Ceng Yong

Email:zy 1 10cn@yahoo.com.cn

Mobile phone: 15053532606

Teaching reference books

Basic virology, munk keqiang, chemical industry press, 2005, first edition.

General Virology, Xie Tianen and Hu Zhihong, Science Press, 2002, first edition.

Lu Chengping, Veterinary Microbiology, China Agricultural Press, 2007, 4th Edition.

Fu jihua, experimental technology of virology, Shandong science and technology press, 200 1, first edition.

Wu Bochun, Molecular Virology, Huazhong Normal University Press, 1999.

Overview of virology. Trans. Li Jiang et al. Chemical Industry Press, 2006.

How does a pathogenic virus work?

Basic virology by Edward K. Wagner. Martinez J Hugh Park Jung Su, Blackwell Press, 2004, 2nd edition.

Principles of Virology, Lin Shijie et al., 2004, ASM Press. Second edition

Principles of Molecular Virology, Elsevier Academic Press, Canada. Fourth Edition, 2005

Courseware download:

Yantai university

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Main chapter

Chapter 1: Introduction-Overview of Virology

Chapter 2: The morphology and structure of virus.

Chapter III: Classification and Naming of Viruses

Chapter four: Virus infection and replication.

Chapter 5: Inheritance and variation of virus.

Chapter 6: Interaction between virus and host.

Chapter 7: Virus Genetic Engineering

Chapter 8: Brief introduction of several important viruses.

Chapter 9: Viruses and Tumors

Chapter 10: Virology Technology

Chapter XI: Prevention and Treatment of Viral Diseases

According to national regulations, compulsory vaccination is compulsory, that is, compulsory vaccination is also free. In the future, children must have vaccination certificates when they go to kindergarten, go to school or even go abroad. The following vaccines are compulsory (implemented on March 1 2006):

At birth: hepatitis B vaccine (first time), BCG 1 month: hepatitis B vaccine (second time)

2 months old: polio vaccine (first time)

3 months old: polio vaccine (second time), DTP (first time)

4 months old: polio vaccine (the third time), DTP (the second time)

5 months old: DTP (the third time) 6 months old: hepatitis B vaccine (the third time) and group A meningococcal vaccine (the first time)

8 months old: measles vaccine (first time), Japanese encephalitis vaccine (first and second inactivation), (first inactivation)

9 months old: group A meningococcal vaccine (second time)

18 months old: DTP (fourth time), measles vaccine (second time)

2 years old: Japanese encephalitis vaccine (third inactivation), (second inactivation) 3 years old: group A meningococcal vaccine (third inactivation)

4 years old: polio vaccine (fourth time) 6 years old: Japanese encephalitis vaccine (fourth time inactivated), (third time inactivated), group A meningococcal vaccine (fourth time), refined white broken (first time).

16 years old: Bai Po (second time)

There are also some vaccines that are not covered by compulsory exemption, such as measles, rubella, mumps, pneumonia, chickenpox and so on. These are all charges, you can choose to call or not. Remember, any vaccine that costs money needs parents' signature before it can be vaccinated.

Vaccination can effectively prevent infectious diseases, but in the process of vaccination, due to various reasons, a very small number of people vaccinated may have adverse reactions, which are academically called vaccine-related cases. For vaccine-related cases, the state will give some compensation.

Because the polio vaccine used in China is an attenuated live vaccine, there are individual differences among the recipients, and children may have vaccine-related paralysis cases after taking it, but the incidence rate is extremely low. After every 2.5 million to 6.5438+million children are vaccinated, 65.438+0 people may have side effects such as paralysis or lower limb paralysis after vaccination, mainly in children who are vaccinated for the first time.

1994, China reported the last 1 local polio case, and there were no more cases in the future.

In 2008, the Ministry of Health and other departments jointly issued the "Guiding Opinions on Doing a Good Job in the Identification and Rehabilitation of Cases Related to Polio Vaccine", promising that local and health departments would help children with related side effects after polio vaccination, and make medical identification and compensation.

In the same year, the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau and other relevant departments issued the Measures for Compensation of Paralytic Polio Cases Related to Abnormal Reaction of Vaccination in Beijing (Trial), which stipulated that the parties concerned should apply to the Beijing Medical Association for disability grade appraisal two years after symptoms appeared 1 year, and the compensation fee should be settled in one lump sum, with the maximum amount of 240,000 yuan arranged by the municipal finance department in the funds for vaccination.

Chapter 1 Introduction-Overview of Virology

Section 1 Origin and Development of Virology Knowledge

Section 2 Virology and Virology

The origin of the virus in the third quarter

The focus of this chapter

1, to understand the main events of virology development.

2, the basic characteristics of the virus.

3. What are the definitions of several viruses?

4. Determine the standard of virus pathogen.

5. The origin of the virus.

Section 1 Origin and Development of Virology Knowledge

First, the driving force of virology development

1, prevention and treatment of viral diseases

2. Important model organisms in molecular biology and molecular genetics.

Second, the history of virology development

1, experience period

In BC 1400, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs described a priest's symptoms as typical polio.

In BC 1000, smallpox had appeared in China. By the year 1000, there was a way to prevent smallpox by inhaling scabs and inoculating people with smallpox. 1796, edward jenner, an Englishman, proposed a vaccine to prevent smallpox.

1966, the world health organization proposed that people exposed to smallpox should be vaccinated. 1977 10 10 In October, the last patient in Somalia was cured, and smallpox was declared eradicated in the world.

Vaccinate against smallpox

1979101On 26th October, the United Nations World Health Organization announced in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world, and held a celebration ceremony for this purpose. At present, two laboratories in the United States and Russia (the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta and Victor Laboratory in Novosibirsk, Russia) are still temporarily storing smallpox virus.

Silkworm "high knot" and "swollen foot"

Tulip color-broken flower disease

2, the discovery period of the virus

Tobacco mosaic

1886, Meyer proved that it was contagious, but thought it was a bacterium.

Ivanovski (1892) proved that the juice passing through the bacterial filter was still pathogenic, but it was considered as bacterial toxin.

Beijerinck (1898)

A famous Dutch scientist (Meyer's assistant)

A. it can pass through a bacterial filter.

B it can only reproduce in infected cells and cannot grow in inanimate substances in vitro.

C "infectious and living substances" and named them viruses.

The first animal virus-foot-and-mouth disease in cattle (1898)

German bacteriologists Lefler and Frosch found that the pathogen causing foot-and-mouth disease in cattle can also pass through the bacterial filter, thus once again proving the important discoveries of ivanovski and Beijerinck. It is proved that the highly diluted filtrate can reproduce the disease and deny the toxin theory.

Phage-The First Report of Staphylococcus Phage

Phage comes from Greek, meaning "eat".

It is considered that virus is a pathogen similar to bacteria, but the only difference is that virus can reproduce in living cells, and it is small in size and can pass through bacterial filters, so it is called "ultramicroscopic virus".

3. Research period of virus essence.

Early work confirmed that the activity of the virus was related to protein.

1935, American biochemist Stanley obtained the protein crystal of TMV, which remained pathogenic after dissolution.

The virus consists of protein and nucleic acid, which can be divided into RNA and DNA. Nucleic acid is the main body of infection, pathogenicity and replication.

In the late 1930s, the development of electron microscope further promoted the development of virology, which proved that virus particles were nucleic acids inside and protein outside.

Electron micrographs of high-purity products of some viruses. Adenovirus Rotavirus. (c) Influenza virus (provided by George Leser). Vesicular stomatitis virus (e) tobacco mosaic virus. Alfalfa mosaic virus. (g) T4 bacteriophage. (h) M 13 phage

4. The main achievements of virology development.

French scientists Jacob F, Lwoff ·A·M and Mono ·J·L put forward the concept of "operon", and predicted the existence of mRNA, which led to the confirmation of mRNA, thus enabling the experimental study of genetic code to begin, thus establishing the whole system of molecular genetics, with far-reaching significance. The discovery of genetic control mechanism of enzyme and virus synthesis won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

Delbruck (German), hershey (American) and luria (Italian) were awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for putting forward the "one-step growth curve" of virus, discovering the replication mechanism of virus and the gene recombination phenomenon of phage, and proving that the genetic material is DNA instead of protein.

Reverse transcriptase was found in Baltimore (USA), Durbeck (Italy), Taming H M (USA), Baltimore and Taming, which proved that genetic information can be transferred from DNA to RNA and from RNA to DNA. Dulbecco discovered the interaction between tumor virus and cytogenetics, and the technology he advocated was to inject a single virus gene with known function into cells instead of injecting a complete virus. Won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

Bishop (USA) Michael Bishop

Prusiner (USA)

1997 nobel prize in medicine or physiology for discovering infectious protein (prion)

United States: 12/2 1

France: 5/2 1

Germany: 2 1

Italy: 2 1

Female scientist: 1/2 1

Section 2 Virology and Virology

Second, the characteristics of the virus

① Simple structure, no cell structure, only one of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA.

(2) strict intracellular parasitism, no metabolic function, self-reproduction by using host cell enzymes, energy synthesis system, ribosomes, cytokines, macromolecules and virus components.

③ In the host cell, the progeny virus particles are assembled and proliferated by newly synthesized structural components.

④ The purified virus can crystallize.

⑤ When the progeny virus particles assembled in the infection cycle infect other host cells, the virus gene is transfected into the new host cells.

⑥ Not sensitive to general antibiotics and drugs acting on microbial metabolic pathways.

⑦ Most viruses are sensitive to interferon to varying degrees.

The nucleic acids of some viruses can be integrated into the DNA of host cells, thus inducing latent infection.

Definition of virus:

It is a primitive, vital, self-replicating and strict intracellular parasite.

Third, virology.

Virology, as an independent discipline, appeared in 1950s.

It is a science that studies the structure and function of virus genome, explores the replication, gene expression and regulation mechanism of virus genome on the basis of fully understanding the general morphology and structural characteristics of virus, thus revealing the molecular nature of virus infection and disease, and providing theoretical basis and basis for the development of virus genetic engineering vaccine and antiviral drugs, as well as the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of virus diseases.

The main purpose of studying virology

A. Disease prevention

B. Use viruses

As a model organism, C studies the interaction between molecules, gene replication, mutation and so on.

D. Understanding the origin of life

Fourth, the virus type.

Depends on the host

Plant virus

animal virus

bacteriophage

According to different nucleic acids

Single strand DNA virus

Double-stranded DNA virus

DNA and RNA retroviruses

Double stranded RNA virus

Negative-stranded single-stranded RNA virus

Positive-stranded single-stranded RNA virus

According to the different virus composition and replication mode

(True) Virus True virus: It contains at least two substances: protein and nucleic acid.

Standard virus and defective virus

In the process of virus proliferation, due to some environmental factors or mistakes in transcription process, the virus genome mutates, and incomplete virus particles appear, which become defective virus particles, also known as defective interfering particles (DI particles), and they must rely on their homologous intact viruses for replication. Many viruses have the duality of standard virus and defective virus, such as poliovirus.

False virus and true virus

Pseudovirus: the shell in which the nucleic acid of one virus is encoded by another virus.

Pseudovirus or pseudovirus particles: formed by cell DNA fragments wrapped by virus shell.

Hybrid virus and purebred virus

Mixed virus: A virus particle contains the genetic material of two viruses.

Satellite virus and satellite nucleic acid: they lack the ability of independent replication, and need to assist virus replication, or help virus to provide coat protein to wrap nucleic acid. Most of its nucleic acid sequences are different from helper viruses, and only the terminal fragments are homologous. Among them, the nucleic acid encoding its own coat protein is called satellite virus, otherwise it is called satellite nucleic acid (ssDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA).

Viroid-like virus: the smallest single-stranded circular RNA (240-375 BP); Have the ability of independent infection and self-replication, without auxiliary virus; No coat protein; Its nucleic acid does not encode any protein. At present, only viroids are known to infect plants.

Prion or prion prion: It is an infectious protein particle without nucleic acid, which can change through the idea of the molecule itself and spread to other molecules to cause the same change, thus causing diseases.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Establishment of viral diseases

Koch's law (virus can't be cultured and propagated in artificial culture medium)

1937 River Law:

A. It is necessary to find that a specific virus has a certain degree of regular relationship with a certain disease, and isolate the virus from the diseased host.

B. culture in experimental host or host cell.

C. prove the filterability of culture.

D. producing similar diseases in the original host or related species.

E. the same virus can be re-isolated.

1973 Evans presented immunological evidence.

A. The virus must exist in the patient's tissues and blood, and it appears repeatedly there.

B. it can pass through animals or tissues in the laboratory well.

C. virus-specific antibodies are often lacking in the early stage of illness.

D. antibodies will appear regularly during the disease.

1. Temporary virus-specific IgM antibody

2. Persistent IgG antibody

3. The local antibody IgA-

The production of antibodies is accompanied by the existence of viruses in the corresponding tissues.

F no other viruses or antibodies are associated with it.

G. it can be prevented by specific vaccines.

Six, the duality of virus life forms

The duality of virus existence

Intracellular (in the form of nucleic acid molecules)

Extracellular (does not show replication activity, maintains infection activity, in the form of virions or virus particles)

Crystallinity and Amorphousness of Virus

Crystallization is a form of many inorganic compounds.

Seven, the development trend of virus research

1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that polio should be eradicated globally by the end of 2000, and the plan was revised to 2008.

Functional genomics and functional protein genomics of virus.

Study on prion

Study on DNA vaccine

Interaction between virus and host and its pathogenic mechanism

The origin of the virus in the third quarter

There are three theories about the origin of virus: 1) Degenerative origin theory.

According to the theory of the origin of degeneration, virus is a degenerate form of intracellular parasites. The reason for this intracellular parasitism may be that microorganisms rely heavily on a metabolism that cannot cross the cell membrane. The theory of degenerate origin can explain the origin of the virus into two stages: first, the parasite produces an independently replicated DNA plasmid in the cell, and then the gene encoding the subcellular structural unit of the parasite mutates to form the capsid protein of the virus. With evolution, newly acquired features that can be transferred between cells are further selected.

2) The theory that viruses originate from RNA and/or DNA components in host cells.

According to this theory, viruses evolve independently of normal cell components in the process of evolution. This theory can explain the origin of all viruses:

DNA virus derived from plasmid or transfer factor;

Retroviruses are derived from retrotransposons;

RNA virus originated from self-replicating mRNA.

3) The theory that viruses originated from primitive macromolecules with the function of self-replication.

Viruses originate from self-replicating RNA molecules. RNA multimers have the information and ability of self-replication. The discovery that RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions makes the theory that RNA is the origin of life and virus more attractive. Small and simple RNA molecules have at least the following three chemical functions:

① Activity of ribonuclease;

② Self-splicing can remove the internal nucleic acid sequence;

Experiments show that template-dependent polycytosine nucleic acid can be synthesized with RNA as primer.

RNA molecules can undergo three basic reactions related to replication and evolution.

These observations are beneficial to the theory that RNA is the evolutionary origin of modern organisms. First, the formation and replication of RNA, then evolved into a series of reactions mediated by RNA- protein, and the third step was to produce DNA. Because DNA is more stable than RNA, it eventually becomes genetic information. The reactivity of RNA is beneficial to it as a catalyst, but not to it as a genetic material.

Some molecules are packaged in cells and tissues to form host cells, while others replicate or parasitize themselves in host cells and evolve into viruses. This theory holds that the virus and its host have evolved. Today's viroid and satellite RNA still retain some RNA catalytic properties, so they are considered by some scholars as the fossils of the RNA world before the emergence of life forms.

There are many methods to study the evolution of viruses, and the evolutionary tree of viruses can be constructed by sequence homology, genome arrangement order and genome gene composition. Studying the evolution of gene composition is of great significance to reveal the origin of gene and the relationship between virus and host. Compared with RNA virus, DNA virus is relatively stable. On the one hand, when DNA replicates, its enzyme has a correction function; On the other hand, DNA virus is prone to persistent or chronic infection in the host. They can exist in the host for many years and then erupt, during which time they may hardly mutate. Therefore, the mutation rate of such viruses may be slower than that of splitting viruses. Generally speaking, DNA virus will not cause worldwide epidemic diseases like RNA virus.

The prevalence and variation of diseases caused by RNA virus has become a good material for studying the evolution of RNA virus, especially the evolution time.

Related virology research units

Wuhan Institute of Viruses, Chinese Academy of Sciences

State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University

Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Institute of Microbial Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences

China Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)

utilize

1. List five outstanding achievements in the history of virology development.

2. List five influential virology journals.

3. The characteristics of the virus

4. Characteristics of virus genome

5. Establish standards for virus pathogens.