On the Ecological Environment Crisis since the Industrial Revolution
Objective inevitability and its fundamental approach
Bi Xueyun, Zhang Zhiting, Hao, Li, Li Ruiping
(Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve in Hebei, Yuxian County, Hebei 075700)
On the basis of briefly introducing the present situation of global ecological environment crisis, this paper analyzes the objective inevitability of ecological environment crisis since the industrial revolution, and holds that the west
The dominant social culture, population pressure, lack of understanding of the basic laws of ecology, defects of traditional lifestyle, abuse of technology and disadvantages of free economic system are as follows.
The main reason is that the fundamental way to cure the ecological environment crisis is to control population growth, develop and utilize renewable energy, and implement sustainable production and consumption.
Keywords: industrial revolution; Ecological environment crisis; Objective inevitability; Radical method
China Library Classification Number: X 17 1. 1 document identification number: a document number:1002-3356 (2006) 05-0048-03.
1 Global Eco-environmental Crisis
/kloc-the invention of the steam engine in the middle of the 0/8th century triggered the industrial revolution.
The level of human production and material civilization has been greatly improved. but
At the same time, the industrial revolution also brought a series of ecological and environmental problems.
It has triggered an unprecedented ecological and environmental crisis in human history and has had a great impact on contemporary human life.
Survival and development pose a serious threat. These global ecological and environmental crises
Mainly manifested as water (blue) crisis, food (green) crisis, population crisis,
Desertification, species crisis, ecological death, ozone layer crisis, air pollution, extreme
Land pollution, nuclear pollution, biochemical pollution, gene bomb (racial crisis), global change
Warm, and so on.
The Millennium Ecological Environment Assessment Report issued by the United Nations pointed out that in the past
In the past 50 years, due to the rapid growth of population, human beings have over-exploited and used the earth's resources.
Source, the damage to some ecosystems has been irreversible. report
It is reported that the natural resources of the earth provide products worth 15 trillion pounds every year.
Such as fresh water, clean air and fish, but human activities have destroyed about
Two thirds of the ecological environment that provides the above resources includes wetlands, forests, vegetable fields and rivers.
Streams and coasts, etc. At present, there are 10% ~ 30% rare wild animals on the earth.
On the verge of extinction; 15 of the 24 ecosystems are deteriorating. About; In all parts of; about
60% of mankind depends on ecological services, such as drinking water supply and fishing.
Industry, regional climate regulation and natural disasters and pest control. , you can't
The prospect of sustainable production is getting worse and worse.
The report believes that the deterioration of the global ecological environment endangers human health and long-term.
Development. If the current situation continues to deteriorate, the ecological environment will be possible.
Mutation will lead to mutation of water resources quality and new diseases.
Delay, the death of marine life on the coastal earth, and the abnormal change of the earth's climate.
Change.
2 the objective inevitability of ecological environment crisis
Today, the global ecological crisis has pushed mankind to life and death.
At the critical moment, only a profound analysis of the causes of the ecological environment crisis.
Only through reflection can we find a way to solve the environmental crisis. About the environmental crisis
The main reason is that there is disagreement and no agreement has been reached. It can be said that different people have different opinions.
See wisdom. According to Professor Barry Buyi's induction, the Lord
We should have these opinions: ① "the theory of affluence", which considers the waste of affluent society.
Too much is not as good as a poor society that is poor but harmonious with the environment. (2) "into
Consciousness-taking theory holds that the cause of the problem lies in people's inner enterprising consciousness.
Man is the most cruel species on earth. (3) the theory of population, namely the ring.
The environmental crisis is caused by overpopulation. ④ "Educational theory" holds that human beings.
Our education makes people less and less human, and they don't know why we should love nature.
⑤ "Religious Theory" holds that the reason lies in the sole purpose of the natural existence of Christianity.
It is the creed of serving mankind. ⑥ "Demand Theory" refers to the causes of pollution.
Material needs in the public, not in industry. ⑦ "technical theory", recognition
The reason lies in the uncontrolled technological development with the sole purpose of profit.
According to the "profit theory", it is easier to destroy the environment than to protect it.
Profit. Pet-name ruby "politicians say", that's because of the formulation and implementation of environmental policies.
Some government agencies are controlled by pro-industrial politicians, which paralyzes them.
Paralysis. Attending "social system theory" holds that the reason lies in capitalist society.
Social system.
Although the above theory is reasonable, it is not comprehensive and in-depth.
Moment, can't cut to the root of the ecological environment crisis. The author believes that the reason
The ecological environment crisis mainly has the following reasons:
2. 1 the dominant position of western social culture
The environmental crisis and ecological conflict caused by the industrial revolution are similar to those caused by the west.
This way is closely related to social and cultural concepts. Western culture has three obvious characteristics.
Features: Emphasis on competition and conquest; Ignoring harmony is not only ignoring nature.
Harmony, but it also ignores the harmony with other societies and other cultures; without limit
Using matter, think that resources are infinite forever. Excavation and excavation of industrial civilization
Hundreds of mineral resources in the depths of the seabed have been converted into one-time use by human beings.
This wealth has supported a new round of population expansion. Its main features are: destroying
A bad way to conquer and use nature; Personal Freedom and Wealth Consumption
Open; Relieving the control of religion and ethics on people and so on, these elements constitute a biography.
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Unify the mainstream ideology of industrial civilization. Throughout the twentieth century, human consumption
654.38+042 billion tons of oil, 265 billion tons of coal, 38 billion tons of iron, 760 million tons of aluminum and 4.8 billion tons.
A billion tons of copper. Industrially developed countries, which account for 0/5% of the world population, have consumed the whole world.
56% oil, more than 60% natural gas and more than 50% important minerals.
There is a serious imbalance of resources among countries and nationalities in the world. At present, the world
The remaining recoverable reserves of petroleum are only1more than 40 billion tons. According to the current output, it is static.
The disability period is only 40 years; The remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas are 654.38+0.5 billion cubic meters.
The static warranty period is only 60a. At the same time, the earth environment is seriously polluted.
Pollution, serious damage to ecosystems, sharp decline in forests, species extinction and climate change.
Warmth, desert expansion, frequent disasters, a comprehensive crisis before mankind.
2.2 Population pressure
As mentioned above, the biosphere on which human beings depend is the largest life.
State system, which has its own load threshold. Food in the biosphere
The rapid growth of population at the top of the chain makes the carrying capacity of the biosphere reach its limit.
To the limit, it is difficult to sustain. British economist Malthus believes that if
Left to its own devices, the population growth will present a geometric pattern (2,4,8, 16), and
The increase of food required by human beings is mostly in arithmetic mode (1, 2, 3, 4), with the largest increase.
Of course, the ending was tragic. It is reported that the world population is in the AD era.
From 1000a, there are only 300 million people. And in the second 1000a.
In the past few years, it has soared to about 6 billion people. In this second 1000a, the world population.
There were two big increases. The first time happened during the industrial revolution, from
From 1750 to 150 1900, the world population increased from 800 million.
654.38+07 billion. The population growth in this period mainly occurred in western industrialized countries.
After 1950, the world population entered the second period of rapid growth. From 1950
By 198 1, the world population has soared from 2.5 billion to 5 billion. Population 3 1a plum
It has skyrocketed 1 times. During this period, population growth mainly occurred in development.
The population growth rate in developing countries is much higher than that in developed countries. more
In addition, in developing countries, population growth is synchronized with the expansion of poverty.
Yes
2.3 insufficient understanding of the basic laws of ecology
The development of human society is inseparable from the natural rings of the earth for a moment.
Conditions. However, in the process of transforming the natural environment, human beings only know blindly.
Take and plunder from nature, but don't realize that the earth carries human survival.
Its ability depends on the life support system and biodiversity it can provide.
The process of human development is a process of constantly changing the "natural ecosystem"
Cheng, the development of this system is not only beneficial to mankind, but also unfavorable.
On the one hand, the excessive consumption of natural resources and the destruction of natural ecosystems, eventually
Will lead to the unsustainable development of mankind.
There are three ways to degrade the ecological environment caused by human beings: ① Abiotic substances.
Resource consumption (the non-renewable resources on the earth are limited and exhaustible).
(2) Emissions to the environment (pollution and waste emissions often exceed the self-purification capacity of the environment.
Ability). (3) Loss of biomass (renewable resources are used faster)
New speed).
Therefore, it can be said that the total pressure generated by human activities exceeds that of the earth.
The possibility of environmental carrying capacity has caused environmental crisis. hereof
A little, Engels as early as one hundred years ago in the book Dialectics of Nature once
Pointed out sharply: "We should not be too intoxicated with our understanding of nature."
Victory. Every time such a victory, nature will retaliate against us.
Every victory, in the first step, did achieve our expected results, but
It was in the second and third steps that completely different and unexpected shadows appeared.
Ring, often cancel the first result. "
It can be seen that human beings do not understand the basic laws of ecology.
Ecological resources have been wantonly squandered, leading to the deterioration of the ecological environment.
Deterioration has brought unprecedented ecological disaster to mankind. Therefore,
Only by being kind to nature, acting according to the basic laws of ecology and making use of these laws can human beings develop.
Rely less on the limited resources of the earth and more on the carrying capacity of the earth.
To develop the economy organically and harmoniously, it is possible to escape the natural rights.
A new round of broader punishment for mankind.
2.4 shortcomings of the traditional way of life
We know that human beings have formed the natural environment in the process of adapting to the environment.
The world requires a material and energetic lifestyle in terms of clothes, food and housing.
It can survive and reproduce from generation to generation. However, human beings and the environment are in harmony.
After a long and arduous struggle, I have greatly developed myself and strengthened reform.
After the ability and level of architectural nature, it gradually formed a high input and high consumption.
Consumption is the means, high-speed and high-development is the way, and high consumption and high enjoyment is the way.
A purposeful lifestyle. The consequence of this lifestyle is a high degree of pollution to the environment.
Pollution and high destruction seek development at the expense of the environment. Call today.
Environmental crisis has become a factor that threatens human survival, restricts economic development and affects social stability.
Direct factors, frequent public hazards that shocked the world, ecological resources
In the case that the source has been seriously damaged, human beings are only interested in this traditional way of life.
Have a clearer understanding of defects. February 22nd, 1989, 65438+44
Resolution of the Conference on Environment and Development convened by the last United Nations General Assembly (General Assembly resolution 44/
No.228) hit the nail on the head and pointed out: "The main reason for global environmental deterioration.
The reason is unsustainable production and consumption patterns, especially in industrialized countries.
Household production and consumption patterns. "
At present, both developed and developing countries are following it.
A way of life characterized by a large consumption of natural resources. Students with high material consumption
Lifestyle drives production with high resource consumption, while production with high resource consumption
It also led to the deterioration of the earth's environmental conditions. The emergence of environmental crisis and
This kind of waste is closely related to the destructive traditional lifestyle.
The fossil fuel that human beings burn every 1 year will be used in nature for 1 10,000 years.
It's time to take shape.
For this traditional high-consumption production mode and high-consumption lifestyle,
People of insight call it "the failure of development". Specifically, it is tradition.
Production mode, consumption mode, thinking mode and almost all other aspects.
Social inertia forces that threaten the ecological environment. Therefore, we can only start from one of them.
Start with aspects, or think that the updated technology itself will solve such a problem.
Topic, or hope for a brand-new development strategy, is bound to fail.
Yes In fact, many biologists, ecologists and technologists, of course,
Social scientists in all fields have clearly realized that if we don't treat human beings well.
Today's lifestyle is still a profound opposition to the whole industrial civilization.
Thinking, it is difficult for human beings to change their course.
2.5 Abuse of technology
As we all know, the rapid development of science and technology is bringing material life to mankind.
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While bringing unprecedented prosperity, it has also brought unprecedented disasters to mankind.
It is the development of science and technology that endows mankind with the ability to transform nature.
It enables mankind to exploit and manage industry on a larger scale in order to obtain from nature.
More materials and energy, at the same time, more and more waste is discharged into the environment.
Things. Especially with the development of chemical technology, human beings can synthesize a lot of nature.
Chemicals that do not exist at all will circulate in the food chain for a long time after being discharged into the environment.
Harm human health.
It can be seen that due to the abuse of science and technology, human beings greedily ask for it from nature.
Finally, lift a rock and drop it on your own feet. However, science and technology are
A double-edged sword, it not only harms mankind, but also benefits mankind.
One side Only by correctly applying science and technology can human beings apply it to environmental protection.
Protect and vigorously develop energy-saving technologies, eco-agricultural technologies, and others.
Series of technologies, implementing closed industrial ecological cycle and adopting clean production.
Type, realize the harmless and recycling of waste, reduce the load on the environment.
At the very least, we can achieve harmony between man and nature, thus realizing human society.
Sustainable development.
2.6 disadvantages of a free economic system
The free economic system requires the commercialization of the whole social relations, which requires
Principle of equal exchange: free trade, free competition, free trade, free trade.
Camp. In order to achieve this goal, it protects, encourages and even indulges the private self.
Engage in all kinds of wealth-creating activities without restriction. However, these jobs
Most activities are at the expense of plundering natural resources and seriously polluting the environment.
Get high profits. Under this system, everyone just wants quick success and instant benefit.
Regardless of the long-term consequences. It is this greed for profit that leads to a huge ego.
However, the damage is serious. The free market economy system has no inherent goals and fixed political parties.
To, only by the adjustment of supply and demand. Under this economic system, it must be
Some things that human beings have (that is, resources), such as air, water and other human habitats.
The necessary material foundation is often used by a few people or groups in exchange for individuals or
Victims of group interests.
In this regard, the famous American scholar Barry Buyina.
The professor once pointed out that under the free market economy system, funds tend to flow to energy.
Production projects and their affiliated enterprises that produce the greatest benefits in the shortest time.
Industry. Under this system, the investment is actually decided by the company. This company produces
The choice is based on the period of investment recovery and profit creation. it
Of course, students choose the short cycle. Unfortunately, it is good for the environment, but also from
In the long run, projects with high economic benefits often need a lot of upfront investment.
Moreover, the payback period of capital and profit is long, so it is impossible to be in the free market.
Under the economic system, it is loved by investors. Because of the free market economic system
In this case, it is impossible to take care of the society represented by environmental quality spontaneously when allocating funds.
Benefit. This requires the government to strengthen free economic activities with "tangible hands"
Intervention, control and adjustment to overcome the "invisible hand" of free economy.
The abuse of personal rights and resources are touching and things can be prevented.
The occurrence of tragedy.
3 the fundamental way of ecological environment crisis
Environmental problems arise in development. Lead to the degradation of ecological environment
The root cause lies in unsustainable production and consumption patterns. Developed countries are developing.
Although the natural ecosystem has endurance, it consumes a lot of self on the earth.
However, resources and energy have discharged a lot of pollutants into the environment, leading to environmental pollution.
The aggravation of problems and the globalization of environmental problems. At present, a few places in the world
Consumption in the region is extremely high, but most of the basic consumption needs of human beings have not been met.
Satisfied. This is an unsustainable pattern of production and consumption in industrialized countries.
The environment in some parts of the world has deteriorated sharply and poverty has occurred.
The author believes that the root of the ecological environment crisis must be fundamentally eradicated.
Source, we need to control population growth, develop renewable energy and implement sustainable development.
Production and sustainable consumption.
3. 1 Controlling population growth
According to the estimation of world demographers, there are 65438+ billion people in the world every year.
The speed is increasing. By 2030, the population will probably reach 654.38+000 billion. earth
At present, the development and utilization of resources can't keep up with the population growth.
Speed. It is the rapid growth of the world's population that gives the ecological environment, especially
Land, water, species, etc. It has caused great pressure and caused a sharp decline in forests.
Soil degradation, ecological deterioration, waste of resources, species reduction, etc.
A series of ecological and environmental problems. Therefore, in order to protect the earth's resources and ecological environment
Environment and controlling population growth have become an urgent task for human beings.
3.2 Development of renewable energy
Renewable energy mainly includes hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy.
Can wait, its biggest feature is its ability to recover itself, which has been used by others.
In this process, renewable energy can be continuously supplemented from nature.
Endless, inexhaustible, and almost zero pollution, destroying the ecological environment.
The bad is the smallest. Therefore, vigorously develop and use renewable energy is to alleviate the coal,
The pressure of oil and gas exploitation is an important way to reduce the destruction of ecological environment.
Diameter.
3.3 Sustainable production
Sustainable production refers to meeting the needs of consumers without endangering the needs of products.
The demand for resources and energy in the production of grandchildren. Advocates of sustainable production
The main way is to promote cleaner production in industrial development. Cleaner production refers to profit.
Improve the utilization rate of resources and energy with advanced technology and management methods.
Rate, reduce material consumption and energy consumption, and minimize the generation and emission of waste.
Commercial activities. According to the decision of the Joint Centre for Industrial and Environmental Activities in Paris.
Meaning, cleaner production is: "comprehensive prevention of environmental strategy and sustainable application of health."
In the production process and products, in order to reduce the risk to human beings and the environment. "
At present, the main ways to realize cleaner production are widely adopted in the world.
Yes: ① adjust the product structure and replace toxicity with pollution-free and less-polluted products.
Large-scale products with serious pollution. (2) Adjust the structure of raw materials to avoid pollution and less pollution.
New energy and raw materials replace toxic and polluting energy and raw materials.
(3) adjust the technical structure of enterprises, with less consumption, high efficiency, no pollution and less pollution.
Replace technologies, processes and equipment with high consumption, low efficiency, big pollution and pollution.
Heavy dyeing technology, process and equipment. (4) Design and implement the closed-loop circulation of materials.
Comprehensively utilize the "three wastes", maximize the use of energy and raw materials, and make the best use of everything.
Maximum internal circulation of materials. ⑤ Strengthen the industrial production management of enterprises and reduce
Less running, running, dripping, leaking and material loss. ⑥ For a small amount of pollution that must be discharged.
Dye, using low-cost, high-efficiency purification treatment equipment, and finally
Treatment, disposal. ⑦ Establish a waste-free industrial zone.
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Community, to carry out standardized wetland and bird protection work, experimental construction of wetlands.
Restoration project.
(4) Establish a wetland park. In beidaihe wetland and other near urban areas and the south.
Wetlands in tourist areas such as Daihe and Gold Coast are planned and constructed with protection as the mainstay and opening as the supplement.
Harmonious development of demonstration wetland park, while giving play to the ecological nature of wetland.
Benefits and economic and social benefits.
(5) Explore the establishment and gradual improvement of community participation mechanism in wetland protection.
Learn from the successful experience of community participation in wetland protection in other regions at home and abroad.
On this basis, explore the establishment of a community that conforms to the actual protection of coastal wetlands in Qinhuangdao.
Participation mechanism can protect coastal wetlands and the county, township and village communities where wetlands are located.
The coordinated development of economic interests will enable all people to benefit from wetland protection, thus
Participate more actively in protection actions.
refer to
[1] Convention Implementation Office of the State Forestry Administration on Wetlands. Guide to the implementation of wetland convention
[M]。 Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 200 1.
[2] State Forestry Administration, et al. China Wetland Protection Action Plan [M]. Beijing: China Forest.
Industry Press, 2000.
(Continued from page 50)
3.4 Establish a sustainable consumption pattern
Agenda 2 1 Century proposes that all countries in the world should make every effort to promote sustainable development.
Sustainable consumption mode, developed countries should take the lead in realizing sustainable consumption mode and developing it.
Exhibitors in China should seek sustainable consumption patterns and avoid.
In industrialized countries, excessive environmental damage, inefficient and wasteful consumption.
Industrialized countries should provide more technical and other assistance.
Government and business play an important role in changing consumption patterns.
Use. Specific means are: using economic stimulus to change consumption behavior; readjust prices
Grid structure, so that the price can reflect the value of the environment; Cancel the unsustainable
Protective subsidies for consumption patterns; Enhance the environmental protection experience of consumers.
And consciousness and so on.
Since 1980s, environmental signs (green signs) have appeared in the world.
The green consumption wave with the system as the core is very important to change the unsustainable consumption pattern.
Played a role in promoting. Environmental symbol (green symbol) is a national symbol.
According to environmental standards, it is stipulated that the whole process of products from production to use must conform to the environment.
Environmental protection requirements, meet or meet the requirements of product certification.
Books or signs. If the goods are printed with specific environmental signs, it means that
The whole process of production, use and disposal of this commodity meets the requirements of environmental protection.
Demand, harmless to human health, harmless to the environment or less harmful, and conducive to the recycling of resources.
Raw and recycled.
refer to
[1][ America] D. Medus et al. The Limit of Growth [M]. Sichuan: Sichuan People's Publishing House,
1984.
[2] Wang Jin. We only have one earth [M]. Beijing: China Youth Publishing House, 1999.
[3] Chen Hongqing. Develop new ideas [M]. Beijing: China International Broadcasting Press, 2000.
[4] Wang. Ecology and environment [M]. Southeast University Press, 2000.
[5][ Germany] Dieter Fult et al. Man and Nature [M]. Joint Publishing, 1993.
[6] Dai Xingyi. Towards green development [M]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 1998.
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Nasal inhalation is effective, and the 45-day-old is vaccinated with the combined Newcastle disease vaccine.
Immunization, subcutaneous inoculation under the wing 15-day-old varicella vaccine. Be immune to various epidemics.
Antibiotics are not added to the feed within 3 days before and after seedling raising.
3.8 disinfection
Indoor and used equipment should be disinfected regularly.
3.8. 1 ground disinfection application 1% bromogeramine or 4% lysol.
Spray disinfection, weekly 1 time.
3.8.2 Space disinfection: fumigation and disinfection 20 days before brooding. each
Pour 42 ml of formalin solution into a container containing 2 1 g potassium permanganate.
After fumigation, the container is sealed for 24-48h, and then ventilated to release formaldehyde gas.
3.8.3 Equipment Disinfection We use thermometers, hygrometers, water dispensers and food.
Equipment such as tanks should be cleaned with drugs such as bromogeramine or quicklime powder first, and then
Wash with clear water and dry in the sun to achieve disinfection effect.
4 abstract
Through the research and feeding of brown eared pheasant chicks, not only the chicks suitable for growth were obtained
In addition to the theoretical data of basic factors, some experiences have been gained, which are summarized as follows:
4. 1 behavior habits
Once chickens can stand still, they will show active and aggressive habits, especially
Love pecking at the rooster's crown and eyes. When it is 3 days old, it can walk faster, run faster and climb mountains.
Enhanced ability, not easy to capture in the wild. Chickens began to have sand when they were 9 days old.
Bathing phenomenon, flying in the evening after two weeks, at 8 o'clock every morning ~
10: 00 and 5: 00 ~ 7: 00 pm are the most intense activities and feeding.
At noon 1 1: 00 to 14: 00, I don't like to move or eat, but this
Drink more water at this time.
4.2 health signs
The color and shape of chick morning feces can basically represent whether they are strong or not.
If it is cylindrical, strip-shaped, brown-green, and white urate is deposited on its surface,
Explain the health status of chickens; If the salt content increases, it is white paste or lime slurry.
Feces are thin and often infected with dysentery; If it is yellow-white, yellow-green with mucus,
Blood and other odors and loose stools indicate acute diseases such as typhoid fever.
Chicken pecking feathers, anal pecking, toe pecking and other different eating phenomena and whether it is soft.
Legs can help to judge whether the nutrition in the diet is sufficient and balanced, so as to adjust it in time.
Preserve all kinds of nutrients.
4.3 Growth
Five chickens were selected from the flock at the age of 6 weeks,
Six related indexes were measured at the 7th week, 8th week and 9th week, and the results were compared by calculation and comparison.
It is concluded that when chicks are about to enter sub-adults, that is, after 49 days of age,
The fastest growth rate.
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