Shi Tao is a very important figure in the history of China painting. He is not only an explorer and innovator in painting practice, but also an art theorist.
He became a monk after childhood and lived in Guangjiao Temple in Jingtingshan, Xuancheng, Anhui. He traveled around for the rest of his life, selling paintings for a living. In his early years, he studied under the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and his painting style was sparse, beautiful and clean. In his later years, his pen was vertical, his ink was dripping, and his style was changeable, especially his picture book prose. Flowers are chic, naive and refreshing; The characters are clumsy, simple and unique.
Calligraphy, poetry. Existing works include the Louvre Collection of Shi Tao's Ocean's Lohan, the Draft of Seeking Wonder Peak, Scenery and Sound, Bamboo Stone and so on. He is the author of Quotations of Paintings by Bitter Melons and Monks. There are famous sayings such as "One Painting Theory", "Looking for a Wonderful Peak to Draft" and "Pen and ink should keep pace with the times".
Shi Tao's paintings are novel in composition. Whether it's clouds in Huangshan Mountain, ink paintings in the south of the Yangtze River, cliffs, dead trees, western Western jackdaw, or flat, far-reaching and lofty scenery, he strives for novel layout and artistic conception renovation. He is especially good at using "interception method" to convey profound realm with close-ups Shi Tao also talks about momentum. His brushwork is unrestrained, dripping and free, regardless of minor flaws. His works have a bold and unrestrained momentum and win with bold and unrestrained momentum. It produced the development of China's painting in Qing Dynasty and even modern times.
The impact is extremely far-reaching. There are several masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Searching for the Qifeng, Qiu Jie in Huaiyang, Night Flooding in Huiquan, Clear Scenery, Drizzle in Songtao, Plum Bamboo, Mo Hetu and Bamboo Jushi. He wrote Quotations on Paintings by Bitter Melons and Monks, expounded his understanding of landscape painting, and put forward painting theories of "borrowing the past to open up the present", "I use my own method" and "gathering the wonderful peaks to complete the manuscript", which is of great significance in the history of painting in China.
2. Kang Youwei (1858-1927), formerly known as Zuyi, whose real name is Guangsha, whose real name is Changsu, also known as Ming Yi, Ji Geng, Xiqiao Mountain, Youcunsou and Hua Tianyou, was born in Danzaosu Village, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province, and was named Kang Nanhai.
Kang Youwei was born in a feudal bureaucratic family, and began to contact western culture in the fifth year of Guangxu (1879). In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), Kang Youwei once again went to Beijing to take the rural examination in Shuntian, and took the opportunity to write to Emperor Guangxu for the first time to ask for political reform, but he was blocked. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu (189 1), a 10,000-acre thatched cottage was established in Guangzhou and taught students here.
In the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), I learned that treaty of shimonoseki was signed, and invited more than 300 people to write about thousands of books, that is, "write on the bus".
In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the Reform Movement of 1898 began. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, he fled to Japan, claiming that he held the imperial edict, organized a royalist society, advocated enlightened autocracy and opposed the revolution. After the Revolution of 1911, as the leader of the royalist party, he opposed the harmonious system of * * * and has been planning to restore Puyi.
In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 17), Kang Youwei and Zhang Xun launched the restoration and made Puyi emperor. Soon, they failed under the crusade of the then Prime Minister Duan of Beiyang Government. Kang Youwei always declared his loyalty to the Qing Dynasty in his later years. After being expelled from the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang, Puyi personally went to Tianjin to visit the Jingyuan where Puyi lived.
He died in Qingdao in 16 (1927). As an activist in the late Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei advocated the reform movement, which reflected the direction of historical progress. But later, he and Yuan Shikai became the spiritual leaders of the Restoration Movement.
3. Tan Sitong (1865.3.10-1898.9.28), male, from Liuyang, Hunan, was a famous politician, thinker and reformer in modern China. His "Benevolence" is the first philosophical work of the Reformists, and it is also an important work in the history of China's modern thought.
In his early years, Tan Sitong advocated the establishment of the Institute of Current Affairs and the Institute of Southern Studies in his hometown of Hunan, and hosted Hunan Daily. He also advocated mining, building railways, promoting political reform and carrying out the New Deal.
1898 (in the 24th year of Guangxu), Tan Sitong took part in leading the Reform Movement of 1898, and was killed after failing. He is only 33 years old and is one of the "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement".
Tan Sitong devoted himself to the reform and political reform all his life, arguing that only by developing national industry and commerce and learning the political system of the western bourgeoisie can China become strong. Publicly put forward the ideas of abolishing the imperial examination, developing schools, opening mineral deposits, repairing railways, running factories and changing the official system. , is the most radical of the reformists.
In his early years, he carried out the New Deal in Hunan and trained a large number of reformists by using the current affairs school. Later, he took part in and led the Reform Movement of 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu), during which he assisted Emperor Guangxu to carry out the reform, rectify the bureaucracy and get rid of bad politics. Finally, with the determination of "willing to smear politics with blood", he sacrificed for reform, spread new bourgeois culture and ideas, and criticized old feudal culture and ideas.
Although the bourgeois fraternity, equality and freedom are false, he shattered feudal absolutism and feudal ethics with fraternity, equality and freedom. Under the historical conditions of old China, it has its outstanding progressiveness in the fierce anti-feudal absolutism.
4. Nalan Xingde (1 655 65438+1October19—1685 July1), a native of Yela City and Langjiashan, was originally named Nalan Chengde. The eldest son of Pearl, a university student, whose mother is Aisingiorro Che, the fifth daughter of Prince Archie of England.
Nalan Xingde has read a lot of poetry books since he was a child. He/Kloc-entered imperial academy at the age of 0/7 and was appreciated by Xu, so he was invited to drink. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, he took the senior high school entrance examination and became Gong the following year. In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), he was absent from the palace due to illness. In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he was awarded the seventh place in the palace examination and was born a scholar.
Nalan Xingde once worshipped Xu as a teacher. In two years, he presided over the compilation of a Confucian anthology, Tong Zhi Tang Shi, which won the appreciation of Emperor Kangxi and laid the foundation for future development.
Nalan Xingde died on May 30th, 24th year of Kangxi (June 65438+ July 1, 65438), at the age of thirty (a nominal age). Nalanxingde's ci wins with "truth", and the scenery is vivid and vivid. The style of his ci is "beautiful and graceful, sad and stubborn, elegant and far-reaching, unique" He is the author of Tong Tang Zhi Ji, Fang Mao Ji and Shui Shui Ci.
There are 348 poems by Nalan Xingde (342 poems in one story), involving love and friendship, frontier fortress in the south of the Yangtze River, chanting things and history, and miscellaneous feelings. He wrote about water and lotus. Although he has experienced a few poems as an author and his vision is not wide, he is charming because of his poems. Nalan Xingde is a very temperamental person.
"Nalan Ci" not only enjoyed a high reputation in the Qing Dynasty, but also occupied a dazzling position in the whole literary history of China. Looking at Nalan Xingde's ci style, it is fresh and beautiful, sad and stubborn, quite close to the late Tang Dynasty. And he himself appreciates Li Yu very much. He once said: "the words between flowers, such as ancient jade, are expensive and not applicable;" Song Ci is applicable and of low value, and Li Houzhu has its beauty at the same time, which is even more confusing. " In addition, his ci was also influenced by Hua, Yan and others.
5. Cao Xueqin (about1765438+May 28th, 2005-about1February 65438), whose real name is Zhan, real name, real name and real name is Qin Pu, is the author of China's classic Dream of Red Mansions. My ancestral home is Tieling, Liaoning and Jiangning.
Cao Xueqin experienced a luxurious and romantic life in Nanjing Jiangning Weaving Institute in his early years. Great-grandfather Cao was appointed Jiangning Weaving; Great-grandmother Sun Shi was the nanny of Emperor Kangxi. Grandfather Cao Yin was the squad leader and bodyguard of Emperor Kangxi. Later, he was appointed as Jiangning Weaving, and also served as the inspection station of Huaihe Salt Affairs, which was very popular with Kangxi.
In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), the Cao family was robbed of their property because of a deficit, and Cao Xueqin moved back to his former residence in Beijing with his family. Later, he moved to the western suburbs of Beijing and made a living by selling calligraphy and painting and helping his friends. Since then, the Cao family has been devastated and declining. After a major turning point in his life, Cao Xueqin felt that the world was cold and had a clearer and deeper understanding of feudal society.
He despised powerful people, stayed away from officialdom and lived a poor and hard life. Cao Xueqin has an open mind and a wide range of hobbies. He has studied epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardening, Chinese medicine, darning, craft and diet. With perseverance and years of hardships, he finally created a great work with great ideological and artistic quality-A Dream of Red Mansions.
In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), his youngest son died prematurely, and he fell into excessive sadness and grief and was bedridden. In the 28th year of Qianlong (1763), he died of poverty on New Year's Eve (12 February). There are other accounts about the year of Cao Xueqin's death, such as New Year's Eve in the 29th year of Qianlong (1764 February 1) and early spring in Shen Jia (1764).