A detailed introduction of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Gardner believes that the definition of intelligence in the past was too narrow and failed to correctly reflect a person's true ability. He believes that a person's intelligence should be an index to measure his ability to solve problems. According to this definition, he proposed in the book "Mental Framework" (Gardner, 1983) that human intelligence can be divided into at least seven categories (later increased to eight categories):
1. Language (oral/language)
2. Mathematical logic (logic/mathematics)
3. Space (vision/space)
4. Body movement (body/kinesthetic)
5. Music (music/rhythm)
6. Interpersonal/social
7. Introspection (personal introspection/introspection)
8. Natural exploration (naturalist, added by Gardner in 1995)
9. Existentialist wisdom (Gardner later added)
In addition, are there any other scholars who are separated from introspective intelligence? Mental IQ? Mental IQ.
The contents of these nine categories are as follows:
1. Language Intelligence
This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to effectively use spoken and written words, that is, the ability to listen, speak, read and write, which is manifested in the ability of individuals to describe events, express their thoughts and communicate with others smoothly and efficiently. This kind of intelligence is more prominent in writers, speakers, journalists, editors, program hosts, broadcasters, lawyers and other professions.
2. Logical mathematics intelligence
People who deal with numbers especially need this kind of intelligence to use numbers and reasoning effectively. They study by reasoning, like asking questions and conducting experiments to find answers, looking for the laws and logical order of things, and are interested in the new development of science. Even other people's speech and behavior have become a good place for them to look for logical defects, and it is easier to accept things that can be measured, classified and analyzed.
3. Space intelligence
Spatial intelligence emphasizes that people are highly sensitive to color, line, shape, shape, space and their relationships, and have strong ability to feel, distinguish, remember and change the spatial relationship of objects to express their thoughts and emotions, which is manifested in their sensitivity to line, shape, structure, color and spatial relationship and their ability to express through plane graphics and three-dimensional modeling. Can accurately feel the visual space and show what is perceived. This kind of person thinks with images and images when he studies.
Spatial intelligence can be divided into image spatial intelligence and abstract spatial intelligence. The spatial sense of images is a painter's specialty. Abstract spatial intelligence is the specialty of geometricians. Architects are good at image and abstract spatial intelligence.
4. Physical operation intelligence
Good at expressing thoughts and feelings with the whole body and the ability to skillfully make or transform things with both hands. It is difficult for such people to sit still for a long time, like to build things by hand, like outdoor activities, and often use gestures or other body language when talking to people. When they study, they think through their physical feelings.
This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the skill of adjusting body movements and changing objects with dexterous hands. It is characterized by being able to control one's body well, being able to respond appropriately to events, and being good at expressing one's thoughts with body language. Athletes, dancers, surgeons and craftsmen all have this intellectual advantage.
5. Musical intelligence
This kind of intelligence mainly refers to people's sensitive perception of tone, melody, rhythm and timbre, which is manifested in their sensitivity to music rhythm, tone, timbre and melody and their ability to express music through composition, performance and singing. This kind of intelligence has outstanding performance in composers, conductors, singers, musicians, musical instrument makers, music critics and other personnel.
6. Interpersonal intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to effectively understand others and their relationships and communicate with others, including four elements. ① Organizational ability, including group mobilization and coordination ability. Negotiation ability refers to the ability of arbitration and dispute resolution. (3) Analytical ability refers to the ability to be keenly aware of other people's emotional trends and ideas, and to easily establish close relationships with others. (4) Interpersonal communication refers to the ability to care about others, be considerate and be suitable for group cooperation.
7. Introspective intelligence
This kind of intelligence mainly refers to recognizing one's own abilities, correctly grasping one's strengths and weaknesses, grasping one's emotions, intentions, motives and desires, planning one's life, self-respecting and self-disciplined, and absorbing the strengths of others. I will know my own advantages and disadvantages from various feedback channels, always want to plan my own life goals, love to be alone, and think in my own way. I like to work independently and have room for self-choice. Politicians, philosophers, psychologists, teachers and other people with excellent intelligence all performed well there.
Introspective intelligence can be divided into two long levels: event level and value level. Event-level introspection points to the summary of the success or failure of the event. Introspection at the level of value links the success or failure of an event with value.
8. Natural exploration intelligence
Be able to identify plants, animals and other natural environments (such as clouds and stones). People with strong natural intelligence are more prominent in hunting, farming and biological sciences. Natural exploration intelligence should be further simplified as exploration intelligence, including the exploration of society and nature.
9. Become smart
People tend to ask questions about life and death and ultimate reality and think about them.
Other types of intelligence
Human intelligence can also be classified from other angles:
? Memory: the memory of things, including short-term memory and long-term memory, image memory and abstract memory.
? Image power: the ability to form an image on the basis of memory. It can also be said to be perceptual cognitive ability.
? Abstract ability: the ability to form abstract concepts on the basis of images. It can also be said that it is rational cognitive ability.
? Faith: the ability to form a general concept of life and the world on the basis of image and abstract thinking.
? Creativity: the ability to form new images, theories and beliefs.
The significance of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is 1. The theory of multiple intelligences is helpful to form a correct view of intelligence.
A truly effective education must recognize the universality and diversity of intelligence, and make it equally important to cultivate and develop students' abilities in all aspects.
2. The theory of multiple intelligences helps to change our teaching concept.
China's traditional teaching is basically based on? The teacher speaks and the students listen? Give priority to form, supplemented by boredom? Crowd tactics? , while ignoring the differences in cognitive activities and ways between different disciplines or abilities. According to the theory of multiple intelligences, everyone has eight kinds of relatively independent intelligences to varying degrees, and each intelligence has its own unique cognitive development process and symbol system. Therefore, the teaching methods and means should be flexible and diverse according to the teaching objects and teaching contents, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
3. The theory of multiple intelligences is helpful to form a correct evaluation view.
The theory of multiple intelligences severely criticizes the traditional standardized intelligence test and student achievement test. Traditional intelligence tests overemphasize language and mathematical logic ability, only use paper and pencil tests, overemphasize rote knowledge, and lack objective assessment of students' understanding ability, practical ability, application ability and creativity. So it is one-sided and limited. According to the theory of multiple intelligences, human intelligence is not a single ability, but a variety of abilities. Therefore, the evaluation indicators and methods of schools should also be diversified, liberating school education from paper-and-pencil examinations and paying attention to the cultivation of different talents of different people.
4. The theory of multiple intelligences helps to change our view of students.
According to the theory of multiple intelligences, everyone has his own unique governance structure and learning methods, so it is unreasonable to use the same teaching materials and teaching methods for every student. The theory of multiple intelligences provides teachers with a positive and optimistic view of students, that is, every student has bright spots and advantages. Teachers should understand students' specialties from various aspects and adopt effective methods suitable for their characteristics to give full play to their specialties.
5. The theory of multiple intelligences is helpful to form a correct concept of development.
According to Gardner's point of view, the purpose of school education should be to develop multiple intelligences and help students find careers and hobbies suitable for their intellectual characteristics. Students should be allowed to find their own strengths in at least one aspect while receiving school education, and students will eagerly pursue their inner interests.
Learning Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory The traditional intelligence theory holds that language ability and mathematical logic ability are the core of intelligence, and intelligence is a kind of ability that exists by integrating them. Since the 1970s, researchers have re-examined the concept of intelligence from different fields of psychology, among which Robert, a psychologist at Yale University, has the greatest influence. Robert Jeffrey Sternberg's Ternary Intelligence Theory (Analytical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence and Practical Intelligence).
In 1980s, Gardner, a cognitive psychologist at Harvard University, put forward the theory of multiple intelligences, which defined intelligence as a person's ability to solve problems and create in specific situations. He believes that each of us has eight kinds of main intelligence: language intelligence, logic-mathematics intelligence, spatial intelligence, sports intelligence, music intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, introspection intelligence and natural observation intelligence. He proposed? Intelligent evaluation? The concept of "expanding the basis of students' learning evaluation" advocated by him? Situation? Evaluation corrects the functions and methods of previous educational evaluation. Is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences traditional? Unitary intelligence? The powerful challenge of the concept gives people a refreshing feeling. Especially in the current new curriculum reform, when most teachers are confused about students' evaluation, his theory will undoubtedly give us a lot of inspiration.