Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people. The city of three miles, the country of seven miles, was invincible when attacked by the Lord of the Rings. If the husband attacks it, it will be the right time, and if it is invincible, it will be the right place. The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the army is not very profitable, and there is not much rice, so it is not as good as people and peace. Therefore, the people in the territory do not take the government boundary, the country does not take the risk of mountains and rivers, and the world does not take advantage of war. Those who gain the Tao help more, while those who lose the Tao help less. Relatives will be there when there is no help. Help more, and the world will be at peace. Take advantage of the world and attack your relatives. A gentleman wins without fighting.
University extract:
The way of university is to be moral, to be close to the people and to stop at perfection. Zhi Zhi settled, settled and settled, settled and settled, settled and settled, settled and settled, settled and settled, settled and settled, and finally got it. Things start and end, and things end. If you know the order, you will find a shortcut. If the ancient desire is obviously superior to the world, govern the country first. If you want to govern your country, you should unite your family first. If you want to keep your family together, you should trim your body first. If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first. If you want to be right, be sincere first. If you want to be sincere, let him know first. Knowledge exists in things. Everyone knows everything, everyone knows it and is sincere, sincere and upright, upright and upright, well-trained and well-groomed, well-groomed and well-governed, well-groomed and well-governed.
Excerpts from The Doctrine of the Mean:
The nature of fate; Those who are honest are the way to say it; Cultivation is teaching. If you are a Taoist, you can't leave for a moment; You can stay, but you can't. So a gentleman is wary of what he can't see, and fear is almost unheard of. Don't be invisible, don't be insignificant. Therefore, a gentleman is cautious and independent. Happiness, anger, sadness, and joy are not sent, which means that it is right. All the hair is in the middle section, called and. If you are in the middle, you will be the foundation of the world. He who is harmonious achieves the way of the world. Neutrality, the position of heaven, the education of all things.
I hope I can help you. If you are satisfied, please adopt it. If you have any questions, please contact me.
2. Confucius' information about the anger and forgetfulness of classical Chinese. When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "He was also angry and forgetful, and he was happy to forget his worries. He didn't know that he would be old."
At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it. Confucius said, "Unjust, letting wealth and fame drift by like clouds." In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality.
But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take this road, you will accomplish nothing.
Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. ""There is money to be found, and although it is beyond my reach, I can do it.
If you can't ask, just do as I say. Confucius, who never tires of learning and never tires of teaching, is famous for his eagerness to learn and shows strong interest in all kinds of knowledge. So he is versatile and knowledgeable. At that time, he was so famous that he was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "How dare I be a saint and a benevolent person?" Never tire of it, never tire of teaching. "
Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." Confucius, who was upright in nature and advocated going straight, once said, "Who will ruin my reputation for others?" If you are famous, you have to try.
Simin also, the reason why three generations go straight is also. According to Historical Records, when Confucius was in his thirties, he asked Lao Tzu to be polite. Before leaving, Laozi gave a sentence: "Smart and thorough, close to the dead, good at talking about people.
Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have himself, and a minister should not have himself. "
This is Lao Zi's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself. Confucius established a moral theory with benevolence as the core with the idea of being kind to others. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous.
"Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman is beautiful as an adult, but not evil as an adult", and "Give up who I am and do my best" are all his life principles. Editing this famous saying of Confucius, Confucius is like 1. Confucius said, "Learn from time to time, don't you just say it (say that you are happy, you can borrow words)?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? "2. Confucius said:" Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher. "
3. Confucius said, "How much do you know about your daughter? Knowing it is knowing it, not knowing it is not knowing it, but knowing it (knowing the same wisdom, using false words). " 4. Confucius said, "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you."
5. Confucius said, "If you have a threesome, you must have a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "
6. Confucius said, "Cold tells the decline of pine and cypress." 7. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."
8. Confucius said, "A little tolerance leads to great mischief." 9. Confucius said, "I study silently, but I never tire of learning, and I never tire of teaching. Why not?" 10, Confucius said: "Those who know are not as good as those who know; Good people are not as good as musicians. "
1 1, Confucius said, "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be angry. No three turns,no. "
12, Confucius said: "Clever words make color, fresh and kind." 13, Confucius said: "Dan hides it as red, and lacquer hides it as black. It is the gentleman who is more cautious about where he is. "
When editing this paragraph, the core of Confucius' ideological system and political thought is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy".
In fact, this strategy broke the traditional creed that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense.
Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any * * *, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
Education Thought Confucius first proposed "education without class", believing that everyone in the world has the right to education. In educational practice, he put forward good suggestions: teachers should be "tireless in teaching", "persuasive" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" in the process of teaching and educating people.
He believes that students should have good learning methods, such as "drawing inferences from others" and "learning new things by reviewing old ones". Learning should also be combined with thinking that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and learning that "three people must have a teacher"; Study with a correct attitude. Confucius' educational thought still has important enlightenment and educational significance.
The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, and taking literature and art as a means to change social politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment.
Confucius believes that a perfect person should cultivate his self-cultivation in three aspects: poetry, ceremony and music. Confucius' aesthetic thought has a great influence on later literary theories.
The recent development of Confucius' theory in this section refers to the neo-Confucianism produced under the condition of collision and blending of Chinese and western civilizations after modern western civilization was imported into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is the highest achievement of the development of contemporary neo-Confucianism.
Confucius Congress: It's a great pleasure to have friends coming from afar. Confucius, a cultural saint who "respects heaven and earth, runs through ancient and modern times, deletes six classics and mourns the Constitution forever"; Confucianism is a value concept and ideological system based on Confucius' theory and Confucian masters' theory of past dynasties. A few days ago, in Qufu, Shandong Province, Confucius' hometown, the first World Confucianism Conference co-sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and the people of Shandong Province was held grandly.
It is an international cultural forum and a high-standard academic event, and its convening is a major event in Confucianism. Xu Jialu, former vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), and Zhou Heping, vice minister of culture.
3. The only classical Chinese about Confucius is The Analects! Original 1. 1 Confucius said (1): "Learn (2) from time to time (3), not to mention (4)? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? People don't know (7) and don't care (8). Is it not a gentleman (9)? " Note (1): In ancient China, the title of respect for men with status and knowledge was sometimes referred to as men.
"Confucius" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius. (2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to learning the traditional cultural classics such as rites, music, poems and books of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Time habit: During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "time" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". However, Zhu interpreted "time" as "constant" in his book The Analects of Confucius.
"Xi" refers to exercises, rituals and music; Comment on poetry and books. It also means review, internship and practice.
(4) Say: the sound of yuè means joy, joy and joy. (5) Have friends: There is a book called Friends and Friends.
The old note said, "friends of the same school", that is, friends studying under the same teacher, that is, like-minded people. (6) Music: different from talking.
The old note said that joy is in the heart and joy is outside. (7) People don't know: This sentence is incomplete, and there is nothing that people don't know.
Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing is understanding.
People don't know, that is, others don't know themselves. (8) Yan: Anger, resentment.
(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in The Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person and sometimes refers to a person. This refers to Confucius' ideal person with noble personality.
Confucius said, "isn't it pleasant to review exercises often after learning?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? I'm not disgusted or angry that people don't understand me. Isn't he also a virtuous gentleman? The original 1.2 wanderer (1) said: "He is also filial to his younger brother (2), but he is easy to offend (3) and thick-skinned (4); It is not easy to make mistakes, but it is easy to make a mess, and it is not there (5). Gentleman's Business Book (6) is based on Tao (7).
Filial piety is also a person's foundation and (8)? Note (1) Youzi: a student of Confucius, whose surname is You and whose name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius and 33 years younger. The latter is more credible.
In the Analects of Confucius, the recorded Confucius students are generally called "Zi", and only Zeng Shen and You Ruo are called "Zi". So many people think that The Analects of Confucius was written by Zeng Shen and You Ruo.
(2) Filial piety: filial piety is the correct attitude of children towards their parents during the slave society; Brother, the pronunciaTion and meaning are the same as "ti", which is the correct attitude of brother to brother. Filial piety and younger brother are two basic moral norms specially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism.
The old note says: parents are filial when they do good, and brothers are brothers when they do good. (3) Attack: attack, attack, attack.
Up, refers to the person in the upper position. (4) fresh: sound Xi m: n, less meaning.
This is how the word "fresh" is used in The Analects of Confucius. (5) Nothing is also: This is the inverted sentence type of "Nothing is also".
There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it usually comes before the verb. (6) Service: service, dedication and commitment.
Ben is not at all. (7) Tao: In China's ancient thoughts, Tao has many meanings.
The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the whole moral thought system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. Simply put, it is the basic principle of governing the country and being a man.
(8) Benevolence: Benevolence is the highest category of Confucius' philosophy and a moral principle. Being the foundation of benevolence is the foundation of filial piety.
Another explanation is that the word "benevolence" in ancient times is the word "human", and the foundation of benevolence is the basis of being a man. A son said, "It is rare to be filial to parents, obedient to elder brothers, and like to offend the upper rulers." .
I don't like to offend the upper rulers, but there are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman is committed to the fundamental things, the truth of governing the country and being a man is established.
Filial piety is the essence of benevolence! "The original 1.3 Confucius said: clever words make color (1), fresh (2) benevolence. Note (1) Clever words and clever colors: Zhu Note: "Good words, good colors, good looks, we must talk about people. "
Both Joe and Ling refer to beautiful women. But this should be interpreted as pretending to be happy.
(2) Fresh: the meaning of less. Confucius said: "If you speak well and pretend to be likable, such people will have no kindness."
The original 1.4 Ceng Zi (1) said: "My three Japanese provinces ② are my body. Cheating for others (3)? Make friends without trust (4)? Can't you learn? " Note (1) Ceng Zi: Ceng Zi, born in 505 BC, is a native of the State of Lu, a descendant of the nobles of the State of Guo who were wiped out by the State of Lu.
Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.
(2) Three provinces: province, inspection xǐng inspection. There are several explanations in the three provinces: first, three inspections; The second is to check from three aspects; The third is to check many times.
In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times. (3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty.
We should do our best here. (4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere.
Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people.
(5) Pass on without learning: Pass on, and the old note says, "Master Pass on. The teacher taught himself
Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on. Ceng Zi said, "I have to reflect on myself many times every day. Do I try my best to serve others? Is it honest and trustworthy to associate with friends? Have you reviewed what the teacher taught you? " Confucius said, "Tao (1) is a thousand times the country (2). As far as respect (3) is concerned, saving money and loving others (4) makes people timely (5). "
Note (1): A book serves as a guide and a verb. This means governance.
(2) the country of a thousand riders: riding, with the sound of shèng, means car. This refers to the basic units of the ancient army.
Every time you ride in a four-horse chariot, there are 3 military personnel, 72 people beside the chariot and 25 logistics personnel, totaling 100. A thousand chariots country refers to a country with 1000 chariots, that is, a vassal state.
Wars were frequent in the Spring and Autumn Period, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of vehicles. In the era of Confucius, the country of a thousand riders was no longer a big country.
(3) Respect: The word respect is generally used in table.
4. Confucian clothing and Confucian classics: China, Zhuangzi and Lu Aigong. Ai Gong said, "There are many Confucian scholars in Lu Dao, but few gentlemen." Zhuangzi said, "Lu Shaoru." Ai Gong said, "What does it mean to praise Lu and serve Confucianism?" Zhuangzi said: "Zhou Wen-wisdom, Confucianism crowned it with a circle, knowing its weather; Follow the sentence and know the terrain; Procrastinators, things come to the fore. A gentleman has his own way and may not be convinced by it; Those who serve him may not know his way. If Gong Gu didn't think so, why didn't he call in middle school and say,' People who don't serve like this will die.' "So on the fifth day of mourning, and Lu did not dare to take Confucianism, only one woman took the road and stood on the public door. The public is called to ask about state affairs and is never poor. Zhuangzi said, "How many Confucian scholars are an ear to Lu?" From Zhuangzi Tian Zifang.
One day, Zhuangzi came to see Lu Aigong.
Ai Gong said, "There are many Confucian scholars in Lu, but few people advocate your theory of Tao."
Zhuangzi retorted: "Otherwise, there are very few Confucian scholars in Lu."
Hearing this, Aigong retorted, "How can you say that there are few Confucian scholars in Lu?"
Zhuangzi said: "I heard that Confucian scholars wearing round hats know the weather; Confucian scholars who wear square shoes are well versed in geography; Confucian scholars wearing colorful jade, the director made a decisive decision. People who really have this knowledge don't necessarily wear this kind of clothing. People who wear this kind of clothes may not know this knowledge. If you think what I said is wrong, you can order the whole country:' Those who wear Confucian clothes and are not Confucian will be sentenced to death.' Let's see how it turns out. "
Therefore, Aigong issued an order accordingly. Five days later, no one in the country dared to wear Confucian clothes. There was only one husband, dressed in Confucian clothes, standing at the gate of the courtyard.
Aigong immediately summoned him and asked about state affairs. Sure enough, he is knowledgeable and easy to handle.
Zhuangzi said: "As the hometown of Confucianism, Lu has only one Confucian scholar. Can you count? "
The theme is to look at people and things, not just the form, but also the content. Don't just be superficial, you should have real talent and practical learning.
Many people think that Confucianism and Taoism are at one level, but this is not entirely the case.
One day, Zhuangzi went to Lu and saw the mourning of Lu Guoqun. Lu was originally a country of Confucianism. Ai Gong said to Zhuangzi, "No one here believes your theory. There are Confucian scholars everywhere, and they are all talking about Confucian books."
Zhuangzi said, "Good. But in my opinion, there are not many Confucian scholars in Lu, but even fewer. "
"How can you say less?"
"There are too few worthy of the name. It stands to reason that the Confucian clothing garden is the crown of the temple, and the garden refers to the sky and the ground. You should know astronomy and geography, which is very particular. Just like your next order, you can see the real situation without real talent and learning. "
Lu Aigong really gave an order, and as a result, only one person in the country dared to take to the streets in Confucian clothes. Lu Aigong summoned him, and it was a wizard. Only then did I realize that there are too many things in the world that are not worthy of the name.
Therefore, Taoism is not a pure attack on Confucian theory, but it is similar to this situation.
5. Ask classical Chinese to introduce Confucius. Confucius is a man named Qiu. Born in 2 1 year, died in 42 years. Ge Liang, the uncle of Confucius, and Yan Zhizai, the mother of Confucius. Qiu is a Miao descendant of Yin Shang, so Qiu tastes that "Yin people are also." "Great grandfather hole stop Song Shu to lu. My father used to be a city butcher. People call it "people." "
Qiu lost his father at the age of three. The weak crown is the Commissioner and the field. In the 1930s, I took an apprentice to teach. Thirty-five years old, left Lushi Banner for the first time because of civil strife in Shandong. After the slaughter returned to the capital of Shandong, a political voice appeared. I was promoted to Sikong and even the big sheep herder. At the age of 55, he left Shandong and traveled around the world. After Wei, Cao, Song, Chen and Cai. Return to Shandong at the age of 68. People call it "the third thousand". Qiu founded Confucianism, which lasted several dynasties. His speech was The Analects of Confucius. Written in the Warring States Period. It was one of the outstanding schools in the pre-Qin period. There was a third edition in the early Han Dynasty. Beginners must read. Learn the filial piety and the Analects of Confucius first, and then the Five Classics. After the Song Dynasty, it was listed as a classic. Qiu is a thinker, educator and politician. The representative of China traditional culture. Thousands of years after his death, posthumous title was only in his teens. Lu said he was a father, Han said he was a father and Tang said he was a king. Educated youth is Feng Dacheng's first teacher to Sheng Wenxuan. People call it Confucius. The May 4th Movement of the Republic of China was named Kong Laoer. The Cultural Revolution was even worse. After recovery. Now you respect Confucius and praise Father Ni. Confucius Institutes are built all over the world.