As a teenager, Du Fu traveled to wuyue and Zhao Qi successively, during which he also visited Luoyang. After thirty-five, I came first and last in Chang 'an. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. The frustration of officialdom witnessed the extravagance and social crisis of the upper class in the Tang Dynasty. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Tongguan fell, and Du Fu moved to many places. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan. Although he fled the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about the whole life and the affairs of the country. Du Fu wrote such famous works as Climbing to the Top and Looking at Spring, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.
The core of Du Fu's thought is benevolent government, and he has the great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu. [3]
In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu died at the age of 59. Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang.
Original name
Du Fu
Another name
, Du Gongbu, Du, Du Caotang, Lao Du, Poet Saint.
The Times
the Tang Dynasty
Ethnic groups
Han (ha)
birthplace
Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongyi, Henan Province)
Play in poetry.
Good gifts keep winning.
open
Character relationship
Duyes
granddaughter
Boutique recommended reading
At a poetry conference in 758 AD, Du Fu, who was the best at the Seven Rhymes, actually won the penultimate place.
Author: Reading literature and history every day
quick
navigate by water/air
Main achievements: literary characteristics, character evaluation, anecdotes, allusions, relatives, descendants, character influence, controversy, and history books commemorating future generations.
The life of the character
family background
Du Fu's distant ancestors were Du Zhou, a famous cruel official in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du. [2] Du Fu and Du Mu, another great poet in the Tang Dynasty, were both great scholars and famous poets in the Jin Dynasty, but the two tribes were far apart. His ancestral home was Xiangyang (now Hubei), and his great-grandfather Du was ordered by Gongxian, whose former residence was Gongxian (now Henan). Du Fu comes from Du Yu's second son Du Dan, and Du Mu comes from Du Yu's youngest son Du Yin. Du Fu was born in Gongxian County in the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (7 12). Mother Cui Shi died when Du Fu was young. The Cui family is also a prestigious aristocratic family. He has met his uncle and cousin many times in his life.
Du Fu
As a teenager, Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life because of his superior family environment. He has been eager to learn since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was able to write poems. "At the age of seven, I think I am strong, and I sing the phoenix with my mouth open" [4], and I am interested in "leading the monarch to Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure" [5]. When he was a teenager, he was also very naughty. "I remember when I was fifteen, I was a child, as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. "
Du Fu had the opportunity to be influenced by various cultures and arts when he was a teenager, which had a great influence on his later poetry creation. For example, when he was five or six years old, he saw the sword dance of dancer Gong Sundaniang in Yancheng, Henan; Later, in Li Fanzhai, the King of Qi in Shangshanfang, Luoyang, I heard Li Guinian's song in front of Cui Tang Di, the favorite of Zunhua Tang Xuanzong. In Xuanyuan Huangdi Temple at the top of Beimang Mountain in Luoyang, I enjoyed the ranks of five saints and thousands of officials painted by painter Wu Daozi, which was reflected in his later poetry creation. At that time, celebrities such as Cui Shang and Wei Qixin saw his words and praised him for his style of being solid and upright. Elders like Li Yong and William Wang also condescended to visit and ask him for advice. [6]
Du Fu: This "official second generation" has a miserable life!
Mu Yang said
Zan 194
Read twenty-two thousand
Young and excellent travel
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (73 1), Du Fu, aged 19, went out to travel (now Linyi, Shanxi) [7]. At the age of twenty, Du Fu roamed wuyue for several years. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), Du Fu returned to his hometown to participate in the "rural tribute". In the 24th year of Kaiyuan (736), Du Fu took the Jinshi exam in Luoyang, with the lowest score. Du Fu's father was Sima in Yanzhou at that time, so Du Fu went to visit relatives in Yanzhou and made a second roaming with Su Yuanming in Zhaoqi Plain. About this time, his father was working as a Sima in Yanzhou. He lived a "happy" life in Qi and Zhao for four or five years, and also left the earliest existing poem: "Climbing the Yanzhou Tower", which was the work of the provincial servant father when he was in Yanzhou; There are also two songs, "Painting the Eagle" and "Fang Bing Cao Huma", which praise the eagle and the steed with the enthusiasm of young people; There is also a poem "Looking at Yue", which is also one of the representative works. The two famous sentences at the end are "Reach the Peak, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.." , revealing the extraordinary ambition of the poet when he was young.
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai, who was given money by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, and they met to travel with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu, Henan). I met the poet Gao Shi, and this is my third roaming. After that, Du Fu went to qi zhou (now Jinan).
In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), I met Li Bai again in Qilu. In addition to drinking and writing poems, he also discussed alchemy and seeking immortality. * * * visited Fan Yeren, a hermit in northern Yanzhou. The two also exchanged poems. Du Fu said to Li's poem: "Yu Yidong is a guest, and he is like a brother. Drunk in the autumn, hand in hand with the Japanese. " Li said to Du Fu's poem: "My eyes are on Surabaya, and Haiming. The eaves are thousands of miles away, and the cup is in hand! " The two never met again.
Trapped in Chang 'an.
In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), Xuanzong called all-round artists from all over the world to Chang 'an to take the exam, and Du Fu also took the exam. Because the Minister of Electric Power Li directed a farce of "leaving no legacy", all the students who took the exam lost the election. Because the imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn to the powerful door to realize his political ideal, but it ended in vain. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, running around offering gifts, unhappy, frustrated in his official career and living in poverty. "He missed the first place and was trapped in Changan" [8].
Du Fu
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao (75 1), Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth, so Du Fu presented three "Da Li Fu" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered him to be in Jixian Academy. However, he only got the qualification of "participating in the selection of orders" and waited for distribution. As the examiner is still Li, he didn't get the official position.
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), Du Fu was appointed as a small official like Hexi Wei, but Du Fu didn't want to be appointed as the official position of "if you don't be Hexi Wei, you will bend over if you are miserable", so the court changed him to the right guard and led the government soldier Cao (a junior official who was responsible for guarding the staff of armor and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian (now pucheng county, Shaanxi Province) to visit the province. Just as Du Fu entered the room, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words". [9]
Du Fu is not worthy of sympathy, and the system does not believe in tears.
Slightly warm
Zan 5
Reading 878
War and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Shi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled hastily. In July, Prince Hengli was appointed as Su Zong in Lingwu (now lingwu city, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. He heard that Su Zong ascended the throne and went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was also captured, was closely supervised, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his small official position. Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people.
During the An Shi Rebellion, he always paid attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles, Guo's Situation in Huazhou and Five Questions about the Examiners in Hehuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When the soldiers and horses of Li, the main force of the rebel army, passed through Huazhou, they wrote a poem "Two Kansai soldiers went to Guanzhong to stand by", expressing strong patriotic enthusiasm. [ 10][ 1 1]
Snow and wine in Du Fu's works are mixed with different winter bitterness.
Read less about the red chamber
Zan 30
Reading 4863
Short-term employment
Statue of Du Gongbu
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang 'an. Du Fu ventured out of Chang 'an from Jinguangmen in the west of the city, crossed the opposing two armies, and joined forces with Su Zong in Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi). On May 16th, he was canonized as Zuo Shiyi by Su Zong, so he was called "Du Shiyi". Unexpectedly, Du Fu soon angered Su Zong by saving the house and was exiled to Huazhou (now Huaxian County), where he was responsible for sacrifice, music, schools, elections, medical care and examinations. After arriving in Iowa, Du Fu was very depressed and upset. He often goes to Zhengxian Pavilion on the Xixi River (near the old viewing platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve his worries. In his poems, such as Tizheng County Pavilion, Bitter Stories in Early Autumn, Independence, and Skinny Horse Travel, he expressed his sigh and resentment at those who were frustrated in their official career, indifferent in the world and treacherous. Du Fu was rescued by Prime Minister Zhang Gao and released. But "the emperor didn't pay much attention to the records", and Su Zong no longer reused Du Fu. In September this year, Chang 'an was recovered. In November, Du Fu returned to Chang 'an, where he still stayed to tidy up his bones. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fang Yi case and was demoted to join the army in June of the first year of Gan Yuan (758).
At the end of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in present-day Henan). In March of the following year, the battle between Tang Jun and Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan Province) broke out and Tang Jun was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu was deeply touched by the endless disasters brought by the war and the patriotic behavior of the people who joined the army. He wrote immortal epics-three officials (Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan official, Tongguan official) and three farewell (newly married, resigned, homeless). "I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far away." [ 12]
Wandering in Shu
In the summer of the second year of Gan Yuan (759), there was a drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote Summer Sigh and Summer Night Sigh, lamenting the sufferings of China refugees. After beginning of autumn this year, Du Fu felt sad about the dirty politics, gave up his secretarial position in Huazhou to join the army, and went to Qin Zhou in the west (now Tianshui, Gansu). Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his tenure in Huazhou. Du Fu finally arrived in Chengdu after several twists and turns. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, which was called "Du Fu Cottage" or "Huanhuacao Hall" in history. Later, it was recommended by Yanwu as the festival capital, and the whole family lived in fengjie county, Sichuan. [ 13]
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), he moved to Shu again, and Du Fu returned to the thatched cottage where he had been wandering for nearly two years. Yanwu recommended Du Fu as Yuanwailang of the school's Ministry of Industry and became Yanwu's staff officer. Later generations also called Du the Ministry of Industry. Soon Du Fu resigned again. During these five or six years, Du Fu was still living a hard life. He said, "The book of an old friend is broken by the rich and generous, and the hungry son is desolate." ("Madman") "Idiots don't know the father-son ceremony, but they are angry and beg for food and cry at the East Gate." He used some details of his life to show the hardships of his life. He said that his children are not sensible, don't know how to respect their fathers, and don't know the courtesy of their masters. When they are hungry, whether they are fathers or not, they should follow the ceremony of father and son. When you are hungry, you clamor for food and cry at the east gate. In the autumn wind and rainstorm, Du Fu's hut was dilapidated, and his wife was hungry and couldn't sleep all night. He wrote "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind".
Du Fu Thatched Cottage
In April of the first year of Yongtai (765), Yanwu died of illness and Du Fu left Chengdu. After passing through Jiazhou (Leshan), Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian) and Yunan (Yunyang), he arrived in Kuizhou (Fengjie) in the first year of Tang Daizong Dali (766). Thanks to the care of Bai Maolin, the magistrate of Kuizhou, Du Fu was able to stay here for the time being, take care of the 100 hectare public land in Dongtun, rent some public land by himself, buy a 40-acre orchard, hire several employees and take part in some labor with his family. During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Shuxiang, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Ascending the Mountain and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song. [ 12][ 14]
Talking about Du Fu's "hut" feelings, it turns out that the old gentleman's wish is so pitiful.
it mentions
Zan 108
Reading 1.7 million
Died on the boat
In the third year of Dali (768), Du Fu was homesick and went out of the gorge by boat, first to Jiangling and then to the police. In late winter, I drifted to Yueyang, Hunan, and anchored under Yueyang Tower. Boarding the long-awaited Yueyang Tower, overlooking from the porch, facing the vast Dongting Lake, I thought of my wandering in my later years and the country was troubled, so I wrote "Climbing Yueyang Tower" [15]. Because of the difficulties of life, not only can we not return to the north, but we are forced to travel further south. In the first month of the fourth year of Dali, from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and then back to Tanzhou.
In the fifth year of Dali (770), Zang Jun made an insurrection in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou again. He had planned to go to Chenzhou to take refuge in his uncle Cui Kun, but when he went to Leiyang, he had to stop at Tianyi Fang when the river rose. He didn't eat anything for five days. Fortunately, the county magistrate Nie sent someone to deliver wine and meat, and was saved. Later, Du Fu had to travel more than 200 miles upstream from Leiyang to Chenzhou. At this time, the flood did not retreat, and Du Fu returned to the north with one heart. At this time, he changed his plan, went downstream and returned to Tanzhou. In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu died on a boat from Tanzhou to Yueyang. [12] was fifty-nine years old. [ 16]
Du Fu's feeling: poor and wandering, tears streaming down her face.
History university hall
Like 1 10
Reading 2555
Many people want to learn from Li Bai, but they live to be Du Like Fu and finally become Gao Shi.
Love history most.
Like 176
Reading 1.5 million
Du Fu's Death: His poems are more real than history.
Love history most.
Like 126
Reading 1.3 million
Teenagers don't know Du Fu, but it's hard to know a saint now.
Slightly warm
Zan 45
Read 525 1
The life of Du Fu who was rejected: I am so hard, I beg for a hug!
The most important person
Like 10
Reading 1308
Major achievements
Poetry achievement
Du Fu's poem There are Sixty Volumes [17] was lost in his early years. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. The beauty of children is unique, and I felt it at that time. When the country is in trouble, it will be painful to go to Benjamin. I set a topic at random, trying to get rid of the previous stereotype. " [ 18].
Du Fu's middle-aged poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His poems are good at antique and rhythmic poems, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems involve social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been celebrated through the ages, such as Three Officials and Three Farewells. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the scars of the world and the sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent. It is a masterpiece of realistic poetry.
Du Fu among the Thirty-six Poets in Qing Dynasty
Rhyme plays an extremely important role in Du Fu's poems. The achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems lies in expanding the scope of expression of metrical poems. He not only writes about entertainment, nostalgia, travel, feasts and landscapes with Chang Song poems, but also writes about current events with Chang Song poems. It is difficult to write current affairs with metrical poems, but Du Fu can use them freely. Du Fu writes metrical poems freely, changes as much as he can, conforms to the law without seeing the shackles of metrical poems, and is in neat opposition without seeing the traces of antithesis. For example, there is such a poem in Yang Lun's Ascending the Mountain, which is called "The Seven-character Law of Du Ji": "There is a flurry in the sky, apes crow and birds crow, blue lakes and white sands, and birds crow at home. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " [19] The whole poem is also very precise and elegant in tone sentence patterns. Eight sentences are all right, so is the first sentence. Strict antithesis is concealed by the fluency of the image, and strictness becomes sparse.
The highest achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems can be said to be that this style is fluent and makes people forget that it is a metrical poem as soon as they are written. Such as "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. Wild trails and clouds are all black, and rivers and boats are bright. Look at the red and wet place, Jinguancheng flowers are heavy. " The last four sentences use flowing water to write down the charm of spring rain in one breath, unexpectedly and silently, and at the end, write down a surprise that suddenly looks back, which is rigorous and seamless.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. Du Fu's thought of paying attention to people's livelihood and his achievements in rhythmic poetry directly influenced the creation of new Yuefu by Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others in the middle Tang Dynasty. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" archaic novel, which is also a history of poetry, began to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetic art. The Song Dynasty, full of social contradictions, was the most prosperous time to learn from Du Fu, and the Jiangxi Poetry School with Du Fu as the Sect appeared. Gu and others in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties also had an obvious tendency to learn from Du Fu. They also used metrical poems to reflect the anti-Qing struggle at that time and were impassioned.
Du Fu's poems received extensive attention after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Du Gongbu Caotang Poem Annotation by Lu and Cai Mengbi, and Du Gongbu Poem Annotation by Xu, among which The Imperial Army Recovers the Banks of the Yellow River, Wang Chun and Jueju are the works. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Tang and Song Dynasties were edited by Zhonghua Book Company, 1964. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyou had Du Yi, who kept Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into "Essays on Du Fu Studies". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research. [ 1][20]
At a poetry conference in 758 AD, Du Fu, who was the best at the Seven Rhymes, actually won the penultimate place.
Read literature and history every day
Zan 836
Read 86 thousand
What made Du Fu a poet?
Hot spot theory
Such as 42 1
Read 66 thousand
Du Fu's "Five Epic Poems"
Calligraphy achievement
Du Fu's view of calligraphy creation is very mature and profound. According to the records, his calligraphy style is cursive and cursive, with overall intention, respect for the ancient and magnificent, and emphasis on speed, rhythm, brushwork, ink method and so on. He was also a very profound calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, his praise of the official calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty and his evaluation of Cao Ba and Zhang Xu were enough to make him famous in the history of calligraphy. His theory of "calligraphy is expensive but thin and hard" laid an important position for Du Fu in the history of calligraphy theory. [22][23]
The rubbings of Du Fu's calligraphy "Gong Yan's Nine Days Nanshan Poetry"
Literary features
Poetic expression
language
In terms of language, Du Fu's poems are generally regarded as "gloomy", with rich changes in language and text structure, and emphasis on wording and sentence making. The word "depressed" was first seen in the Southern Dynasties. "If you are depressed, the sun and the moon are beautiful" [24]. Later, Du Fu wrote the word "depressed and frustrated", which accurately summarized the language of his works. "As for those who are depressed and frustrated, they are always agile, while those who are heroic and beautiful are ordinary." [25]. Further research on Du Fu's poems shows that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism. At the same time, Du Fu is already absolute beauty, and he was ambitious when he was young. "Once you reach the top, you will see that other mountains are dwarfed under the sky." [26]. Later, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the national movement declined, and the official career was ruined. The great gap between ideal and reality has also caused great changes in Du Fu's poetic style, approaching realism. [26]
Du Fu
picture
The individualization of image selection in Du Fu's poems is the basis of his language. The images that often appear in Du Fu's poems, such as ancient blockhouses, autumn clouds, apes whistling, broken torches, steep gorges, defending the world, solitary boats, fallen flowers, sunset and other natural landscapes, as well as ordinary people such as weaver girls, old women, old farmers and wives, as well as powerful forces such as officials, generals and villains, all show Du Fu's urgent mood of "saving the world and helping the people" and his spearhead to confuse Gan Kun. The evaluation of Du Fu's later poems in Wu Ling's Poems Around the Stream: "Yang opens and Yin closes" says: "Only the meaning is far-reaching, and the next sentence is unknown". Wu Ling added: "When a mortal writes a poem, he only says one thing in one sentence, but he says two more. Du Fu's poems can say three, four or five things in one sentence; Ordinary people write poetry, but it is far more than dozens of miles. Du Fu's poem can be said to be a hundred miles, two armies and States, and the world is wonderful. " [28].
style
As far as style is concerned, Du Fu's poems are diverse in style. Yuan Zhen's evaluation of Du Fu is: "As for the beauty of the son, it is called frivolous and coquettish. At that time, Shen Song seized Su Li and swallowed Cao Liu, hiding his face and thanking him for his loneliness. He was beautiful and beautiful, which was unique in ancient and modern times." [29] Qin Guan also has a similar view: "So people are poor and noble, extremely luxurious, full of diluted interest, and delicate and clean, equipped with the realm of algae, which is beyond the reach of many families. However, if you don't gather the strengths of many families, Du can't be immune. " [30] For example, Du Fu also has a wild and unruly side. From his masterpiece Eight Immortals of Drinking, we can see Du Fu's heroism. The mainstream view holds that Du Fu's poems are gloomy in style, refined in language, rigorous in meter, skillful in craftsmanship, sincere in feelings, elegant in speech, profound in description, delicate and touching, and vivid in image. His writing style is "indulging in beautiful sentences for human nature, and never stopping when it is unexpected" [3 1]. As far as the narrative style and discussion style of Du Fu's poems are concerned, some scholars think that it is influenced by The Book of Songs Xiaoya, and its elegy is generous and similar to Li Sao. Some scholars believe that Du Fu's poems have the traditional spirit of benevolent government and the spirit of Sima Qian's record. There are also views that Du Fu's poems have "humanitarian spirit". Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu with Li Bai, saying, "Du Li's articles are endless" [32]. Wang Anshi praised Du Fu's poems as "ugly and beautiful, and I don't see how to carve them" [33]. Chen Shan's "New Theory on Qin Tick" Volume 7: "Old Du Fu's poems should be six classics in poetry, while others' poems are philosophers". Jiang Shiquan's Collection of Zhongyatang, the first volume, Preface to the Collection of Du Fu's Poems, is also called "Du Fu's Poet, Four Books in Poetry".
Rules and forms of classical poetry creation
In terms of meter, Du Fu's poems are characterized by refined words and neat antithesis, which conforms to the "architectural beauty" of China's poems. In addition, Du Fu also has many innovations in genre, such as his creativity in the Five-Seven Laws and his uniqueness in literary creation. [34]
content
In the content of Du Fu's poems, most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and profound implications, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his sympathy for the people and his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems, known as the history of poetry, first appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. "Du Fu's" Difficult in the Mountain, the flow of the dragon book, the poetry, pushed to the hidden place, almost nothing, so it is called the number. " In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are called poetry history. This statement only pays attention to the truth and falsehood of historical events, but ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. Some people think that Du Fu has profound historical knowledge and rigorous brushwork, which can be compared with Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty. And poetry has critics, who can "not empty beauty, not conceal evil" [36], so it is called the history of poetry. This is desirable. On the other hand, Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry because they sympathize with others and sometimes feel sad, which is also desirable to some extent. [37] But there are also people who don't give. Yang Yi is not Du Like mansion. Liu Fang's "Poems of Zhongshan" says: "Yang Danian is not a poem of Du Like's Ministry of Industry, and he is called the owner."
Do contemporary people know that Du Fu's poems are so good?
Wang Lu
Like 135
Reading 2949
Wang Lu: How casual was Du Fu's poetry writing in his later years?
Wang Lu
Zan 247
Reading 7476
Du Fu's poem of reunion after a long separation is a masterpiece of all ages, which is touching and cannot be understood until middle age.
Read literature and history every day
Zan 275
Read 26 thousand
Brother sleeping in the upper bunk, are you all right? A touching poem written by the poet to our lost youth.
Read literature and history every day
Zan 22 1
Read 33 thousand
A short poem by Du Fu, just 28 words, records the great changes in the Tang Dynasty for 40 years, and it is an epic that has been circulated for thousands of years.
Read literature and history every day
Zan 30 1
Reading 132000
Main idea
In Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, and "seeing the truth in adversity" is his consistent spirit. He used these to ask and encourage his friends. He praised Yuan Jie and said, "Daozhou is worried about Li Shu, and his words are full of enthusiasm." He said to Yanwu, "If you are on the stage, don't love yourself when you are in danger." He said to Pei Qiu, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. I have long been told to die. " It is these progressive thoughts that formed Du Fu's political enthusiasm, perseverance and optimistic spirit, which made him the most political great poet in the history of our country. Of course, this is also inseparable from his life practice of being close to the people.
Du Fu came from a bureaucratic family with a long tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials" for generations. His family gave Du Fu orthodox Confucian cultural education and the ambition to make a difference in his official career. Therefore, Du Fu said that being an official is their family's "vegetarian profession"-a profession that has been attacked for generations. His various cultural upbringing and subsequent behavior are all related to his pursuit of official career. For example, he wrote in Wei Zuocheng's Twenty-two Rhymes that "he claims to be quite out and wants to get it." This is an ambition to be an official, to realize his ideal ambition of "being a gentleman, being a gentleman, being a gentleman and being a custom", that is, to make contributions in social practical work and help the people. Before the age of thirty-five, it was Du Fu's study and strong tour period. In the heyday of Kaiyuan, Du Fu's economic situation was also good, which was the fastest growing period in his life. From the age of 20, he ended his school life and began a "strong patrol" for more than ten years. During this long-term intensive tour, Du Fu came into contact with the incomparably rich cultural heritage and magnificent rivers and mountains of our motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, and brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poems. The poem "Wang Yue" can represent. " Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky. "It shows the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation). However, due to this lifestyle, it is impossible to get close to the people and go deep into reality. Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparation period for his creation.
Fujian Chai Men
Du Fu's approach to realism began in the second period (35 to 44 years old) when he was confined in Chang 'an for ten years. This was the brewing period of the Anshi Rebellion, and the traitors Li and Yang were in power. Du Fu not only failed to realize his political ambition of "respecting the monarch and being virtuous", but also began to live a humiliating life of "raising a rich family in the morning and fattening at dusk", and even often went hungry and frozen: "Hunger is ten days, so why not hang up your clothes?" "Suffering from hunger and cold, Du Fu once thought of retiring and became Chao Fu and Xu You," sending the sun and the moon in a chic way ". Du Fu did not fear difficulties, but resolutely embarked on the road of actively joining the WTO. Life tortured Du Fu and perfected Du Fu, so that he gradually penetrated into people's lives and saw the sufferings of the people and the sins of the ruling class, thus writing realistic masterpieces such as Chedian, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage. Du Fu once wrote such a poem: "People are born in the world, and if they are strong, they will be sealed"; My husband swears at many countries. What does he sigh after he gets angry? Fame and fortune map Kirin, and the bones are rotten. " Another example is "the husband is everywhere, he can quit poverty" and so on. These poems all reflect Du Fu's ambition of saving the world and making a name for himself, but Du Fu's ideal and ambition are based on a strong sense of social responsibility and hardship. As a result of ten years' confinement, Du Fu became a poet who cared about the country and the people. This determines the direction of Du Fu's life path and creative path.
Forty-five to forty-eight years old is the third period of Du Fu's life, and catching thieves is the official period. This is the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion. The country was in peril, the people suffered great disasters, and the poet also experienced difficulties and obstacles. The Anshi Rebellion was a national contradiction, and the war at that time was a self-defense war related to the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards the war is different from before, not opposing, but actively appealing. He mourned the "40,000 rebels" who died for his country. He warned civil and military officials to "sweep the guns with all their strength." On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people; On the one hand, it still encourages people to participate in the war. Because he went deep into people's lives and put himself into practical struggle, he wrote a series of well-known patriotic works such as Sad Chen Tao, Mourning for the Head, Hope in Spring, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition, Washing the Army, Three Officials and Three Farewells.