1592 On March 28th, Comenius was born in a Protestant miller's family in Czech Republic, and his parents were members of Moravian Brotherhood. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, his parents died one after another, so he was able to continue his studies with the support of Ji Di Hui. Comenius personally felt the loss of children's body, mind and intelligence caused by feudal education in his personal educational experience, accusing the school of becoming a place of terror for children and a slaughterhouse for children's intelligence. From then on, he was determined to reform the old feudal education. 1650, at the invitation of the Hungarian government, he served as a perennial education consultant and started a pan-intellectual school. During this period, Comenius created the famous textbook World Map. This is the world's first textbook based on intuition.

1670165438+1October 15. Comenius died in Amsterdam at the age of 78. Czech scholar Kafka said: "His works laid the foundation of modern pedagogy."

(B) on the purpose and role of education

On the teleology of education, Comax's thought also embodies the comprehensiveness of religion and secularism, and puts forward the dual teleology of education. According to the biblical point of view, Comenius believes that secular life is only a transition, and the goal of mankind is to share glory and happiness with God. Everyone has a triple life and residence: mother's womb, earth and heaven. From the first to the second, it is birth; From the second time to the third time, I experienced death and resurrection; On the third level, people will enjoy eternal happiness. The relationship between these three dwellings is that the former prepares for the latter. Therefore, this life is just a preparation for eternal life. The world is just our nursery, our kindergarten and our school. Happy are those whose limbs are fully developed when they leave their mother's womb. Similarly, when they leave this world, people with pure souls are a thousand times happier. Therefore, the religious purpose of education is to prepare for eternal life.

(C) On the principle that education conforms to nature

The principle that education adapts to nature or the principle that education adapts to nature is the leading principle of Comenius' teaching theory. Other educational principles are derived from or based on this principle. Therefore, the principle that education adapts to nature occupies a particularly important position in Comenius' educational thought.

The principle that education conforms to nature also includes two basic connotations.

First of all, Comenius believes that there is a universal law or "order" in nature, which ensures the harmonious development of all things in the universe. Secondly, education based on human nature and the characteristics of the times is another important connotation of education conforming to the principle of nature.

On universal education and unified academic system

Comenius' thought is permeated with strong democratic feelings, and popularizing educational thoughts is the concentrated expression of this feeling. Comenius, based on his idea of "universal wisdom" and his confidence in human education, put forward the democratic requirement of popularizing school education for all boys and girls.

In order to achieve the goal of universal education, Comenius put forward the idea of establishing a unified school system according to the principle that education adapts to nature and universal wisdom. He believes that the 24 years from birth to adulthood can be divided into four periods: infancy, childhood, adolescence and adolescence, each of which lasts for 6 years. Corresponding to the four stages of life are the four-level academic system of mother-child school, Chinese school, Latin school and university.

Infantile period (0~6 years old). Corresponding to this is the maternal and child school.

Childhood (6~ 12 years old) corresponds to Chinese language school.

Adolescence (12~ 18 years old) corresponds to Latin schools, which are found in every city.

Young people (18~24 years old) correspond to universities, and each country or province should set 1.

(5) The academic year system and the class teaching system.

The academic year system and the class teaching system were institutional innovations carried out by Comenius in view of the chaos, disorder and inefficiency of school education at that time. In the pan-wisdom school, Comenius demonstrated the academic year system in detail. According to the academic year system, the school takes the academic year as the big teaching unit, and the school starts and has holidays at the same time in one academic year; Enroll students once a year and start school in autumn; There will be an exam at the end of the school year, and those who pass can be promoted. Comenius emphasized that one of the purposes of implementing the school year system is to strengthen the planning and order of school work. He has repeatedly stressed that the work of the school should be planned, so that all work can be carried out as planned every month, week, day and hour.

The class teaching system is not the initiative of Comenius in history, but a systematic theoretical summary made by Comenius on the basis of summarizing the initial experience of implementing the class teaching system in schools run by old and new sects. Comenius demonstrated the necessity and feasibility of the class teaching system, based on the fact that the sun shines on the world with its light and heat, and "does not deal with any single thing, animal or tree alone".

Comenius systematically discussed the academic year system and class teaching system for the first time, which provided a theoretical basis for completely changing the chaos and inefficiency of the school and had long-term historical significance. It should be pointed out that Comenius acknowledged the advantages of the class teaching system, but he didn't know enough about the defects of the system itself. On this issue, some of his views deviate from the principle of individual differences and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

(6) Teaching principles

The discussion on teaching principles and teaching methods occupies a large space in The Great Theory of Teaching, which shows Comenius' emphasis on teaching theory. He criticized the laborious and futile teaching of scholastic philosophy at that time, and thought that a "quick, pleasant and thorough" method must be found to make the teaching effective. In the great teaching theory, Comenius discussed a variety of teaching principles at different levels, but some of them are overlapping and repetitive. We can sum up his teaching principles as follows:

1. Intuition principle

2. The principle of arousing curiosity

3. The principle of merger

4. Ability principle

5. The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

(7) About moral education

In the content of moral education, Comenius did not follow the traditional Christian morality, but inherited the moral education thought of "three philosophers of ancient Greece", and proposed to pay attention to cultivating children's four virtues: prudence, temperance, perseverance and integrity. On the method of moral education, Comenius also put forward some ideas on the basis of summing up practical experience. Mainly includes:

Prevention means that moral education should start as soon as possible. He stressed: "Virtue should be taught before evil takes over the mind."

A role model, that is, someone who requires children to be in constant contact with educators, parents, nannies and classmates, should set a good example for children's lives. Teachers can also choose role models for students in books. Of all the role models, the teacher's demonstration is the most important. If a teacher can't set an example and become an example, all his work will be in vain.

Practice is to attach importance to the role of moral behavior. Comenius said, "Virtue is learned by doing the right thing often." Children should be taught to "learn to obey from obedience, learn to control from moderation, and learn to be true from telling the truth." Learn from constancy to constancy. " ②

Lessons and rules, that is, teachers are required to collect the rules of life from the Bible and philosophers' works for children to implement.

Discipline and punishment. Comenius believes that discipline is indispensable to maintain the normal teaching order in schools. When violating morality, teachers can appropriately adopt strict discipline. However, he reminded teachers to be cautious when using the extreme method of corporal punishment, and not to abuse it. Otherwise, "the extreme case of disobedience that should be dealt with by beating has not happened, and we are exhausted."