(1) Although we have made achievements, the development of the current situation, especially building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious society, has put forward new and higher requirements for higher education, and we have not yet adapted to these higher requirements.
(2) We are troubled by the serious shortage of funds for higher education. Last year, the total funding for higher education in China was about 1.8 trillion yuan. At present, quite a few local colleges and universities are mainly funded by fees instead of state financial input. Some schools even charge 70% to 80% of the total funds, but our fees are still relatively low in the eyes of schools. However, there are strong doubts about the issue of fees in society. In this case, it is impossible for us to increase the fees significantly. At present, many schools are caught in a serious shortage of funds. It is understood that the current situation of schools in the Ministry of Education is still good in terms of funds, but the loan balance of schools managed by the Ministry of Education has exceeded 20 billion at the end of last year, of which the loan balance of individual monster universities has exceeded 3 billion, and the annual interest is nearly 200 million, which is equivalent to the annual appropriation given to it by the state. Jiangsu Province, the largest province of higher education in China, has a relatively good financial situation, but the balance of college loans in Jiangsu Province also exceeds10 billion yuan. This problem is very prominent, resulting in the construction of some university buildings, but the internal teaching instruments are empty, which can not meet the needs. I visited the Foreign Affairs University just now and saw that the equipment is still very good. All right. ?
(3) The quantity and quality of teachers can not meet the needs of the development of higher education. From 1.998 to 2004, the number of students in our college increased from 3.407 million to 1.335 million. In the same period, the number of college teachers in China only increased from 407,000 to 858,400. Obviously, after the expansion of enrollment, our student-teacher ratio has changed from too low to too high, which will inevitably affect the quality of education. At one time, some schools even had foreign language classes for 200 people. It is recognized that students from 16 to 17 are the best in foreign language classes, and a class of 30 to 40 students is already very good. How can 200 students have a chance to speak? Without the opportunity to speak, the quality of foreign language teaching is out of the question. On the other hand, there are also problems in the promotion of teachers. Teacher education has always been a weak link in China's higher education. In the past, we trained new teachers mainly through the way of master taking apprentices. When a student stays in school as a teacher after graduation, he first works as a teaching assistant for the old teacher, helps to correct homework, listens to how the old teacher teaches, prepares lessons under the guidance of the old teacher, and then gives lectures independently, which also requires the old teacher to listen. In this way, gradually from less classes to more classes. However, now I find that quite a few schools are still students today, and they will become teachers tomorrow. At most, they will become teachers after half a week to a week of training in basic requirements such as school rules and discipline. How can such a teacher teach students well? We know that the number of teachers has increased from 407,000 to 858,400, an increase of more than 400,000. However, in this process, about 654.38 million old teachers resigned from their present jobs, which means that more than 500,000 college teachers in China are teachers with less than five or six years' teaching experience. There is a recognized practice in education that it is impossible to train qualified teachers without five to ten years. In this case, realistically speaking, a considerable number of teachers are not qualified. At the same time, most of our teachers' on-the-job promotion is carried out through scientific research and summing up their own experience while teaching. With such a high student-teacher ratio, it is difficult for teachers to find time to think about teaching problems and conduct research on education problems, which makes teachers encounter obstacles in their future development. This problem is quite prominent. If we cannot turn these unqualified teachers into qualified teachers, it will ruin our higher education.
(4) The transformation of our education from elite education to mass education was realized in the process of running a school, but we were not prepared. The popularization of higher education is not only a simple quantitative change, but also a qualitative change. The main feature lies in the diversification of its types and modes. Now there are various types of schools, including research, research teaching, teaching research, teaching and vocational colleges. For private undergraduate colleges, now we often talk about cultivating applied undergraduate high-skilled talents, and now we only put forward these terms. I'm afraid that up to now, not many people can really make it clear. At the same time, our undergraduate teaching materials are not ready and the training mode is not determined, which is a huge problem.
(5) A large number of newly-built universities stand out. In five or six years, 1 000 colleges and universities were newly built, accounting for half of the number of schools. There are still some problems in the management level and teaching level of these schools. If these schools can't improve their management and teaching level like other established schools, half of our higher education will not be guaranteed.
Summary and evaluation since the reform and opening up;
Since 1980s, some progress has been made in the reform of educational system and the adjustment of educational policies around the reform of establishing market economy system, opening to the outside world and realizing social modernization. But generally speaking, the development of education in this period is greater than the reform, and the development of education in quantity and scale is remarkable; However, there is little mention about the renewal of the system and the improvement of the value and quality of education.
1. Changes in the relationship between politics, education and academics. Social modernization is a process that relies more and more on knowledge authority. For education and scholarship, it is necessary to change from the party-run culture of class struggle, political supremacy and official standard to the management of establishing the main position of education and academic standard, and realize the scientific and democratic decision-making of education. Due to the lag of political system reform, institutional obstacles have become a serious factor affecting China's education and academic development.
2, the new education policy, from service politics to service economic construction, is limited progress, and its value is still national utilitarianism. However, in the transformation of education system from planned to market, the relationship between central and local governments, the relationship between government and schools, and the rise and fall of state and social forces are all changing, and the situation of localization and diversification of education has begun to appear, and education outside the system has begun to grow.
3. As far as educational decision-making is concerned, the disadvantages of the government taking on too many responsibilities and being led by the administration have not been solved, the allocation mode of national educational resources has not been fundamentally changed, and there is a serious administrative tendency and the will of the chief executive in educational management and educational decision-making (such as the merger and expansion of colleges and universities). Under the new interest pattern, due to the lack of democratic participation and expression channels of citizens and other interest groups, the situation that "educational interest groups" harm public policies in pursuit of their own interests (such as key school system and student walking system) has been formed. On the other hand, the educational decision centered on striving for economic benefits has led to many behaviors that violate the laws of education (such as symbolic high schools).
4. Under the development background of developmentalism and economism, the goal of education is to pursue growth and efficiency. In the total growth, there is an imbalance and distortion of value, which is highlighted by the weakness and marginalization of rural education; The educational gap between urban and rural areas, regions and strata has widened, the problem of educational equity has become prominent, and the quality of education has deteriorated.
5. As far as the development logic of education itself is concerned, it has gone beyond the elitist line that lasted for more than 50 years, and put forward the balanced and people-oriented educational concept and policy of basic education. In the realistic school education, it is still in the state of mixing and adjusting the values of national standard and individual standard.
As far as social modernization is concerned, the most important thing is to establish a modern education system and a school system. It means establishing the publicity, universality, humanity and democracy of education, establishing the public finance system of education, establishing the modern university system of academic norms and academic experts management, and so on.
2 1 Century Development Trend of Higher Education
This paper analyzes the present situation of China's higher education reform and development, and looks forward to the future development trend of China's higher education based on the prospect of China's economic and social development in 2 1 century, which provides reference for deepening China's higher education reform and making future higher education development plans.
In 2 1 century, China will enter the information age and knowledge economy age. As the base of knowledge dissemination and innovation, universities will play a more important role, moving from the edge of society to the center of society. At the same time, higher education in China will also face more opportunities and challenges. Exploring the development trend of China's higher education in the 2 1 century is undoubtedly of positive significance for deepening the reform of China's higher education and making the future development plan of higher education.
First, the diversification of school-running subjects
With the gradual improvement of China's socialist market economic system, China's colleges and universities are also introducing market mechanisms to realize the rational allocation of national educational resources. Countries, enterprises and individuals are all beneficiaries of education. According to the cost sharing theory in economics and the principle that whoever benefits invests, governments at all levels, enterprises and individuals should share the cost of higher education. 2 1 century, the subject of higher education in China will further develop into diversification, which is also the universal law of higher education development abroad.
(a) schools organized by state governments at all levels
The funding sources of public universities in China are changing from central funding to the combination of central and local funding, and gradually changing to local government funding (mainly provincial governments). According to statistics, at present, China's government funds can only meet about 50% of the operating expenses of colleges and universities, and the remaining 50% must be raised by colleges and universities. However, this can not fundamentally solve the running expenses of public colleges and universities, and governments at all levels should continue to increase their investment in higher education. The headmaster of a western country once said, "Whoever thrives in the least thrifty place will lose his future." Compared with developed countries, China's education funds are far behind. To implement the strategic position of giving priority to the development of education, the state should first increase investment in education funds.
(B) social forces to run schools
There are two main components in running schools by social forces: running schools by enterprises and running schools by individuals. Enterprises are the beneficiaries of education, especially higher education. With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, enterprises will face more severe challenges, the core of which is the challenge of talent market. For enterprises, whether they can have high-quality talents with modern scientific and technological knowledge will fundamentally determine their future in the 2 1 century.
The outcome in the fierce market competition. Therefore, in this sense, it is wise for enterprises to invest in running schools. Forward-looking entrepreneurs, especially high-tech enterprises, have begun to pay attention to the development of higher education in China, and some enterprises have invested in the field of higher education. However, at present, running schools by social forces is not standardized. In the final analysis, education is a social and cultural activity to cultivate people. It is not easy to grasp what kind of people to train and for whom, and it needs a lot of resources (including funds, venues, school buildings, experimental equipment, teachers and teaching management personnel). It's not just money that can run a school. Therefore, the state should not let it develop freely, but also have corresponding policies to guide and standardize the school-running behavior of social forces. At present, some private colleges and universities have been announced to stop running because they do not meet the relevant state regulations.
Second, the autonomy of running a school
At present, China's higher education management system reform has achieved phased results. According to the principle of "* * * construction, adjustment, cooperation and merger", 665 and 438+02 colleges and universities across the country were merged to form 250 colleges and universities. Most of the more than 400 colleges and universities previously managed by the State Council ministries and commissions were changed to local management. The management system of the central and provincial governments has been initially established, and the national ministries and commissions will no longer run schools in principle. Through legislation, planning, funds, information services, policy guidance and necessary administrative means, the government has changed the direct administrative management of schools into macro management, thus establishing and implementing the legal person status of schools running schools independently for the society. The corresponding reform of the internal management system of colleges and universities has been further deepened, and the vitality of running schools and the ability to actively adapt to society have been continuously enhanced. The autonomy of running a university is embodied in three aspects: internal financial management, employment system and facing the society.
(A) the internal financial management of colleges and universities
With the social capital entering the field of higher education, the funds of colleges and universities are more invested by social groups and individuals, so the way that colleges and universities are directly responsible for the state in the use of funds will change, and they must also be responsible for investors outside the country. Some universities in China have been trying to establish Luo: Male,1graduated from the School of Humanities and Management of National University of Defense Technology in 1999. Luo Yongben: 2 1 Century China Higher Education Development Trend Prospect 87 Compared with the traditional university system, the biggest feature of the modern university system is the establishment of a school board, which is responsible for raising school funds, and the president is responsible to the board of directors. The right to use school funds is also the responsibility of the school board of directors, and there is no need to report it layer by layer, so that the autonomy of financial management in colleges and universities will be further expanded.
(B) University employment system
The employment system in colleges and universities has been puzzling the administrators and faculty of colleges and universities. Due to the influence of the long-term planning system, colleges and universities have no greater autonomy in employing people. However, at present, colleges and universities are actively reforming the employment system to establish an employment mechanism that is conducive to discovering and motivating talents. Changing the unified employment system in the past and allowing teachers to move freely in colleges and universities can, on the one hand, make teachers' own potential and talents play more effectively, which is conducive to their individual development; On the other hand, it can encourage universities to create more favorable environment and conditions for the growth of talents, thus attracting talents. On the whole, the reform of appointment system in colleges and universities can optimize the allocation of teachers' resources in a wider scope.
(3) Colleges and universities run schools independently for the society.
Running a school independently for the society mainly means that colleges and universities should adapt to the needs of social development, cultivate talents who adapt to social development and indirectly serve the society, and produce high-level scientific research results to directly serve social and economic development. Due to the diversity and variability of social demand, the specialty setting, curriculum system design, talent training mode and talent training specifications of colleges and universities must also be diversified and can be adjusted in time with the changes of social demand. This objectively requires universities to have greater autonomy in running schools in order to better meet the needs of social development.
Third, the forms of running schools are diversified.
With the advent of the learning era, people's demand for higher education will develop in a diversified direction. Not only the school-age population, that is, 18-22 years old, need to receive higher education that suits them, but also adults who have already joined the work need to receive various forms of flexible higher education that suit their actual needs. In order to meet the needs of people of different ages and occupations for higher education, China has developed various forms of higher education, such as general higher education, adult education, higher vocational education, self-study exams and various short-term on-the-job training.
(A) the gradual integration of academic education and non-academic higher education
In the past, due to the constraints of school conditions, China's non-academic higher education did not receive due attention. At the same time, due to cognitive prejudice, its small scale and low quality have affected the development of non-academic higher education. With the rapid development of society and the acceleration of people's life rhythm, various forms of non-academic education for on-the-job personnel will become a necessity, not just a useful supplement to academic education. China's higher education will further run independently for the society. This means that higher academic education will also be reformed to meet the diversified needs of all sectors of society for higher education, and the enrollment conditions will be gradually relaxed in line with the principle of "lenient entry and strict exit"; In terms of the length of study, we will break the full-time model and change it to a system combining full-time and part-time work. The boundary between academic education and non-academic education will become more and more blurred and gradually develop in the direction of mutual integration.
(2) Various forms of higher education will build a lifelong education system in China in 2 1 century. 2 1 century, China will enter a learning society, and learning will become everyone's lifelong demand. The educational concept of lifelong education and lifelong learning will become people's knowledge. How to scientifically and reasonably construct a lifelong education system with China characteristics to adapt to social development and meet the needs of learners for higher education?
Demand will be an important problem to be solved urgently in China's higher education in the 2 1 century. Adult higher education refers to the educational activities carried out by institutions of higher learning and other higher education institutions to complete adults on the basis of secondary education, including academic education and non-academic education. Because the objects of adult higher education are not limited by age and the forms of running schools are flexible, it can meet people's needs for continuing higher education to a great extent and has great development potential. Adult higher education will become an important part of higher education in China, not just a useful supplement to higher education; With the further development of market economy and the adjustment of industrial structure, it is urgent for enterprises as the main body of the market to speed up the pace of scientific and technological progress and actively develop high-tech industries. These factors directly lead to a large demand for applied talents in science and technology. It is a historical mission entrusted by the times to develop higher vocational education and cultivate applied scientific and technological talents to meet the urgent needs of social and economic development. The self-study examination for higher education has less age restrictions on the learning objects, and its form is flexible. In particular, students who take the self-study examination do not need to go to school to study, which does not affect the daily work of learners and gives them a high degree of freedom in learning. Therefore, since the implementation of self-study examination, its development speed has been relatively rapid. With the advent of knowledge economy and information age, knowledge and time will become the scarcest resources, and people's desire to continue to receive higher education without affecting their work will be even stronger. It is the need of China's social and economic development in the 2nd/kloc-0 century and the development trend of China's higher education in the 2nd/kloc-0 century to combine ordinary higher education, adult education, higher vocational education, self-study examination and other forms of higher education to form a three-dimensional lifelong education system.
4. Scientific and Democratic Management With the reform of macro higher education management system in China, the internal management system of colleges and universities will be further deepened. 2 1 century, university management will develop from experience management to scientific management, and from authoritarian management to democratic management.
(A) the internal management mechanism of colleges and universities
With the development of modern management theory and decision-making science and their application in university management, China University will further change from the past empirical management to scientific management based on modern management theory and methods. In the past, school education management only emphasized the particularity of education field, neglected the * * * nature of education management and general management to some extent, overemphasized the particularity of school education and emphasized the management mode based on experience. For example, the management information system (ⅷ S), an important modern management tool of Wan Fang Data 88 Journal of Higher Education Research, has not been established in colleges and universities. In sharp contrast, many universities themselves are developing various management information systems for the government and enterprises. Is the university itself not aware of the importance of management information system? I don't think so, because they are trying their best to publicize their use value to users when promoting their scientific research achievements. So where is the reason? This is what I mentioned above. University administrators overemphasize the particularity of the educational field, but fail to fully attach importance to and emphasize the * * * nature of educational management and general management. Modern educational management theory tells us that the essence of educational management is the concrete application of modern management theory in the field of education, and educational management is a branch of management. Therefore, university administrators should emphasize the management of education management, consciously introduce modern management theories and methods into the actual management of universities, and urge the management of universities to change from experience management to scientific management, so as to make full use of the human, material and financial resources of universities and more effectively realize the functions of talent training, scientific research and social service and their short-term and long-term development goals.
(b) democratization of management
Modern universities enjoy a high degree of autonomy in managing academic and specific affairs, especially the tradition of academic freedom, which was first put forward and put into practice by Feng of Germany? Humboldt, modern American universities have basically inherited this tradition. There are professors committees in universities, whose main task and mission are to make decisions on academic affairs. This feature of modern universities shows that professors enjoy great autonomy in the management of school affairs, especially academic affairs. This is also the concrete embodiment of the democratization of modern university management. With the reform and deepening of China's university management system, professors will have greater decision-making power in university management, especially in educational administration. This is the development trend of modern university management, and it is also one of the trends towards democratization of university management in China. Another change in modern university management is to give students great autonomy in the management of specific affairs. Various policies are formulated to encourage students to manage themselves (including the establishment of various associations and student management institutions), and universities only give directional guidance at the macro level. In this regard, local universities in China are also taking active actions. Specifically, let students participate in the management process of school student affairs, encourage students to organize various societies, set up student unions, and manage specific daily student affairs. The school has an organization responsible for student affairs, which is responsible for approving student associations and guiding the management of student unions, but it is only at the macro level. From these two aspects, the internal management system of China University is developing in the direction of science and democracy, and the management of China University will continue to develop in this direction in the 2/kloc-0 century.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) establishes a working network.
With the rapid development of information technology and communication technology and their wide application in the field of education, especially in the field of higher education, the traditional higher education model has been greatly affected. The networking of higher education has become the focus of attention from all walks of life, especially in developed countries. Take the United States as an example According to statistics, by 1998, about 60% colleges and universities in the United States used the Internet as the main means to carry out distance education, which was three times higher than that three years ago. Other schools will also start to use the Internet to carry out distance education within three years, and students can directly obtain corresponding academic qualifications and degrees through online learning.
(A) China's online higher education has developed rapidly.
In line with the development trend of higher education network, China's Ministry of Education has approved 3 1 colleges and universities to carry out online education pilot, and some colleges and universities have begun to recruit students. According to the policy of the Ministry of Education on the development of distance education in pilot colleges and universities, pilot colleges and universities that have obtained online education can carry out academic education and non-academic education, enjoy certain autonomy in specialty setting according to social needs, and issue academic certificates and degree certificates to students who have completed credits. According to China Education News, there are 654.38+80 million online students in China. The advantage of network lies in breaking the limitation of time and space, using the advantages of modern information technology and modern educational resources to directly link network with teaching. Students can choose their own school and major according to their actual situation and personal interests, and they can freely choose the time and place of online learning. This will be more conducive to the development of students' personality and creativity. With the development of online higher education in China, more people will benefit from it.
(B) Campus network construction needs to be further improved.
At present, more than 400 colleges and universities in China have established campus networks, but there is still a certain gap between real distance education and network construction. Even the colleges and universities that have carried out long-distance network education are basically in the initial stage, which is not essentially different from the traditional long-distance education based on TV broadcasting. Coursewares transmitted on the Internet are basically pure text or multimedia courseware that can transmit sounds, images and words, and remote real-time and interactive teaching has not been realized yet. This limits the form of online teaching. Students only passively accept knowledge and cannot communicate with teachers in real time. In order to make distance network education develop better and show its outstanding advantages, we must strengthen the construction of campus network in colleges and universities and develop teaching software suitable for students' cognitive characteristics; Further improve the management of distance online education, establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system, ensure the quality of online education, promote the rapid development of China's higher education in the direction of networking, and provide more citizens with high-quality distance online education.