Lu Xun (188 1- 1936) was born on the third day of August in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1 September 25), and was born at the east changfangkou, Huiji County, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. Formerly known as Zhou Zhang Shou,No. Yushan, later renamed, changed the word Zhang Shou,No. Yucai. At the age of 38, he began to use "Lu Xun" as his pen name. Shaoxing, Zhejiang (Zhengyang County, Henan Province), China writer, thinker and proletarian revolutionary. Lu Xun's spirit is called the soul of the Chinese nation and one of the founders of modern literature in China. Lu Xun's mother is Lu Rui and his father is Zhou Boyi. In this life, he wrote 100 novels, essays and essays.

Lu Xun was born in a declining scholar-bureaucrat family. 1898 went to Nanjing to study. He entered Jiangnan Naval Academy first, and was admitted to the Mining and Metallurgy School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi College the following year. During this period, I came into contact with the "science" and "democracy" of the western bourgeoisie. 1902 went to Japan to study and entered Hongwen College in Tokyo. 1904 went to Sendai medical college to study medicine. Later, because two things happened there had a great influence on him, he gave up medical research.

When Lu Xun was a teenager, he studied poetry and classics at home, and liked unofficial history's miscellaneous notes and folk painting art. From 65438 to 0898, he studied at Nanjing Jiangnan Naval Academy founded by Westernization School. A few months later, he was re-admitted to the Railway Mining School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School and began to contact with the new school. 1902 to study in Japan. He entered Hongwen College in April, graduated from 1904 in April, and entered Sendai Medical College in June. During this period, he began to participate in various national democratic revolutionary activities and extensively dabbled in modern western science and literature books and periodicals. The first half of the earliest translated article Soul of Sparta was published in the fifth issue of Zhejiang Tide published in June, l903 in Japan (the second half was published in the ninth issue). In the same year, the first translated science fiction novel A Journey to the Moon Boundary was published in Tokyo. 1906 gave up medicine and joined the literature, hoping to transform the national spirit with literature and art. After the failure of establishing the literary magazine "New Life", he turned to publish important papers such as Human History, Moro Poetry and Cultural Re-discussion in Henan magazine. Co-translated the first episode of foreign novels with Zhou Zuoren, published in 1909. /kloc-returned to China in the summer of 0/909 and taught in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Normal School and Shaoxing High School. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as the principal of Shaoxing Normal School. 19 1 1 year, he wrote his first novel homesickness in classical Chinese, and its ideological characteristics and artistic style are the same as those of later novels. Pushkin, a Czech scholar, thinks it is "the pioneer of modern literature in China". 19 12 in February, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he went to work in Nanjing Ministry of Education, and then moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education. 19 18 In May, the first modern vernacular novel Diary of a Madman was published in New Youth under the pseudonym of Lu Xun.

During the period from 19 18 to 1926, he successively created and published novel collections: Scream, Wandering, New Stories, Essays, Grave, Hot Wind, Flower Cover Collection, and Flower Cover Collection. Among them, The True Story of Ah Q was published in 192 1 12, and the first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman.

1in August, 926, he was wanted by Beiyang government for supporting Beijing students' patriotic movement, and served as the head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. 1927 1 month, went to Guangzhou, the revolutionary center at that time, and served as the academic director of Sun Yat-sen University. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai and began to live with his student Xu Guangping. 1929, son Zhou Haiying was born. 1930, successively participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League, resisting the dictatorship and political persecution of the Kuomintang government. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in historical novels, which were collected in Collections, Three Leisure Collections, Two Hearts Collections, Southern Dialects and Northern Areas Collections, Pseudo-Free Books, Quasi-romantic Talks and Lace Literature respectively. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings: he led and supported literary groups such as "The Unknown Society" and "Chaohua Society"; Editor-in-Chief of National Newspapers Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Rushing, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Translate foreign progressive literature and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, compile Miscellaneous Notes on Old Books in Huiji County, Gougu Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Old Novels and so on.

19361kloc-0/9 in the morning, Lu Xun died in Shanghai. Thousands of ordinary people came to see him off spontaneously, and his coffin was covered with a banner with the words "soul of china" (Shen Junru's calligraphy). Buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery. 1956, Lu Xun's body was buried in Hongkou Park, and Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the reconstructed Lu Xun's tomb.

Complete Works of Lu Xun (20 volumes) 1938 published. After the founding of New China, the translated works of Lu Xun have been compiled into Complete Works of Lu Xun (1957 edition, ten volumes), Translated Works of Lu Xun (ten volumes), Diary of Lu Xun (two volumes), Letters from Lu Xun, etc., and various ancient books edited and revised by Lu Xun have been reprinted one after another. 198 1 year, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (16 volumes) was published. In 2005, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (eighteen volumes) was published. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Guangzhou and Xiamen. Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. Novels such as Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine have been adapted into movies. Lu Xun's works have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German and Arabic. , and has a wide audience all over the world.

Mao dun

Mao Dun (1896 ~ 198 1), whose real name is Shen Dehong and Yan Bingren, is a famous modern novelist, literary critic, cultural activist and social activist, one of the pioneers of the May 4th New Culture Movement and one of the founders of China revolutionary literature and art. 1896 was born in wuzhen, Tongxiang county, Zhejiang province on July 4th. This land of plenty south of Taihu Lake is the most developed agricultural area in modern China. It is very close to modern Shanghai, and it is also a place where people gather. This has caused Mao Dun's open cultural mentality and delicate writing style to face the world bravely.

He lost his father when he was ten. The "first teachers" of many writers and politicians in China are widowed mothers, and Mao Dun was raised by her mother. After finishing the preparatory course at Peking University, he was unable to continue his studies, worked in Shanghai Commercial Press, reformed the old-fashioned novel monthly, and became the chief critic of the Literature Research Association. At this time. Participated in the Shanghai * * * production team, organized the China * * * production party, went to Guangzhou to attend the second Kuomintang Congress, and served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee. The Acting Minister of Propaganda Department is Mao Zedong. After the cooperation between the two countries broke down, he went into exile in Shanghai and Japan from Wuhan, and began to write his first trilogy Eclipse (disillusionment, vacillation and pursuit) and Rainbow, so he picked up a novelist's pen. This experience of upper-level political struggle has created his summary of the times and the whole social vision of literature, and the theme of his early works is also taken from this. He wrote the novel Midnight, the short story Lin Jiabao and the rural trilogy (spring silkworm, autumn harvest and winter remnant) during the period of the Left League. During the Anti-Japanese War, he traveled to Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Yan 'an, Chongqing, Guilin and other places, and published novels such as Corrosion, Frosty Leaves as Red as February Flowers, Exercise and Before and After Tomb-Sweeping Day. The literary and art circles celebrated his fiftieth birthday, and his reputation grew bigger and bigger. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as vice chairman of the Federation of Literary and Art Circles, minister of culture, chairman of writers' association and vice chairman of China People's Political Consultative Conference. It is difficult for him to create it at once. In the "unprecedented" sun and moon, I was criticized and pulled aside. After a little stability, I secretly wrote the sequel to Frost Leaves as Red as February Flowers and the memoir The Road I Walked. 198 1 year died.

Ba Jin

Ba Jin (1904~2005), formerly known as Li Yaotang, was a sweet man. Pen name Ba Jin. My ancestral home is Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Guangxu1October 19 (1904165438+1October 25th) was born in Zhengtongshun Street, the north gate of Fucheng, Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Modern writer, translator and publisher, one of the most influential writers since the May 4th New Culture Movement, and a master of contemporary literary circles in China. June 2005 65438+1October 65438+July died in Shanghai.

The pseudonym "Ba Jin" comes from a classmate named Ba Bowen whom he knew when he was studying in France, and the works of Kropotkin translated by Ba Jin when this classmate committed suicide. He took a word for each of these two names and became his pen name.

Ba Jin was born in a bureaucratic landlord family in Chengdu, Sichuan. My father used to be a county magistrate in Guangyuan County, Sichuan Province, and he was honest and clean. After the Revolution of 1911, he resigned and retired. 19 14 mother died. 19 17 my father died, too. I have been studying at home since I was a child. Accept the thoughts of democracy and anarchism in the May 4th Movement. At the end of Lunar New Year 1920, when his grandfather died, Ba Jin was glad that "nobody was in charge of his behavior at home". 1920 to 1923 studied English at Chengdu International Studies University (one of the predecessors of Sichuan University), participated in the work of the progressive publication "Semimonthly Talk", participated in the organization of "Equality Society" and carried out anti-feudal propaganda activities. 1922 published new poems such as "the cry of the abused" in "Current Affairs News and Literary Xunkan".

1923 went to Shanghai, and soon went to the middle school affiliated to Nanjing Southeast University to study. 1925 after graduation in summer, he often published papers and translated them to promote anarchism. 1927 He went to France and finished his first novella Death in Paris the following year. After the publication of the monthly novel 1929, it aroused strong repercussions. /kloc-returned to China in the winter of 0/928 and lived in Shanghai. In a few years, he wrote many books. His main works are Dead Day, New Life, Satin, Germination and the famous torrent trilogy Home and Spring and Autumn. 193 1, the famous novels trilogy of love and fog are serialized in the times. Among them, Home is the author's masterpiece and one of the most outstanding works in the history of modern literature in China.

From 65438 to 0934, he served as the editorial board of Literature Quarterly in Beijing. In the autumn of the same year, I traveled to Japan. He returned to China the following year and served as the editor-in-chief of Shanghai Cultural Life Publishing House, publishing "Literature Series", "Cultural Life Series" and "Minority Literature Series". 1936 and Jin Yi founded Moon Hee Monthly. In the same year, he and Lu Xun jointly published the Declaration of China Writers and Artists and the Declaration of Unity and Freedom of Speech in the Literary and Art Circles.

During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he traveled to Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin and Chongqing. He used to be the publisher and editor-in-chief of Scream Weekly (later renamed Fiberhome), and served as the director of the All-China Anti-Enemy Association of Literary and Art Circles. 1938 and 1940 published the novels Spring and Autumn respectively, and completed the torrent trilogy. From 1940 to 1945, he wrote the trilogy of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and fire. In the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, he created novellas "Resting Garden" and "The Fourth Ward". 1946 Finish the novel Cold Night. Short stories are famous for "gods" and "ghosts". After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he mainly engaged in translation, editing and publishing. Ba Jin's novel creation occupies an extremely important position in the history of modern novels in China. He also translated many works. After liberation, he wrote many beautiful essays, expressing his love for the motherland and life.

1949 attended the first national literary congress and was elected as the Standing Committee of the Federation of Literary and Art Circles. 1950 served as the vice chairman of Shanghai Federation of Literary and Art Circles. He visited the Korean front twice and compiled two essays "Living among Heroes and People Defending Peace". 1960 was elected as the vice chairman of the Chinese Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the Chinese Writers Association. During the Cultural Revolution, they were brutally persecuted. 1978, the essay Random Thoughts was serialized in Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao. At his initiative, 1985 established the China Museum of Modern Literature. His works have been translated into many languages. From 1982 to 1985, he has successively won the Italian Dante International Honor Award, the French Medal of Honor, the honorary doctor of literature of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the honorary academician of the American Academy of Literature and Art, the chairman of the Chinese Writers Association and the vice chairman of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles.

backbone

Bing Xin (1900101October 5-1February 28, 999) is a contemporary female writer and a children's literature writer. Formerly known as Xie Wanying, her pen names are Ms. Bing Xin and Man. Originally from Changle, Fujian, he was born in Fuzhou. In his childhood, he was widely exposed to China's classical novels and translations. 19 18 entered the preparatory course of Concord Women's University and actively participated in the May 4th Movement. The first novel "Two Houses" was published in 19 19. Since then, there have been "problem novels" that discuss life problems, such as I am lonely and going to the countryside. At the same time, influenced by Tagore's Birds, he wrote untitled free poems. These crystal clear, beautiful and gentle poems were later published as "Spring Water of the Stars", which was called "Spring Water". 192 1 Join the Literature Research Association. In the same year, he published a collection of essays, Laughter and Past Events. 1923 graduated from yenching university Art Department. I went to Wellesley Women's University to study English literature. During my travel and study abroad in the United States, I wrote a collection of essays for young readers, which showed the characteristics of grace, lightness, elegance, conciseness and fluency, with high artistic expression and made higher achievements than novels and poems. This unique style was once called "Ice Heart Body" by people at that time, which had a wide influence. From 65438 to 0926, Bing Xin returned to China after obtaining a master's degree in literature and taught in yenching university and Tsinghua University successively. Since then, there have been prose "South Return", novel "Fen" and "Dong Er Girl", which show more profound social connotations. During the Anti-Japanese War, he was engaged in creative and cultural salvation activities in Kunming and Chongqing. 1946 went to Japan and was a professor at Tokyo University. 195 1 returned to China, and served as the editorial board of People's Literature, director of the Chinese Writers Association and vice chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. His works include Prose after My Return, For Young Readers, We Woke up in Spring, Ode to Cherry Blossoms, Gleaning, Collected Works of Yat Sen, For Young Readers, etc. Show a colorful life. She still maintains her own unique style in art, and her short story Empty Nest won the 1980 Excellent Short Story Award. In the same year, Xiao Ju Deng, a children's literature work, won the honorary prize of the National Children's Literature Creation Award. In addition to the above works, Bing Xin also published a collection of novels Superman, a collection of female essays, a complete collection of Bing Xin, a collection of Bing Xin's works and a selection of Bing Xin's translations. Her works have been translated into many foreign languages and published.

Lao She

Lao She (1February 3, 899 ~1August 24, 966), formerly known as Shu Qingchun, was born in Xiaoyangquan Hutong (now Xiaoyangjia Hutong) in the west of Beijing on February 3, 899 to a poor Manchu family. Modern famous writers and outstanding language masters are known as "people's artists". Manchu is a native of Hongqi and Beijinger. His father, a Manchu guard, was killed in the street fighting when Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing. The pseudonym Lao She was first used in the novel Lao Zhang's Philosophy. Other pen names include She Yu, Qian Qing, Yu Qian, Feizi and Hongse.

19 13 was admitted to Beijing Normal University. 1965438+After graduation in 2008, he became the principal of Fang Jia Hutong Primary School. 1922 worked as a Chinese teacher in Nankai Middle School. In the same year, the first short story Jason Chung was published. From 65438 to 0924, he went to England and worked as a Chinese lecturer at Oriental College of London University. After teaching, I read a lot of foreign literary works and officially started my creative career. Three satirical novels describing the life of citizens, Lao Zhang's Philosophy, Zhao Ziyue and Ermayina, were published one after another. /kloc-returned to the motherland in 0/930, served as an associate professor at cheeloo university College of Literature in Jinan, and edited Qilu Monthly.

1925, Lao She's first novel, Lao Zhang's Philosophy, was published, which was based on Lao She's experience in Beijing education. The novel reveals the darkness and chaos in the field of education under the rule of Beiyang government, and shows humorous artistic style in art.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/934, he went to Qingdao Shandong University as a professor of China Literature Department. /kloc-in the summer of 0/936, I quit my teacher and specialized in literary creation. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he went to Wuhan and Chongqing to preside over the work of the All-China Anti-Japanese Federation of Literary and Art Circles, served as the executive director and general affairs team leader, and organized the publication of Anti-Japanese Literature and Art magazine. 1March, 946 He went to the United States to give lectures for one year at the invitation of the State Council. After the expiration, he stayed in the United States to write. 1949 ended and returned to Beijing. He used to be a member of the State Council Culture and Education Committee, a member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Standing Committee, a vice-chairman of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a vice-chairman of Chinese Writers Association and secretary of the Secretariat, a vice-chairman of China Folk Literature and Art Research Association, a member of Chinese Dramatists Association and China Music Association, and the chairman of Beijing Federation of Literary and Art Circles. 1966 was persecuted to death by the gang of four.

Lao She worked hard all his life and created a lot. In 1930s, he became one of the most successful writers, with novels such as Xiaopo's Birthday, Cat City, Divorce, Legend of Niu Tianci, Camel Xiangzi and short stories such as Fair. After the publication of Camel Xiangzi, it became famous in the literary world, which marked the achievement of Lao She's realistic style and reached the highest achievement of his novel creation. It is one of the best novels in the history of modern literature in China and has been translated into more than a dozen foreign languages. His works in the 1940s include the novel Cremation, Four Generations under One Family, the novella My Life, the collection of short stories Anemia and Crescent Moon, and the collection of popular literature and art. The works of China people after the founding of the People's Republic of China mainly include the novel Under the Red Flag, the long reportage There is a Name in Unknown Heights, the collection of essays and scripts. Lao She's literary creation lasted for 40 years, and his works mostly focused on the life of urbanites, with clear love and hate and a strong sense of justice. The characters are distinct and the details are true. He can master the language skillfully, and is good at accurately using Beijing dialect to express characters and describe events, so that his works have a strong local color and a strong flavor of life. Lao She won people's love with his satirical and humorous style. 195 1 year, Beijing Municipal People's Government awarded him the honorary title of "People's Artist".