplomatic propaganda. Fanic from Slovakia organized an army among Czechs abroad, ready to join the Allies. 1965438+On July 4th, 2005, masaryk publicly declared its opposition to Austria for the first time. 165438+ 10, organized Czechoslovakia Foreign Affairs Committee. 19 16 1, the committee was reorganized into the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. The Czech nation was temporarily established in Paris, with masaryk as interim president, which laid the organizational foundation for the new republic in the future.
1916 In February, masaryk met with French Prime Minister Briant, and said that he would send the Russian Czech Legion to France to participate in allied operations. At the same time, he discussed the problem of dispersing the power of Germany and Austria. Masaryk believes that Czechoslovakia's independence depends on the support of the west, and Czechoslovakia's independence will effectively prevent the expansion of Germany and Austria, weaken their strength, and benefit the west, especially France.
In May 2007, masaryk went to Petrograd from England. Czech soldiers who are fighting Austria in Russia warmly welcomed him and expressed their support for the Czech national conference held in Paris. In July, masaryk asked Russia to temporarily allow the Czech legion to go to the French front. After the October Revolution, the war came to an end. Russia signed the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany in March 19 18. As a part of the allied forces, the Czech legion urgently needs to withdraw from Soviet Russia. 1918 in March, masaryk went to Japan and the United States via Siberia. The Czech legion then headed east, ready to return home from the sea. With the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Czech National Committee began to perform the functions of the highest organ of the resistance movement from July 19 18. 10 year 10 month 18, the Czech national assembly issued the declaration of independence in Paris. After reaching a direct agreement with Vienna, the National Committee immediately took over the political power in the name of the new country. In Slovakia, the bourgeoisie organized a national congress in Martin on 19 1810.30, and announced its merger with the Czech Republic to form a unified country. 1 14 10 14, Czechoslovakia was proclaimed and masaryk was elected as the first president. Since then, Czechoslovakia has got rid of the 300-year rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and started a new stage of historical development. Even before the end of the war, masaryk put forward the idea of postwar Europe in his important book "New Europe". He believes that European countries after World War II should be countries with sovereignty among the people, and the interests of all ethnic groups should be guaranteed. He believes that democracy is a new world outlook, a new outlook on life and a new way of life. The new Europe should be based on democracy and national equality. To this end, he further put forward the idea of "small allies." He wrote: A number of similar organizations should be established outside the big agreement, especially among small countries in Central Europe.
1918165438+129 October, masaryk arrived in London and immediately made extensive contacts with the diplomatic community, trying to win maximum support for Czechoslovakia at the Paris Peace Conference. In early February of 65438+, he went to Paris again, met with French President Poincare, contacted Romania and Yugoslavia at the same time, and suggested the establishment of triple alliance.
From August 1920 to June 192 1, the Czech Republic, Yugoslavia and Romania established a "small alliance" system through three bilateral alliance treaties. Although triple alliance relies on western imperialism, it is, after all, a small and medium-sized country that has just got rid of the slavery of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and their alliance is often defensive in safeguarding national independence and self-protection. In the 1920s and 1930s, the small allies became the decisive force in the international relations of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. 1924, masaryk signed an alliance treaty with France. 1935 signed a mutual assistance treaty with the Soviet union. These diplomatic activities consolidated Czechoslovakia's international status.
1920 February, the new constitution of Czechoslovakia was promulgated. Masaryk's idea of building a new Europe through democracy guided the formulation of this constitution. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the land problem has become increasingly serious. Before the war, there were Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia provinces, and 45% of the land owned by farmers only accounted for1.32% of the country's cultivated land; However, 230 landlords own 2 150680 hectares of land, accounting for 27.7% of the cultivated land area. China14 of the arable land is in the hands of big landlords. With the end of the rule of Austria-Hungary, class contradiction has become the main contradiction in China, especially in rural areas, and the revolutionary movements in urban and rural areas have a tendency to unite. In view of this situation, masaryk proposed a land reform bill, which deprived 1000 mu of land from the big landlords, and stipulated that the local landlords could keep no more than 370 mu of cultivated land and no more than 6 17 mu of forest land, and the surplus land was distributed to small farmers. This alleviated the class contradiction in rural areas to some extent.
1920, through international law, * * established an army of160,000 to180,000 people and a reserve army of100,000 people, including infantry, cavalry, artillery, mechanized troops, aviation and tank fleets. With thousands of planes, it is a very powerful army in Central Europe. Masaryk established the famous "Skoda" Arsenal, and equipped the army with new weapons. At the same time, he concluded military agreements with Romania and Yugoslavia, which further developed the political cooperation among small allies into military cooperation.
Masaryk's contribution to the establishment of an independent nation-state and his efforts to win a certain international status for Czechoslovakia made him enjoy high prestige at all levels in China, and he was called the "father of the country". From 19 18, he was re-elected as the president of the United States for three times.
Of course, masaryk is a bourgeois politician after all, which can be clearly seen from his attitude towards the Social Democratic Party and the working class and his land reform. In his early days in politics, masaryk tried to influence some leaders of the Social Democratic Party with the idea of social improvement, hoping that they would give up Marxist theory. 1920 12. masaryk ordered the police to occupy the headquarters of the left-wing Social Democratic Party and the Prague People's House, and arrested hundreds of workers' representatives by force, thus suppressing the general strike.
1935, masaryk recommended Edvard Bene to succeed him because he was old and ill. 1937 On September 4th, this scholar and politician passed away. He left many works in his life, among which the most important ones are The Czech Question (1895), The Philosophical Sociological Basis of Marxism (1898), The Problem of Small Countries in European Crisis (19 16) and Russia and Europe.