1848165438+1On October 27th, the western boundary of the British Concession advanced to the present Tibet Road. In the same year, local officials in Shanghai allowed American Anglican missionaries to open American concession in Hongkou.
1On September 7th, 853, Xiaodao Club occupied the county seat of Shanghai, and the China government lost control of the concession. On July 1854 and 1 1 day, the British and French Concessions in Shanghai jointly established the independent municipal organization "Shanghai Industrial Bureau", established the police force, and formally established the first real concession-a country within a country. 1940, due to the outbreak of the European war, the British troops stationed in Shanghai retreated.
19411On February 8, the Pacific War broke out and the Japanese army entered the central and western regions of the concession.
1943 65438+ 10, the United States and Britain assessed the situation, abolished the unequal treaty signed with the Qing government in history, revised the new treaty with the Chongqing National Government, which was the wartime capital, and abandoned the extraterritorial jurisdiction and all concessions in China. At this point, the Shanghai Concession, which existed legally for a hundred years, came to an end.
1August, 943, Wang puppet regime symbolically "accepted" the Shanghai Concession from Japan. In the early days of the concession, the policy of separation between China and foreign countries was implemented, and comprador (mainly from Ningbo and Guangdong) serving foreign firms were not allowed to live in the concession. There are only about 500 local farmers in the concession.
1On September 7, 853, the Knife Society captured the county seat of Shanghai, and 20,000 local Chinese fled into the concession. 1860, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attacked Suzhou, and another 500,000-700,000 refugees flooded into the Shanghai Concession. Foreign businessmen took the opportunity to build large Shikumen houses for rent for profit. From then on, a mixed pattern of Chinese and foreign cultures was formed.
After the war, refugees returned home one after another, and the population of the concession declined. However, with the rapid prosperity of industry and commerce in the concession and the expansion of the concession, a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong residents and overseas Chinese entered the Shanghai concession, or started businesses or made a living. In particular, successive wars have caused a sharp increase in the population of the concession. By 1932, there were 1 040,780 China residents in the Shanghai Concession.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the central and western regions of Shanghai Concession became isolated islands, and 400,000 refugees poured into them. Stimulate the unprecedented prosperity of real estate, commerce, finance and service industries in the concession. However, the population density is too high, the housing problem of most people cannot be solved, and the living conditions tend to deteriorate.
After 1928, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology added three or four seats to East China. 1843, there were 26 British businessmen and missionaries in Shanghai, who were the first foreigners to come to Shanghai. Among the British expatriates, most of them are businessmen engaged in large-scale import and export trade, and there are also many aristocratic families who have established industrial bases overseas. Among the foreign businessmen in Shanghai, British businessmen are dominant. 1865, the number of British expatriates living in the Shanghai Concession reached 1372, accounting for 60% of the total number of expatriates in various countries.
After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, the real estate industry in Shanghai cooled down, and the number of overseas Chinese in Britain also dropped to 894 1870. It soon recovered gradually, 1935, and the number of British expatriates living in the Shanghai Concession reached 622 1.
Among the members of the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, British directors have always occupied the majority and occupied a dominant position. In Shanghai, the economic strength of American expatriates is second only to that of Britain. After World War I, their status rose again. 1935, more than 2,000 Americans lived in foreign concessions in Shanghai, and another 1600 people lived in French concessions.
Missionaries account for a certain number of American expatriates. They set up churches, hospitals and schools inside and outside the concession, including several universities: St. John's University, Hujiang University and Soochow University Law School.
In the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry, the power of the United States is second only to that of Britain. During the1920s, Fei Xintong served as the general director of the Ministry of Industry.
The living standard of American expatriates is the highest among foreigners. Before World War I, the economic strength of Germans in Shanghai was second only to that of Britain and the United States, especially in medicine and printing and dyeing industries. Since 1873, 1 seat has been reserved for Germans in the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry. By 19 15, there were about 1 155 German overseas Chinese in the concession.
After the war, the number of German expatriates in the public concession dropped sharply to 280 in 1920, and only 9 in the French concession. Then it gradually picked up. 187 1 After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, Japanese people entered Shanghai one after another. Most Japanese who came to Shanghai in the early days gathered in Wusong Road and Wuchang Road in Hongkou to run small businesses such as photo studios or run brothels to make a living. 19 15 years, there were 7 169 Japanese overseas Chinese in the concession, ranking first among overseas Chinese.
After World War I, Japanese textile industry invested heavily in Shanghai. 1923, the regular air route from Shanghai to Nagasaki was opened, and the number of Japanese nationals in the concession was increasing. 1935 exceeded 20,000, more than half of foreigners. They still mainly live in Wusong Road, Hongkou, Beichuan Road (northern section) and Siwei Road, which are cross-border roads in the northern region.
After 19 15, one or two seats will be reserved for Japanese directors in the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
The eastern and northern parts of the concession were divided into Japanese defense zones many times in previous wars. In the two campaigns of 1932 and 1937, the Japanese army used this area as a base for attacking China. In fact, the concession was divided into two parts, and the area north of Suzhou River became the sphere of influence controlled by the Japanese army. Known as "Shanghai Japanese Concession". /kloc-in the 9th century, a few wealthy Jewish businessmen living in Baghdad established themselves in India and later came to Shanghai for development. They usually acquire British citizenship. These include the Sassoon family and the Kadoorie family. Of course, there are also nouveau riche like Harbin who come to Shanghai to get rich. This part of the Jews engaged in large-scale trade, also occupies an important position in the real estate industry, and is a giant in Shanghai.
After the Russian revolution, a large number of Russian Jews began to move to Shanghai via Harbin. About 1 000 people control the fur trade, and some professionals are engaged in medical treatment, construction, law, music and other industries. Mainly living near Moses Hall, Huade Road, Tilanqiao, Hongkou.
From 65438 to 0938, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and Poland fled Nazi persecution and came to Shanghai, which is the only place in the world where they can enter without passports. They also live in Tilanqiao area.
1February 8, 943, the Japanese army moved 14245 Jews into the Hongkou isolation zone. They worked hard and opened 307 stores in the isolated area called "Little Vienna". Shanghai Concession Industry Bureau is the administrative organ of Shanghai Concession, similar to the government in the Concession, with police. But the judiciary also has an independent "mixed court", that is, the court.
The Ministry of Industry is mainly controlled by Britain. The United States is also partly involved in the management of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. During the1920s, Fei Xintong served as the general director of the Ministry of Industry. Since 1873, 1 seat has been reserved for Germans in the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry. After World War I, this position was given to Japan. After 1928, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology added three or four seats to East China.
The administrative system of Shanghai Foreign Concession is completely different from that of Shanghai French Concession, which is a part of the French colonial empire and controlled by the French governor in Zhina, while Shanghai Foreign Concession is a local self-government of local foreigners, not directly controlled and managed by any foreign consul or even British consul, and it is a highly autonomous self-government The patrol house in Shanghai Concession was established in August, 1854, and there are *** 14 patrol houses in each district:
Central district:
1. Central Capture House (1854 ~ 1943): Fuzhou Road (west of Jiangxi Road).
2. Old gatehouse (1860 ~ 1943): Nanjing Road and Liuhe Road. 1925 At 3: 37 p.m. on May 30, a foreign policeman guarding the arrest room at the old gate opened fire on the peaceful petition procession, killing four people and injuring nine others, thus creating the May 30 tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries.
West:
3. Jing 'an Temple Capture Room (1884 ~ 1943) Yuyuan Road.
4. Xinzha Road Snapshot House (1899 ~ 1943).
5. Gao Dun Road Catching House (1909 ~ 1943) Intersection of Gao Dun Road and Kangnaotuo Road.
6. Chengdu Road Detention Center (1933 ~ 1943).
7. Putuo Road Snapshot House (1929 ~ 1943): Gordon Road.
North district:
8. Hongkou Snapshot House (186 1 ~ 1943) Minhang Road.
9. Huisi Capture House (1898 ~ 1943): Haining Road.
Eastern district:
10. Gelan Road Kuaikuai House (189 1 ~ 1943) Intersection of Gelan Road and Pingliang Road.
1 1. Huishan Capture House on Maohai Road (1903 ~ 1943).
12. Jiaxing Road Capture House (1907 ~ 1943), Dunn Road, mainly for Japanese expatriates.
13. Yulin Road Snapshot House (1925 ~ 1943) is located on Yulin Road between Huasheng Road and Qiwupu Road.
Cross-border road construction in North District:
14. Disway Hunting Park (19 12 ~ 1943): The jurisdiction covers the following roads: Sichuan North Road Extension, Jiangwan Road (from Sichuan North Road to Sports Club Road, including shooting range, Hongkou Park and swimming pool), Disway Road and Doule 'an Road.