all one's life
1865438+On May 5, 2008, Marx was born in a lawyer's family in Rheinland, Germany. His grandfather Max Levi was a Jewish jurist, and his father Herschel Karl Marx was later renamed Henrik Marx. He was born in 1782. He married a Dutch woman, Henry Price Ford, and had many children. However, from a document confirming the heir, only Karl Marx and his three daughters Sophia, Emile and Louisa survived.
1830 10, Marx entered Taylor Middle School. After graduating from high school, he entered Bonn University, then transferred to Berlin University, and completed his studies at Berlin University on 184 1. In the same year, he applied for a doctorate from the University of Jena with his thesis "The Difference between Democratic Natural Philosophy and Empirical Natural Philosophy". After graduation, he became the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung and resigned. It was during this period that I met friedrich engels.
He is knowledgeable and proficient in philosophy, history, political economy and mathematics.
1843, 19 In June, Marx married Yanni, a noble lady who had waited for him for seven years and was born in 18 14.
1844 1 month, and embarked on an exile journey with Yanni. To Paris.
1845 autumn, deported by the French government. To Brussels, Belgium.
1845 12 renounced Prussian citizenship. Later, together with Engels, he completed German Ideology. The book criticizes Hegel's idealism and Feuerbach's materialism. They systematically expounded their historical materialism for the first time, clearly put forward the historical task of the proletariat to seize power, and laid a preliminary theoretical foundation for socialism to think about science from space. Later, the declaration of the producers' party was born.
Soon after, he was persecuted by the Belgian authorities. Return to Germany with his wife.
At the beginning of 1846, Marx and Engels established the Brussels * * * Productive Communication Committee. At the beginning of 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the alliance of the just. 1in June, 847, the alliance was renamed as * * * Producer Alliance, and the platform of the alliance-* * * Producer Declaration was drafted.
1in April, 848, together with Engels, the New Rheinische Zeitung was founded in Germany.
Marx's former residence in Trier, Germany, which is now the Marx Museum, was deported to Paris. Now he is asked to leave Paris and go to London, England. In London, they spent the most difficult days of their lives. In five years, Marx and Jenny lost three of their four children. But during this period, Marx wrote his most important work-Capital.
1On September 28th, 864, Marx attended the inaugural meeting of the First International and was elected as a member of the leading committee. He drafted the Declaration on the Founding of the People's Republic of China, the Interim Constitution and other important documents for the international community.
September 1867, The First Volume of Das Kapital was published.
Reunited with Engels who moved to London. Exiled by many countries, he once called himself a "citizen of the world."
1On March 4th, 883, Marx died in his apartment in London and was buried in [[Hyde Park]].
The last two volumes of Das Kapital were published by Engels after sorting out Marx's legacy, and were published in 1885 and 1894 respectively.
Marxist philosophy
Philosophy-Emancipating the Mind
The liberation of the Germans is the liberation of people. This liberated thought is philosophy and its heart is the proletariat. "-"German Ideology "
Philosophy regards the proletariat as its material weapon. Similarly, the proletariat regards philosophy as its spiritual weapon. -"German Ideology"
Marx believes that philosophy is the liberated soul of human beings, that is, it is the spiritual weapon of the liberator (proletariat). He believes that the emergence of socialism is an inevitable trend of historical development. In order to prove its regularity, philosophy, as a liberated thought, should undertake such a task.
social development
Historical materialism.
People and animals can be distinguished according to consciousness, religion or anything else. When people start to produce their own means of subsistence, this step is determined by their own body tissues, and people themselves begin to distinguish themselves from animals. People produce their own means of subsistence, while indirectly producing their own material life itself. "-"German Ideology "
The difference between people and animals is that people can produce the means of subsistence and production, but animals can't. Once people enter productive labor, they are fundamentally different from other animals. Because we have to work, we should form production relations and other social relations in advance. People's labor productivity restricts the production mode of their activities, and what kind of production mode there is, what kind of social relations there are. The social existence formed by people's mode of production and social relations determines people's social consciousness. It can be seen that the development of society is not completely irregular.
The contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, economic base and superstructure formed on the basis of material practice with productive labor as the main form is the product of human activities, but once it is formed, it in turn becomes an objective force restricting human activities. Therefore, Marx believes that the development of society seems chaotic on the surface, but in fact it has the same internal objective trend as nature.
People's problems
The relationship between thinking and existence. The relationship between man and his thinking and the world.
Marx's explanation of man from the relationship between man and the outside world is based on practice.
People know and transform the world through their own material practice, and people themselves are transformed in this practice, gaining their own new qualities and qualities.
People change the world, and the world changes people.
Therefore, only on the basis of practice, in the relationship between man and the outside world based on practice, can man get a scientific and materialistic explanation.
This is the fundamental feature of Marxist philosophy in explaining human problems.
Marx's revolutionary theory
class struggle
So far, the history of all societies is the history of class struggle. -"* * * manufacturer's statement"
Marx believes that in human history, the use of metal tools has improved labor productivity, led to the increase of surplus production, and made it possible for human beings to realize the division of labor between brain and body. On the one hand, this division of labor has greatly promoted the development of productive forces and the progress of civilization, and made mankind walk out of the barbaric stage of primitive society and enter the civilized period. On the other hand, the division of labor between the brain and the body itself is the basis of the initial class division. Due to the emergence of division of labor and private ownership, the exploiting class members who monopolize spiritual production and the working class who undertake all manual labor are in a fundamental interest opposition relationship, and mankind has since entered the class society. The development of class society for thousands of years is nothing more than the degree of exploitation of the working people by the exploiting class and the specific ways in which the working people are attached to the exploiting class.
Marx believes that only by linking the development of productive forces with the changes in the structure of social relations determined by productive forces can we understand:
Class struggle is inevitable at a specific stage of human historical development; Class struggle itself constitutes the driving force of human history.
In Marx's class theory, it is particularly emphasized that class is an economic category first.
In the history of primitive accumulation, all the changes that promoted the formation of the bourgeoisie are epoch-making things in history; But the first factor is that a large number of people are suddenly separated from their own means of subsistence by force and thrown into the labor market as proletarians who are not protected by law. Deprivation of agricultural producers, that is, farmers' land, is the basis of the whole process. "-"das Kapital "
The emergence of modern class relations stems from the fact that workers are divorced from their own means of production. But once the class comes into being, it will be branded as the opposition of class interests in the fields of culture and religion. In this sense, class is sometimes a social category. The class relations in human society have changed from simple to complex in the early days to simplification in modern society.
Marx pointed out that compared with the previous class society, the capitalist society will increasingly simplify the opposing classes.
Our era, the bourgeois era, has a characteristic: it simplifies class opposition. The whole society is increasingly divided into two hostile camps and two directly opposite classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. "-* * * producer statement"
Political party theory
In the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, * * * producers always represent the interests of the whole movement at all stages of development. Therefore, in practice, * * * producers are the most determined and consistently promoted part of workers' political parties in various countries; Theoretically speaking, they are superior to other proletarians because they know the conditions, process and general results of proletarian movement. "-* * * producer statement"
Closely related to Marx's theory of class struggle is the theory of proletarian political party. In Marx's view, the class struggle of the proletariat must be led by the proletarian party, which is the vanguard of the proletariat. This party represents the role of organization, leadership and publicity. Without these core functions of the proletarian party, there would be no victory in the proletarian struggle.
State theory
Based on the theory of class and class struggle, Marx believes that the struggle between opposing classes in private ownership society is irreconcilable, and the ruling class needs to suppress the resistance of the oppressed class by violence. In order to maintain the balance between classes and maintain class relations within the order and scope in line with the interests of the ruling class, that is, the state. In this way, the country as the ruling tool of the ruling class came into being. If the proletariat wants to be liberated freely, it must unite, carry out violent revolution, overthrow bourgeois dictatorship, and establish proletarian dictatorship or socialist country until the advanced stage of capitalism that destroys classes and countries comes.
"The old country is a centralized state machine, which interweaves the living civil society with its ubiquitous complex military, bureaucratic, religious and judicial institutions from all directions like a python." -Karl Marx's criticism of the Gotha program
works
Manuscript of Philosophy and Economics 1844
capital
* * * Manifesto of the Productive Party
German ideology
Introduction to Engels
Engels and friedrich engels (1820 ~ 1895), one of the founders of Marxism, a close comrade-in-arms of Marx and an international proletarian leader. 1820165438+1October 28th was born in a textile factory owner's family in Bamen, Rhine, Germany. When I was a teenager, I studied at Bamen School and 1834 transferred to Belfit Science Middle School. 1837 His father insisted that he drop out of school to go into business. 1 year later, I went to work in a firm in Bremen. At that time, Germany was faced with the task of national unity and democratic revolution. Engels was attracted by the democratic political thought and contacted the young German movement. 1839 In the spring, Deutsche Telekom published a letter from Wupeihe Valley, which exposed the darkness of feudal autocracy and religious piety and poured sympathy on the working people.
Transition from Revolutionary Democracy to Capitalism 184 1 September, Engels went to Berlin for military service. He attended lectures at the University of Berlin, studied Hegel's philosophy and participated in young hegelians's activities. At the end of 184 1 and the beginning of 1842, he wrote three articles, such as Schelling and Enlightenment, attacking the philosopher F.W.J von Schelling who served the Prussian government, defending G.W.F Hegel's dialectics and young hegelians's achievements in progressive activities. In Germany, Although Engels was a democrat and an idealist in politics and world outlook at this time, he attached importance to revolutionary practice and the unity of theory and practice. In the actual struggle, he gradually realized the contradiction between Hegel's idealism philosophy and German reality, and began to change to materialism under the influence of Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity.
1842, 165438+ 10. In October, Engels worked as a clerk at Omon-Engels cotton mill in Manchester, England, and came into contact with the real industrial proletariat. He contacted the workers, participated in their rallies and struggles, and established contacts with the leaders of the Charter Movement. In order to understand the development law of capitalist society and the conditions of proletarian liberation, Engels carried out a lot of scientific research work. He analyzed the social situation in Britain, studied the works of bourgeois economists and utopian socialists, and wrote articles for Polaris, the organ of the Charter Movement, and Rheinische Zeitung, edited by Marx. 1In March, 844, the German-French Yearbook published two articles: Critical Outline of Political Economy and the Situation in Britain —— Comment on Thomas Carlyle's Past and Present, which investigated the capitalist economic system from the perspective of socialism, pointed out that all disadvantages were the result of capitalist private ownership, discussed the inevitability of socialist revolution and the elimination of private ownership, and criticized the idealistic historical view of British historian T. Carlisle. This clearly shows that Engels completed the transformation from idealism to materialism, from democracy to * * * productism.
In August of 844, Engels visited Marx who lived in Paris on his way back to Germany. They established a profound friendship and decided to fight for the establishment of a scientific socialist theory and the formulation of a scientific world outlook of the proletariat. In September of the same year, he co-authored Holy Family with Marx, criticized idealism in Hegel's philosophy, and expounded some important principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. During the period of 1845 ~ 1846, they co-authored the book "German Ideology", pointing out that the production of material means of subsistence is the foundation of social existence and development, and social existence determines social consciousness, systematically discussing the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations, exploring the forms of various ownership systems in history, and demonstrating the inevitability of capitalist demise and socialist victory. This book is the first book that systematically expounds historical materialism. 1845, Engels wrote the book "The Situation of the British Working Class" based on a large number of investigation and research materials in Britain. It was clearly pointed out for the first time that the proletariat is not only a suffering class, but its political and economic status will inevitably push it to fight for its own liberation; Socialism will become a political force only if it becomes the goal of the political struggle of the working class.
In order to combine scientific socialism with the workers' movement, Engels and Marx established the * * * Production Communication Committee in Brussels at the beginning of 1846 to establish contacts with socialist groups in various countries and publicize scientific socialism. From 65438 to 0847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the "Right Alliance", a secret organization of German workers, and actively participated in its reorganization. Engels attended the 1 th Congress of the League held in June, and expounded the basic principles of scientific socialism to the Congress, and reorganized the old League into the Producer League. He drafted two draft programs for the new alliance: the creed of productism and the principle of productism. Engels pointed out in his book Principles of * * that * * capitalism is about the liberation of the proletariat. During the Second Congress of the All-China League from June of 5438+0/KLOC-0 to February of the same year, Marx and Engels were entrusted by the Congress to draft the Party's program on the basis of the first two drafts. From 1847 to 12 ~ 1848 to 1848, the Manifesto of the * * * Productive Party co-authored by Marx and Engels publicly raised the banner of the * * * proletarian movement for the first time, which is a "comprehensive party program in theory and practice".
The bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in Europe from 65438 to 0848. Marx and Engels, entrusted by the Central Committee of the * * * Producers' Union, formulated a program of action for the German proletariat, demanding the establishment of the * * * Producers' Party in Germany. After the German March Revolution broke out, they immediately returned to China to take part in the revolutionary struggle. Engels not only helped Marx to establish the New Rheinische Zeitung, but also personally participated in several fierce battles to defend the revolutionary achievements in Nande and Abeifet, which showed his outstanding military talent and fearless revolutionary spirit. After the failure of the revolution, in June1849165438+10/0, Engels went into exile in London to meet Marx, took on the task of rebuilding the Communist Youth League Central Committee and local organizations, and began to sum up the experience and lessons of the June 1848 revolution. From 1850 to 1852, he successively wrote the German Movement to Defend the Imperial Constitution, the German Peasant War, the German Revolution and Counter-Revolution, and co-wrote with Marx the Letter from the Central Committee to the Proletarians, analyzed the reasons for the failure of the revolution, demonstrated the necessity of the workers-peasants alliance, and summarized the proletariat.
1850, Engels returned to Manchester and engaged in business activities that he hated very much, so as to help Marx economically and enable him to finish the writing of Das Kapital. After work, he also studied natural science and military science, exchanged views with Marx on various theoretical issues, and wrote a large number of military and political papers. Engels was very concerned about the development of the workers' movement in Europe and America. In the early stage of the First International, although he could not directly participate in activities, he still discussed major international issues with Marx through letters. He was very concerned about the liberation struggle of the oppressed people and wrote many articles about Poland. In Persia and China, Russia's Success in the Far East and other articles, he exposed the aggression of tsarist Russia and Britain against China, and predicted that the future would see "the dawn of a new era in Asia as a whole". 1In September, 870, Engels moved from Manchester to London. In June 5438+10, he was elected as a member of the first international general Committee. In the later international period, he published masterpieces such as On Authority, summed up the experience of the Paris Commune Revolution, and criticized the anarchism of the bakunin School.
In the early 1970s, Marx and Engels paid special attention to the growth of the German Social Democratic Party. 1875 when the Eisenacher school merged with the Lasalle school, Engels and Marx criticized the unprincipled compromise of the leaders of the Eisenacher school and Lasalle's viewpoint in the Gotha program. After the merger of the two factions, Durringism endangered the theoretical basis of the German Party. From 1877 to 1878, Engels wrote Anti-Turin Theory, which profoundly criticized ек Turin's idealistic transcendentalism philosophy, vulgar political economy and pseudo-socialism, systematically demonstrated the principles of Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism for the first time, and was called the encyclopedia of Marxism. 1880, the most important part of the theory of anti-Turin was adapted into a booklet "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science", which was widely spread among workers in France and other countries and was called "Introduction to Scientific Socialism" by Marx.
Engels attached importance to summing up the new achievements of natural science, criticized the reactionary philosophical trend of thought in the field of natural science, and studied the formation and development of dialectical materialist view of nature. I started to study dialectics of nature from 1873, and wrote many notes and fragments. Among them, the article "The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man" scientifically solved the problem of human origin. These manuscripts were published in Dialectics of Nature after Engels died.
Adhere to and develop Marxism1883 Marx died in March, and Engels undertook the work of sorting out and publishing Marx's documents. The second and third volumes of Das Kapital were published in 1885 and 1894 respectively, which completed Marx's unfinished business and made great contributions to upholding and developing Marxism. 1884, Engels published the book "The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State", which discussed the process of the emergence, development and decline of primitive society, revealed the origin and essence of class opposition formed on the basis of private ownership and the state as a tool of class rule, pointed out the inevitability of the demise of private ownership, class and state and the victory of socialism, and criticized bourgeois scholars, Rastans and anarchists on ethnic issues. 1886 published the book "ludwig feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy", which systematically criticized Hegel's idealism and L.A. Feuerbach's materialism limitations and historical idealism, and brilliantly discussed the basic problems of philosophy and the basic principles of historical materialism. From 65438 to 0890, in a series of famous correspondence about historical materialism, he refuted the views of bourgeois scholars such as E.E.P Barthes and opportunists such as the "youth faction" in the German party. On the basis of comprehensively discussing the dialectical relationship between economic base and superstructure, he emphasized the positive role of superstructure, further expounded the principle of relative independence of thought, and enriched and developed the historical materialism.
Engels engaged in theoretical work, but also shouldered the important task of guiding the international capitalist movement. 1889 In July, under his direct leadership and care, the socialist political parties of various countries established the Second International, which further United and developed the international proletarian revolutionary forces and made the socialist movement develop extensively. He helped and guided the socialist political parties in Germany, France, Britain and other countries in their struggle against opportunism. He has successively written Britain in 1845 ~ 1885, the preface to the second edition of On Housing, An Introduction to the French Civil War, Criticism on the Draft Program of the Social Democratic Party in189/kloc-0, and The Situation of the Working Class in Britain. This paper expounds the program and steps of guiding farmers to carry out agricultural cooperation after the proletariat gains political power, and emphasizes that small farmers should not be deprived by violence, but should be gradually guided to the production and possession of cooperatives through demonstration. This is an important work of Marxism on farmers' issues. 1895 March, he wrote the introduction of the new edition of Marx's French Class Struggle from 1848 to 1850, and analyzed and summarized the changes in the conditions and methods of proletarian struggle since 1848. 1895 died in London on August 5th. The urn was buried in the sea near the cliff in Eastburn, England by his close comrade-in-arms F. Lesner and others according to his will.