Journal of Tsinghua,No. 194 1, Volume XIII,No. 1, 30th anniversary of Tsinghua, Volume I.

Today's university education in China is actually transplanted from the West. The system is one thing, but the spirit is another. As far as the system is concerned, there is no similar organization in the history of education in China; As far as spirit is concerned, the experience of civilized human beings is roughly the same, but things are reasonable. The life of civilized people is nothing more than two aspects: self-esteem and group respect; Or individuals, or society. The biggest purpose of education is to let the groups composed of self and others get their proper places and cultivate each other. Then there is no Chinese and foreign, no ancient and modern, no past, no communication.

Western university education has a history of 8900 years. Although its purpose is rarely understood, if you try to explore it, you will know its origin, which is actually the Greek philosophy of life. The essence of Greek philosophy of life is without it, that is, "self-cultivation" means "knowing the other". Is this different from China's Confucian book? Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius: "Ancient scholars are also for themselves." However, today's sick scholars give up themselves to follow others. His answer is to ask a gentleman and say "cultivate your respect"; Then, he said, "It is safe to cultivate yourself"; Then he went on to say, "Cultivate yourself to protect the people." A gentleman has nothing, that is, a person with mature knowledge, and the greatest gain of education is also. Those who say "peace of mind" and "peace of mind" clearly explain that self-cultivation is the beginning, not an end in itself, and its destination and greatest utility are the well-being of all people and society. Compared with the Greek philosophy of life, if we go further, we will not just be satisfied with our own intellectual accomplishment.

When it comes to a work in the University, the ultimate goal and the greatest spirit of learning is to benefit significantly. There are a few words at the beginning of the book "University": "The way of university, the way of virtue and the way of new people stop at the best." If its purpose is concerned, being realistic, knowledgeable, sincere, upright and self-cultivation are "mingde"; The family, the country and the world are all "newcomers". "Xue Ji" said: "Knowing the Ming Dynasty in nine years, being strong but not opposing, is called great success; Husband is enough to change customs, those who are close are convinced, and those who are far away are pregnant. This is also the way of the university. " The words "knowing the class and understanding" and "being strong but not opposing" can be used as footnotes for "understanding morality"; Turning people into customs and staying away from it can be used as a footnote for "new people". In the chapter "Dedicated", Mencius also said that self-cultivation makes the world peaceful. Xunzi's "self-knowledge, self-strength" is not within the scope of "Mingde", but his general exposition on the importance and necessity of social life is nothing more than a statement on the true meaning of the word "Xinmin". Although Confucianism covers a wide range, it always pays attention to "showing virtue" and "educating people" in life philosophy and educational ideal.

Today's university education, at first glance, has nothing to do with the meaning of "being virtuous" and "being innovative for the people". However, if we go deeper, we can see that various measures in today's university education have never gone beyond the scope of these two meanings, and all patients are still dissatisfied with their understanding and practice. The arrangement of university courses belongs to the category of educational administration, ranging from the teaching of basic academics to the research of specialized disciplines, and is a part of "Mingde". School life outside the curriculum, that is, all kinds of activities within the scope of the discipline, as well as all the words and deeds of teachers, are beneficial to teenagers, and this kind of benefit must also be seen in their sincere psychological life, such as the setting of various humanities and social sciences courses, students' extracurricular collective activities, teachers' efforts to the general society as citizens, or their preparation for knowledge, or their work in the field. This is also the role of "newcomers" in university education.

However, where are those people who fail in practice because they don't fully realize it? The so-called "Ming De" or "Ming De" and "self" in self-cultivation kung fu refer to a person's whole personality, not a fragment of personality. The so-called complete personality, that is, the opinions of old-school psychologists, should have at least three aspects: knowledge, emotion and ambition, and these three aspects are all necessary for training. This is not the case today. What a university education can achieve is only one aspect of knowledge. The husband gave one and left the other, and his training effect was extremely limited. However, as far as we know, the efficiency of current teaching methods still needs to be expanded. The basis of rational life is curiosity and interest pursuit, so it is important to be quite automatic, have automatic work and get new results. The so-called "extrapolate" means that a person is teaching, but "extrapolate" always belongs to students. If today's teaching, I'm afraid indoctrination will take seven or eight times, and inspiration will not take two or three times. The meaning of "Ming Ming De" is self-knowledge and self-knowledge in today's language, which is not easy for students with average intelligence. Therefore, there must be a coach to inspire and guide, and the coach's greatest ability is to stop here. After that, students need to explore on their own, not encourage them. Therefore, people who were good at teaching people in ancient times were called "good at luring" in The Analects of Confucius and "good at metaphor" in Xue Ji. Mencius has a saying: "A gentleman is complacent for further study; If you are complacent, you will feel at ease; In times of peace, there is deep capital; If you are senior, take the left and right to meet its source. Therefore, the gentleman wants to be complacent. " The effect of this good lure or metaphor is also good. At present, the teaching methods in universities, that is, only knowledge education, are far from enough. This kind of ignorance and lack of practice is also an end.

As far as will and emotion are concerned, since ordinary teaching methods are ignored, it depends on two purposes: one is to set an example for teachers; The second is the self-cultivation of students. The will must be exercised and the mood must be reduced. Teachers can have considerable training time in these two aspects, but in daily life, with natural expression, they can learn from swimming students invisibly; The so-called "teaching by example" and "teaching by loving ancestors" of the ancients generally refer to these two aspects of character education, and have nothing to do with the imparting of knowledge. Although the spirit and thinking method of doing research belong to rational psychological life, it is closely related to strong will and emotional anonymity. Be careful in your studies, and don't be extreme in your thoughts. Don't do it unless you make up your mind and use your feelings. Mencius said: "Benevolence, courtesy and wisdom are rooted in the heart, born in color, but found in the face, in the back, and applied to the four bodies. The four bodies speak for themselves. " To say "rooted in the heart" is the reality of self-cultivation; Those who say "sexy" have the function of self-cultivation and naturally show it. Suppose that the speed of students' travel is such a teacher. After a period of time, they will be immersed in what they have learned, and what they have observed will have its self-evident function. The so-called "good metaphor" in Xue Ji can't go beyond this. Does today's university education have this condition? Say to everyone: no, this can be met by three parties. Isn't it a cloud above? Nowadays, college education is only one of the three aspects of personality. A teacher is a good teacher if he can make full preparations for his professional knowledge, give clear lectures and be responsible for exams. Its influence on students' will and emotion, life and this kind of life is almost as fat as that of Qin people. Over the years, mutual learning has become a routine, even among people of insight, and it is taken for granted. Without thinking about changing jobs, I took a vacation and completely shifted the responsibility to others. It is said that this is a disciplinary issue, which has nothing to do with teaching. There is no aspect of this condition. At first, teachers are not the product of this style of study, but the accumulation of professional knowledge, the transmission and learning of new theories and experiments, and never pay attention to the way of keeping their ambitions and dealing with others. How can you blame others for what you have not emphasized or have no time to emphasize? On the other hand. In today's school environment, teachers and students have formed their own tribes, and everyone has their own habits and fashions. They seldom meet each other except when they are teaching in the classroom, and the army is thriving. What's more, there are several teachers who deserve their students to set an example, and they are also the jade in the bucket and the lamp at the bottom of the bucket. Their brilliance is not beyond the outside world, and students are eager to observe and benefit a lot. On the other hand. In ancient times, students learned from teachers, which was called study tour. Mencius said, "It's hard to say who swims in the door of the sage." When you taste it, you will feel that swimming is great. Schools are still full of water, teachers and students are still full of fish, and action is still swimming. The big fish leads, the small fish follows, and they come by swimming. Due to long-term travel, its observation and observation effect are not satisfied. On the other hand, today's teacher-student relationship, the relationship between performers and audiences, is far from the meaning of traveling! This is on the way to college, and it is also the second end to realize that there are still unfinished and ineffective practices.

What about the cultivation of students? The cultivation of students is the most basic part of China's educational thought and the focus of Confucian philosophy. Among the eight items in college, five items are involved, which is also the biggest topic for people who repeatedly comment on The Analects of Confucius, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius. Neo-Confucianism after Song and Yuan Dynasties is a philosophical era of self-cultivation. Although there are many factions, there are also many disputes over portals. Hard-working people should be self-cultivation methods, but the necessity of self-cultivation is different. From today's point of view, we pay too much attention to personal cultivation in pathology education, but we can't pay too much attention to the needs of society and the country. The disadvantage of the last stream is that self-cultivation is no longer the door of moral education, but the way to escape from the world. However, the excessive science education is beyond the scope of today's school education. One of the most lacking things in college students' life today is personal cultivation. This can be said from the following three aspects.

One day, time is running out. It is generally acknowledged that there are too many courses and classes in today's university education. Students also need a lot of "preparation" when they are not in class, which is beyond the scope of study and has nothing to do with general cultivation. Those who study literature, history and philosophy have something to do with the cultivation of kung fu. Those who study other practical subjects, whether natural science or social science, are as good as those who study carpentry and hydraulics. The more you practice art, the further you can go. Why? Say: not idle. Looking up at the size of the universe, overlooking the prosperity of goods and things, and introspecting one's proper position in life can lead to leisure. Explore the long history and accumulation of cultural education; The complexity of the relationship between people and me and the complexity of social problems; We should have leisure to think about how those people with a long history and accumulation should inherit and learn from them and how to deal with complicated changes. Life is not learning. Only those who can observe, appreciate, meditate and experience can gain something. At best, what this course can benefit is only the subsidies and on-site guidance of various self-study kung fu textbooks. If the information is chewed and melted, the practice of the door leads to the entrance of the room, unless there is enough time for self-study, it will not be successful. As far as today's situation is concerned, chewing time is still not enough, so melting is not considered. The opportunity to know the entrance is still lost, regardless of the entrance.

Second, there is not enough space. Life can't be separated from others, and self-study can't be independent, which is the most neglected aspect of university education. The book "University" tries to demonstrate that there is no self-deception, and we must be cautious and independent. Don't deceive others, don't deceive yourself; It is easy to get along with others, but difficult to live alone. Modern education is called socialization on the one hand and collectivization on the other. The school has become a military camp, learning and rearing is nothing more than performance, and the cautious self-deception teaching is dead. A husband who studies without friends is ignorant, but he only speaks for the discussion of wisdom and knowledge; Emotional punishment and the tempering of will are all real things to me, and the rest are just for me, so it is only a warning at most. Since the death of "cautious independence" teaching, students have no chance or desire to be independent again; I don't know what is emotional sanction and immersion of willpower, that is, I don't know what is sincerity in "university". He is knowledgeable, even at the end of his knowledge, but he knows how to follow the crowd, but he doesn't know how to follow the crowd, but he knows how to go along with it, and he dare not make his own decisions and squeeze through the crowd. In recent academic circles, it is not surprising that there are more people drifting with the tide (sometimes people euphemistically call it "following the trend") and fewer people are the mainstay. In the book "University", after clarifying the purpose of the university at the beginning, it is said: "Zhi Zhi will decide later, settle down later, settle down later, settle down later, think later, and get later." Today's youth, because they have no time and space, can't even rest in the corner like birds for several years. When you rest, you can't get the land, let alone the five steps of calm, quiet, security, worry and gain. This is deeply worrying, and so are those who are eager to do it.

Third, teachers and friends lack contact with the ancients. On the one hand, as mentioned above, today's college youth have crowds, partners and no friends in the air of slogans such as socialization and collective life. When it comes to collective life, it is impossible to have the same collective or several different collectives, so people and I can't do without it, that is, between words and actions, we can't help but be cautious and can't do without it at all. This is one of the most depressing places for aspiring college students. Therefore, a husband and friend can increase their knowledge in addition to stupidity, and help others to promote virtue. The merits of personal cultivation depend on one's own efforts and the supervision and encouragement of friends. Today, due to the lack of time and space, my efforts can't be brought into full play. As mentioned above, it is so difficult to find friends. Why not blame those successful people who have both ability and political integrity? The ancients were also friends, Mencius had Shang Yang's theory, and later generations had Shang Yang's records, all of which were aimed at the ancients. Now there are no friends of classmates of the same age, and those who are ambitious can ask the ancients. However, this is hard to ask. There are too few compulsory courses in history, and it is not easy for ordinary college students to take only one or two courses in general history. At that time, people did not attach importance to history and general past experience, and even thought that the spirit of innovation was to completely erase the past and create the future. The words and deeds of predecessors have changed, that is, they no longer have reference value. It's not easy. That is, people who specialize in history often study things with a purely materialistic attitude and tame the words and deeds of the ancients. The accumulated laws and regulations have become a pile of lifeless antiquities, which is no different from the fossil bones studied by paleontologists. This research attitude is not without great value, but if it is too biased, the relationship between history and life will no longer be relevant, which is not easy. It is not easy to have these three things, so the principle of "judging people by people" repeatedly stated by former sages will gradually be lost, and one of the youth training methods of "like the ancients" will soon be destroyed. The lack of students' self-cultivation is the third end of modern education's lack of understanding and practice of universities.

The above three points are the lack of understanding and practice of Mingde Yu on the one hand, and the new people on the other? The effect of college students' new democracy has two purposes: one is to prepare for college students' new democracy work; Second, the atmosphere that university proofreaders can achieve in social order and national culture. At these two ends, today's understanding of university education is also incomplete and practice is weak. Try to discuss it.

If the university has a way to promote people, then those college students will be responsible for promoting people. This kind of actual responsibility needs to be fully prepared in advance and carry out quite a lot of experiments or internships; For this purpose, four years in college is designed for preparation and internship, so there is no need to worry about it. However, is this preparation and internship result reasonable? Obviously, it is another problem. Mingde Kung Fu is the most fundamental preparation for Xinmin Kung Fu, but there are also many people who are not satisfactory, as discussed above. However, the lack of preparation does not stop there. Today's educators call it the principle of two things: generality and particularity. Therefore, one said that college students should have both general knowledge and specialized knowledge; Furthermore, a college graduate should be a generalist and an expert. Therefore, the preparation during college should pay equal attention to both general courses and professional courses. This theory is solid, but there are some imperfections and some difficulties. This theory can also seek the disadvantages of paying too much attention to specialties in recent years, but it still fails to give full play to the due functions of universities. I think that during my college years, although general education should be considered, the focus should be on general education rather than special education; In other words, in order to effectively educate the people, we must oppose the current tendency to attach importance to majors. Husband's social life is greater than social career, and career is only a part of life, which is enough to help and promote life. This is a fact, but it can't be said that life is all about career. Common sense to prepare for ordinary life; Professional knowledge, preparation for special career. The application of common sense is not only to nourish the body, but also to communicate with people. If you believe this theory, general knowledge is the foundation and specialized knowledge is the purpose; What society needs is generalists, followed by experts. Experts who come on the basis of lack of generalists will not be newcomers, but will disturb the people. It is not appropriate to say that this is both general and special. The university has only four years, just four years. It is necessary to prepare for both general knowledge and special knowledge. There can be no difference between the two. Even if you are clever, you can't catch it. What about China Capital? On the other hand, it is not easy to walk here. It is difficult to reform the disadvantages of focusing on majors, so the principle of focusing on majors is still alive.

People in trouble say: how can career talents come out without focusing on specialization? Yue: This is not a comprehensive observation. Although universities are important, research is not the whole of education. Although it is the proper meaning of universities to train generalists, there are different institutions to train professionals. The graduate school of a university. Students become generalists, but they have a special interest in a certain learning department and excellent reasoning ability, and those who regard research as a long-term or lifelong career can enter the graduate school. 2. Senior specialized school. Those with high artistic talent and strong aesthetic interest can enter art schools, those with strong trunk, lively movements, strong technical intelligence and weak theoretical interest can enter technical schools. Third, the cultivation of social undertakings themselves. The cultivation of career-oriented talents is because half knowledge and half experience are important, and experience is above knowledge, especially the so-called economic talents of social career-oriented talents, especially those who can be produced under today's university education. The social science knowledge taught in universities today may be too theoretical and unrealistic; Or lost in fiction, unreasonable; Or there is too much information lost in the west, which is not suitable for national characteristics. Once students graduate and take part in their careers, they often find that learning and application do not correspond, so they have to find ways to do things in the so-called "empirical school". If they succeed and can contribute to society, they will get it from the school they have experienced, not from the university they graduated from, so it doesn't matter. At this point, I suddenly realized that what ordinary university education can really create is just a background and a qualification.

Born with sincerity, made with sincerity. As university educators, our generation can truly implement a principle of generalist, saying, if you don't know what to do, you can't get out. Society can also adhere to the same principle, but it is said that people who are not prepared for general education are not qualified to participate in social undertakings. So the so-called birth and qualification are undoubtedly the nouns of consciousness. The eighth grade of "University", a part of Mingde, ends with physical training; Higher education institutions are also recovering their function of promoting people. As far as geographical location is concerned, universities seem to be important educational centers; As far as its sound education is concerned, it can be regarded as the center of national culture and the intersection of international ideological exchange and worship. That is to say, as far as the early development of western universities is concerned,1at the end of the 4th century1at the beginning of the 5th century, three major movements took place in the cultural history of Europe in the Middle Ages, all of which originated from universities. One is the dispute between the two popes, which finally subsided and the religious forces recovered into one, which is also the credit of the leaders of Paris University. Secondly, Wycliffe's religious thought reform movement was cultivated and supported by Oxford University. The third is the religious reform movement of John Huss. Both John ·HUS and Wise's movements were pioneers of Martin Luther's religious reform in the early 6th century/kloc-0, and they were both cultivated and supported by Prague University in Bushmia (pre-war Czech land). The most famous example is that university institutions themselves are regaining the effect of promoting people.

In terms of time, university institutions have the function of creating new people because there are no two ways to cover them. One is the advocacy and example of society. Usually, there is more power to lead by example, and when it is good, the work of advocacy is greater. The above example is also an advocate. Second, the cultivation and refinement of new cultural factors. And these two methods have their own advantages. The effect of setting an example depends on the personality and words and deeds of teachers and students. This is the most obvious. One place has a university and one school has a teacher; Students follow the example of teachers, and local colleges follow the example of universities. The ancients said that if there is a good man in a township, it will be localized. Should college be one of the best men in all aspects? The teacher-student ratio of a school is a gentle person, and at the same time, people on the road can also point out that they are teachers and students of a school. What it refers to is a kind of grace that naturally emerges between the advance and retreat of language and silence. This kind of grace is unique to a few people in the school environment at first, and will eventually be owned by a place and become an atmosphere. People in the education cloud teach in the school environment, while culture reaches outside the school environment, but the effect of educating new people in schools is not obvious until students leave school.

Who are the borrowers of new cultural factors? Morality and wisdom of teachers and students, book experiment. Part of Xinmin begins with self-cultivation. When it comes to people who are born, that is to say, they have already repaired their bodies and learned morality, so they can go out to engage in Xinmin. Is it easy to say? No matter how sophisticated a person is, no matter whether he has common sense or not, it is wrong to take a diploma as a symbol of birth.

Lack of giving and receiving common sense is one of the common problems in today's university education, which has been gradually recognized by people of insight. However, what is the result of lack, so few people say it. The first year of university is mainly about communication, regardless of departments; By the second year, the division of departments will be based on the principle of specialization. Obviously, the general rule is one year and the special rule is three years. Today, knowledge cannot be divided into natural science, social science and humanities: generalists and students are fully prepared for these three departments. In other words, they have a full understanding of every door; In short, among the three, we can know where it will go, but suddenly in the vast world, there are many kinds, a long history and complicated culture and education, we must have a consistent way, and we must have a theory of karma and dependence. This is called communication. Today's study is only for the first year, and it is allowed to enter the junior college, so I am engaged in one, I don't know what two and three are, or I only have a little knowledge of two and three, which is no different from hearsay. Scholars choose to study the courses of another department or department, which is also an attitude of "limited to regulations and talking about repetition". After a long time, the coach also said that after talking about this rule, he dared not become a generalist because of the necessity of this period. In recent years, western educators engaged in universities have also considered this point and set it as a remedial measure. There are two main ways: one is to extend the number of years of division, starting from the third school year; The second is to increase the course of "General Theory" in the first academic year. Although there are shortcomings in these two ways, they also have considerable value of attacking mistakes and can be used as a basis for the future reform process. Is a university so ambitious because its graduates are shoddy experts, or is it limited to erudition? I am afraid of this kind of reform. Therefore, universities are new to the people, so we sincerely want to further understand and practice them. If you want people who come out of college to become a nuisance without being branded as newcomers, you should also take this reform as a starting point.

However, the role of universities in new people can only be seen when the academic achievements of college students and their participation in the cause are achieved. University facilities can be ignored. What cannot be ignored is the atmosphere of free discussion. Song Ruan decided that Mr. Hu said, "I can't think of my position in words. I am warning the politicians." If you are a scholar, you can think about everything and say everything. Without responsibility, you can realize your ambition. If the cloud can't think of its place, it is giving up on itself in shallow learning. "This language is the most suitable." The so-called "whatever you think and say", explained in today's language, is academic freedom. Many people criticize liberalism now, but they have not observed the true meaning of liberalism. Liberalism is different from liberalism, and liberalism is also different from individualism or hedonism individualism. In the name of freedom, those who do it are ill. Universities devote themselves to the cultivation of knowledge, emotion and ambition. In words, there is a reason for job; With love, there is the principle of segmentation; With words, there is a principle of support. Grasping these three points and demanding the so-called "do everything and say everything", then the disadvantage of swinging is safety, safety, and even taking advantage? This is just the rumor of internal sanctions among scholars. If we start from the needs of new people, the importance of academic freedom is even more self-evident. The great cause of newcomers can be expected in an instant. The university education that is most related to this profession, as well as the people who engage in this education, should go beyond some realities, and their attention cannot be limited to one time and one place. The expected achievements cannot be counted as some close achievements. Job is rational, and some of his "all-round thinking" will be inappropriate thinking; There must be some inappropriate words in his "everything". As he thinks, it is out of date, but it is suitable for the future. At the same time, it promotes the factors of new culture, opens the opportunity of progress and lays the great cause of new people.