To sum up, since June 1920, Vygotsky has devoted himself to promoting the union and unification of scattered revolutionary organizations, student organizations and trade union organizations in China, and building these revolutionary organizations, student organizations and trade union organizations into a unified center, which will promote the establishment of the China * * * production party. That is to say, Vygotsky's main attention after coming to China is not to form a pure Marxist political party, but to form a socialist grand alliance with the vast majority of revolutionaries in China, even socialists and anarchists in Japan and South Korea; Form young students into radical joint groups; Organize trade unions into a unified leading body, namely the Central Trade Union Bureau.
The establishment of grass-roots organizations of China * * * production party was finally completed in the form of socialist alliance, and the foundation of China * * * production party was finally laid by revolutionary bureaus established in various places. It should be noted that this party-building method promoted the party-building in the early stage of Vickinsky's first visit to China, and it should also be noted that this party-building method was also supported by revolutionaries from * * * international and China.
First of all, * * * Production International supports this way of party building in cooperation with anarchists.
D by the base in China efforts to concentrate social revolutionary forces, including anarchists, not because of personal preference, more is not a "mistake" in leadership, but in order to implement the Soviet union * * production international in that period (especially during the intervention of the Allies) to unite international anarchists and groups.
19 19 In September, the Executive Committee of Production International wrote in a circular on Parliament and the Soviet Union: "In France, the United States, Britain and Germany, all revolutionaries carry out activities under the slogan of the Soviet regime, thus combining or cooperating with the production movement. Anarchist trade union groups and self-proclaimed anarchists are joining this trend, and the International Executive Committee of * * * Industry warmly welcomes them. " Li Danyang: A case of AB's cooperation in China-Truth Society, etc., Research on Modern History,No. 1 2002, p. 69. Russia * * * (Brazzaville) and * * * Production International not only welcome cooperation with anarchists in policy, but also cooperate with the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Italy. Lenin even called foreign workers who believed in anarchy "the best comrades and friends, the best revolutionaries". Li Danyang: A Case of AB Cooperation in China —— Truth Society and Others, Research on Modern History,No. 1, 2002, p. 69.
In fact, the establishment of the socialist alliance and the * * * production party in China is also a parallel work. For international workers in Russia, these two organizations can't have their cake and eat it, because they can use the alliance to carry out and cover the activities of the leading party group and absorb party member's development party organization from the leading party group. At that time, the * * * producers who supported Bolshevism in China had followed the instructions of the Russian * * * and * * production international agencies in China and worked closely with the anarchists in the socialist alliance (note: this was the same feeling of many * * * producers and anarchists who participated in the socialist alliance at that time).
Visible, prompting China's * * * producers and anarchists to temporarily engage in revolutionary activities in the socialist alliance, it is in the guiding position of * * * production international and its institutions in China-Revolutionary Bureau, as well as some Russian * * * (Bolshevik) party member before its establishment. D by the base also "believe that all socialists can form a united front, and compatible with the * * * production party", comply with the wishes of the * * * production international, and work closely with the anarchists in China.
Secondly, from a personal background, Vygotsky does not exclude cooperation with anarchist organizations.
People think that the socialists of all factions can form a United front and be compatible with the * * * production party, which is closely related to Vygotsky's personal experience. Wei was originally party member of the American Socialist Party. After the October Revolution, he returned to China and joined Russia. As for the American Socialist Party, which Wei kinski first joined, there were 1 000 people in party member when it was founded, and 1, and it increased to more than 40,000 people in 909. Its composition is complex, including workers, petty bourgeoisie and urban and rural middle class intellectuals, as well as immigrants from Russia, Poland, Hungary and other countries. After Vygotsky returned to China, he joined Russia (Bolshevik), formerly known as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. It is a local association centered on the "Working Class Liberation Struggle Association" and "Collapse" (Russian transliteration, meaning alliance, short for "Lithuanian, Polish and Russian Federation of Jewish Workers"). Founded in 1897, it is an opportunistic bourgeoisie. ), many scattered groups were assembled in Minsk on 1898.
Therefore, in Vygotsky's view, there should be no insurmountable obstacles to the mutual transformation between the socialist party, the * * * production party or other socialist factions. It has its special background to form the China * * * production party by organizing the socialist alliance. It is because of his personal experience that it can be speculated that Vygotsky will not object to the establishment of the Party in China in the form of the American Socialist Party and the Russian Bolsheviks, that is, to create the * * * production party in China by assembling existing revolutionary groups.
Finally, China revolutionary Chen Duxiu also supported Vygotsky's way of party building.
Although Chen Duxiu proposed that the party building should be targeted at a single individual, it should rely on the Modern History Research Office of the Institute of Modern History of China Academy of Social Sciences, which is the backbone of the society. Before and after the First National Congress ①, People's Publishing House, 1980, page 45 1. Through investigation and understanding, attract people with the same beliefs and then develop continuously. However, apart from Marx's scientific socialism, there are also parliamentary socialism, utopian socialism, anarchism "mutual aid theory", pan-labor, Kilt socialism, work-study program and so on in China's ideological circle. There are many schools of thought in China, but few people really believe in Marxism. It is unrealistic to organize a purely * * production party. Therefore, in practical work, Chen Duxiu supports cooperation with anarchists. For example, in June of 1920, Wei prepared to hold a meeting of socialists and anarchists to coordinate and concentrate the socialists and anarchists in North China. Wei kinski said, "A well-known local professor (Chen Duxiu) is distributing letters to revolutionaries all over the country to determine the topics to be discussed at the conference and the venue and time of the conference. The conference may be held in early July, and we must not only participate in the preparatory work (making agendas and resolutions), but also attend the conference. " United * * * (Cloth), * * * Production International and China National Revolutionary Movement (1920- 1925), translated by the First Research Department of the Central Party History Research Office, Beijing Library Press, 1997, p. 28. It can be seen that the meeting of the Social Welfare Association prepared by Wei relied on Chen Duxiu's personal fame and Chen Duxiu's connection. Without Chen Duxiu's support, the meeting could not be held smoothly.
Moreover, the "Socialist Youth League" organized by Chen Duxiu himself, which was established under the leadership and help of the Shanghai Revolutionary Bureau in August 1920, is also a loose collective composed of anarchists, Marxists and even "anti-Confucian scholars". Even the Shanghai revolutionary bureau itself has anarchists to join; Li Dazhao's early Beijing proletarian organization had as many as six anarchists among its eight members. The establishment of these organizations shows that Chen Duxiu supports cooperation with anarchists.
In addition, it is also invalid to think that Chen Duxiu only agreed to cooperate with anarchists under the pressure of * * * Industrial International and Vygotsky. At the beginning of the establishment of the Shanghai Revolutionary Bureau, there were not only Vyzky and Chen Duxiu, but also three other China revolutionaries. According to the leadership style of the Revolutionary Bureau, every work needs to be discussed and approved by the Revolutionary Bureau, and even the resolution drafted by Vikinsky to the Central Bureau of the trade union needs to be discussed and approved. United * * * (Cloth), * * * Production International and China National Revolutionary Movement (1920- 1925), translated by the First Research Department of the Central Party History Research Office, Beijing Library Press, 1997, p. 32. In this case, it is obviously untenable for Chen Duxiu to cooperate with anarchists under pressure with great influence and appeal.
(2) Eliminate the anarchists and turn them into a pure * * * production party.
(1) The reasons for the change of party building mode.
In the process of helping to establish China's * * * production party, Wei proposed an early way to unite with various revolutionary groups to establish the party. However, due to two reasons and changes, the * * * producers in China gradually split from the anarchists, and finally established the pure * * * production party advocated by Lenin in China.
The change of Russian international policy towards * * * (Bolshevik) and * * * production and the division between Bolsheviks and their supporters and anarchists are the main reasons for the division between * * * producers and anarchists in China. 1920 July-August, * * * International held the second * * * International Congress in Moscow. The congress discussed and adopted a series of programmatic documents, such as the Resolution on Nationalities and Colonies and the Conditions for Joining the International Organization, which guided the work of international chapters.
1920 In August, shortly after the end of the "Second National Congress", Wei, an international representative of * * *, obtained the "Second National Congress" document of * * *, which had an important influence on the party building work led by him.
* * There are 2 1 terms for * * * production international joining, which mainly emphasize three aspects. First, emphasize the dictatorship of the proletariat. There are the following provisions in the conditions: daily propaganda and agitation must be truly effective and must conform to the international program and resolutions of * * *. All organs and newspapers owned by the Party must be presided over by party member, who is truly loyal to the proletarian revolutionary cause. The dictatorship of the proletariat should not only be discussed as a popular formula that is familiar to the heart, but should be well publicized, so that every ordinary male worker, female worker, soldier and farmer can realize the necessity of implementing the dictatorship of the proletariat through the living facts systematically published in our newspapers every day.
Second, emphasize the principle of democratic centralism. It is stipulated in the conditions that the party joining the * * * production international should be established in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism. In the current fierce civil war era, the * * * production party must be organized in a highly centralized way and implement iron discipline like military discipline within the party. The central organ of the Party must have extensive powers, gain the universal trust of all party member, and become an authoritative organization. Only in this way can the party fulfill its obligations.
Thirdly, it puts forward the requirement of eliminating unreliable elements and breaking away from the reformist and "centralism" policies: "A political party willing to join the Third International must re-examine the composition of its parliamentary group, eliminate unreliable elements, make the parliamentary group obey the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China not verbally, but actually, and ask every party member parliamentary representative to subordinate all his work to the interests of the propaganda and agitation work of the real revolution." "In countries where the * * * production party can work legally, the * * * production party should regularly clean up (re-register) the members of the party organization, so as to constantly eliminate those petty bourgeois elements who inevitably mix into the party." Documents of the Second Congress of the International * * * Production Congress compiled by the Editorial Committee of Historical Documents of the International * * * Production Movement, Renmin University of China Press, 1988, pp. 720-726.
Although the conditions for joining the * * * production international did not explicitly propose parting ways with anarchists, it did mention the need to eliminate petty bourgeois elements within the party. Wei, as the representative of the * * * production international, should, according to the requirements of the * * * production international, require the anarchists to recognize the dictatorship of the proletariat and the party's discipline, and establish the * * * production party organization in China. For anarchists, both the dictatorship of the proletariat and the organizational principle of democratic centralism are unacceptable conditions, so the division between them is inevitable.
Another reason for the gradual division between proletarians and anarchists in China is the contradiction between theoretical propaganda and practical work. The development of this conflict finally caused a big debate between producers and anarchists.
There is a great difference between the theory of productism and the theory of anarchism. So the anarchist's attack on Marxism began very early. 19 19 At the beginning of this year, anarchists Huang, Yi, Zhu and others published a large number of articles and works, actively promoting anarchism and attacking Marxism. In May, the anarchist Huang successively published an article entitled "Criticism of Marxist Theory" and a series of communications on anarchism in New Youth, focusing on attacking the Marxist theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat and advocating "anarchism * * productism"; Denying all organizational disciplines and advocating "absolute freedom"; Deny all power and accuse the dictatorship of the proletariat of personal dictatorship; Advocate decentralized production and oppose centralized production; Oppose distribution from each according to his ability and distribution according to work.
China * * * industrialist intellectuals fought back against the anarchists on September 1920 after the * * * Second World Congress was held. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Li Da and Cai Hesen have published articles such as Talking about Politics, Critique of Socialism, Chinese Anarchism, Inferior Anarchism Party, On Anarchism and Anatomy of Anarchism. Criticize the basic views of anarchists and discuss the inevitability of preserving "power" and establishing proletarian dictatorship under certain historical conditions. This argument led to a complete ideological break between the producers and the anarchists. As Zhang pointed out in his written report to the Third Congress of the International Congress of * * *, "it is impossible to continue to deal with these anarchists, because they began to issue declarations on their goals and principles in the name of * * * production organizations, and their goals and principles run counter to our basic concept of * * * production". * * * Producer Group, compiled by * * * Central Party History Information Collection Committee, China Historical Information Publishing House, 1987, p. 740.
(2) The ideology of the Party is marked by "stressing politics"
According to the spirit of being the "second largest producer" in the world, Chen Duxiu, with the support of Wei, changed the eighth volume of the first issue of "New Youth" from the eighth volume to September 1920, and the Shanghai Enlightenment Group of China Producer Party was officially published. The article "Talking about Politics" published shows that Chen Duxiu can't cooperate with anarchists and get rid of anarchism ideologically.
In his article, Chen Duxiu particularly emphasized the importance of upholding the dictatorship of the proletariat and the principle of democratic centralism, criticizing not only anarchism, but also the erroneous thought of the Social Democratic Party denying class struggle. He pointed out: "I dare say: without class struggle and the occupation of political power by the working class, the democratic Krasai will always be the exclusive property of the bourgeoisie, that is, the bourgeoisie will always hold the political weapon against the working class."
On the dictatorship of the proletariat, Chen Duxiu emphasized: "Workers have no state and no political power since they came. It is precisely because the past and present state and political power are in the hands of the bourgeoisie that they can use their production and distribution methods to oppress the working class. " . Therefore, Chen Duxiu made it clear: "Although I admit that there is no need to fundamentally abandon the tools of state politics and law, I do not admit that the existing bourgeois state, politics and law have the possibility of sweeping away evil. I admit that a country that builds the working class (that is, the production class) by revolutionary means and creates a political law that prohibits all plunder at home and abroad is the first need of modern society. " Selected Works of Chen Duxiu, edited by Ren Jianshu, Volume 2, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2009, p. 257.