Long-acting contraceptives. Contains synthetic progesterone and long-acting estrogen. After the drug enters the human body, it will be stored in adipose tissue, and then released slowly, inhibiting ovulation and playing a long-term contraceptive role. It is suitable for women who can't place intrauterine devices and are unwilling to use other contraceptive methods. There are mainly compound long-acting levonorgestrel oral tablets. Generally, after menstrual cramps, take 1 tablet on the fifth day and 1 tablet after 20 days. Not as effective as short-acting contraceptives. After taking it, some women will have increased leucorrhea, menstrual disorder, early pregnancy-like reaction, and sometimes bleeding, which is difficult to control. Very few people will have allergic reactions.

Short-acting contraceptives. The main components are progesterone and estrogen. It has the effects of inhibiting ovulation, preventing normal growth of endometrium, changing the properties of cervical mucus and changing the normal peristalsis of fallopian tubes. Suitable for women without basic diseases or diabetes.

There are mainly three-phase contraceptive tablets, compound norethindrone tablets (oral contraceptive 1No.), compound progesterone acetate tablets (oral contraceptive No.2), and contraceptive No.0. The imported drugs are Marvelon and Mindpair. Take three-phase contraceptive tablets on the third day after menstruation, and take 1 tablet every night for 2 1 day. Oral contraceptive tablets 1, 2, 0, taken every night from the fifth day after menstruation, for 22 days; Starting from the first day after menstrual cramps, mafulong and mindingdui were taken 1 tablet daily, for a total of 2 1 day. A few people have early pregnancy reactions such as nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding after taking the medicine.

Emergency contraception. The main component is progesterone. The principle of action of drugs is basically the same as that of short-acting contraceptives. Suitable for women under 40. There are mainly Yuting, Nuoshuang, Baoshiting and Mifepristone Tablets. Generally, the first tablet is taken orally 72 hours after sexual intercourse, and 1 tablet is taken orally after 2 hours. The sooner you take it, the better the effect. The side effects are obvious, such as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fatigue, breast swelling, bleeding, delayed menstruation and so on. Taking emergency contraception is only a remedial measure, not a conventional contraceptive method, and can only be used occasionally. This is because of its large dose and side effects. Generally speaking, experts believe that contraceptives should be taken at most once a month, and it is best not to exceed three times a year.

Ten kinds of women who are forbidden to take birth control pills

Generally speaking, all healthy married women of childbearing age can use contraceptives, but women in the following situations should not use oral contraceptives:

1, women with acute or chronic hepatitis and nephritis should not take it. Because the contraceptives that enter the body are metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, if used by women with acute and chronic hepatitis and nephritis, it will increase the burden on the liver and kidney.

2. People with heart disease or poor heart function can't use it. Estrogen in birth control pills can make water, sodium and other substances in the body stay, which will increase the burden on the heart.

3. Women with hypertension should not use it. A few women's blood pressure will rise after taking medicine.

4. People with diabetes and family history of diabetes should not use it. Because taking birth control pills may slightly increase blood sugar and turn recessive diabetes into dominant diabetes, which will have adverse effects on female diabetic patients.

5, women with hyperthyroidism, it is best not to use contraceptives before they are cured.

6. Patients with breast benign tumors, uterine fibroids and various malignant tumors should not use them to avoid adverse effects on tumors.

7, the past or present suffering from vascular embolism diseases (such as cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction, vasculitis, etc.). ) can't be used. Estrogen in birth control pills may increase blood coagulation and aggravate cardiovascular disease.

8. Women with chronic headache, especially migraine and vascular headache, should not use it, otherwise it will aggravate the symptoms.

9. In the past, it was best not to have too little menstruation. Long-term use of contraceptives will shrink the endometrium and reduce menstrual flow.

10, not suitable for lactating women. Contraceptive pills can reduce milk secretion and quality, and can also enter milk, which has adverse effects on lactating children and is not suitable for lactating women.

Attention problem

1, you must form a good habit of taking all kinds of contraceptives accurately, on time and in quantity, and the taking time cannot be changed or extended at will. Don't miss it or be late. If it is found missing, take it the next day, otherwise it will easily lead to irregular bleeding or contraceptive failure.

2. Contraceptive pills should be properly kept to prevent children from taking them by mistake. If the tablets are wet, melted or the sugar coating is worn or crushed, do not take them, so as not to affect the contraceptive effect or cause vaginal bleeding.

3. Long-term contraception should be taken under the guidance of a doctor. The duration of short-acting drugs is usually 6-7 years, and long-acting drugs are 3-4 years. Contraceptive pills for visiting relatives should not be used more than twice a year. Can be used alternately with other contraceptive measures.

4. People with acute or chronic hepatitis, nephritis, tumor, diabetes, thrombotic diseases, heart disease and severe hypertension should not take it.

5. Women who are breastfeeding or over 45 years old should not take it within half a year after delivery.

6. Pregnancy should be terminated during medication. It is required to stop taking drugs for half a year before pregnancy to prevent birth malformation.

oral contraceptive

Oral contraceptives have been available for more than 40 years this year. As a long-term medication for healthy young women, it is one of the most widely, thoroughly and safely studied drugs for human beings. For most women, this is a very reliable reversible contraceptive method. As long as it is taken correctly, its reliability can reach above 99%, which is comparable to sterilization.

At present, more than 65438+ billion women in the world are taking oral contraceptives, and most of the users in developed countries are 18-30 years old. Oral contraceptives are one of the most widely used contraceptive methods in western developed countries, with a utilization rate as high as 30%-50%. Among German women aged 20-49, 88.9% have used oral contraceptives on average. In Sweden, 90% of women have used oral contraceptives in their lifetime, and one third of women aged 15-44 are taking oral contraceptives. The utilization rate of oral contraceptives in China is less than 3%.

For most healthy women, the advantages of oral contraceptives far outweigh the disadvantages. However, this does not mean that it is suitable for every woman. Before choosing contraceptives, you should make sure that you have no contraindications to oral contraceptives, such as pregnancy, unexplained vaginal bleeding, liver disease, thrombosis or history of thrombosis, hormone-dependent tumors, etc. Women with symptoms such as cardiovascular disease are also not suitable for taking oral contraceptives.

Oral contraceptives are the most reliable for long-term use, at least for several months or years. Even if you may not have sex for a while, you'd better continue to use Marvelon. Because your body needs time to get used to oral contraceptives. And if you insist on taking it and establish your own medication rules, the risk of unintended pregnancy is very, very low.

It's very important that you don't lend your birth control pills to others, including your friends. Because different brands of contraceptives contain different ingredients. If you suddenly start taking an unused brand, you may feel a little uncomfortable because your body needs to adjust itself to another new hormone level.

If you need surgery or stay in bed for a long time, you need to stop taking oral contraceptives one month before surgery (major surgery or rest). Some operations may increase the risk of thrombosis if they need to lie still for a long time.

Most people will have no problem taking birth control pills, but a few people may have some side effects because of their physical relationship. However, it doesn't matter, they will be safe with a little treatment.

Early pregnancy-like reactions: nausea, vomiting, picky eaters, etc. It occurs after oral contraceptives, which is caused by estrogen in contraceptives stimulating gastric mucosa. This is a temporary phenomenon. When the gastric mucosa adapts to this stimulus, it will become a habit. People with strong reaction need to take some drugs to control this reaction, such as vitamin B6 and anisodamine, or eat some foods rich in vitamin B6, such as lean meat, liver and egg yolk, which can shorten this uncomfortable process.

Menstrual disorder: after taking contraceptives (especially short-acting contraceptives), individual people may have menstrual disorder, and those who are light do not need treatment. Generally, those who have been menopausal for more than two months should switch to other contraceptive measures. At the same time, they should take 50 mg of chlorpheniramine every day for 5 days, then take it for 5 days in the next month, and then take it for 3 months to get better.

Bleeding: Uterine bleeding may occur after missing birth control pills for some reason. If it happens in the first half of menstrual cycle, you can take ethinylestradiol 0.05 ~ 0. 15 mg until you finish taking 22 tablets; If it happens in the second half of the menstrual cycle, you can take 0.5 ~ 1 capsule every night until you finish taking 22 capsules. It is best to eat some iron-rich foods such as animal liver and blood.

Pregnancy spots: Some women will have pregnancy spots after taking birth control pills. In fact, this stain is not unique to pregnancy, and it will also appear when the growth rate of estrogen and progesterone levels in the body is high. For this stain, as long as the contraceptive is stopped, it will gradually fade away. If you can add some fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C to your diet, such as vegetables, Chinese cabbage, celery, tomatoes, oranges, oranges and so on. The stain will disappear faster.

external contraceptives

Most of them have strong spermicidal effect and are generally made into gels, tablets or suppositories. And put it into the vagina to play a spermicidal role. Such as mercuric phenylacetate, mercuric phenylnitrate, phenyl alcohol ether, etc. The contraceptive effect is not ideal when used alone, but it can be improved when used at the same time.

Before using vaginal contraceptives, you should clean the vulva, then wash your hands, and use your index finger to penetrate the membrane into the vagina until you reach the posterior fornix. 10 minutes later, the drug film is completely dissolved and sexual intercourse can be achieved. If there is no sexual intercourse within 30 minutes after placing the medicated membrane, 1 medicated membrane should be placed again to improve the contraceptive effect. If you have sex again after an interval of 1 hour, you should put 1 piece of spermicide again, otherwise it is easy to get pregnant.

If you find that the film is hard (which is easy to happen in cold weather), you can reuse it by heating it with your palm a little. Generally, the film can be preserved for two years under moisture-proof conditions, and can be used as long as it does not expire.

A few women are allergic to external contraceptive membranes. If there are some adverse reactions such as pruritus, burning, redness and swelling of vulva, stop using it.

Contraceptive drugs

Animal experiments have proved that gossypol acetate, a male contraceptive, can destroy sperm, sperm cells and spermatocytes in seminiferous tubules of testis, inhibit spermatogenesis and make semen lack of sperm. After short-term administration and drug withdrawal, the fertility of animals can be restored. The clinical trial results show that the effective rate of this product is over 99%. However, about 1% of drug addicts have hypokalemic myasthenia during taking the drug, so it cannot be popularized.

Male contraceptives are safer and more effective.

Male contraceptives will be 100% effective and bring fewer side effects to users. Anderson, a researcher on human reproduction at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, said: "We have conducted a series of tests and found that male contraceptives do not have many side effects like female contraceptives. The side effects of female contraceptives include mood swings, blood clots, dizziness, nausea and headache. The side effects of male contraceptives should be few, which will only lead to a slight increase in the weight of consumers at most. "

Some experts pointed out that another advantage of male contraceptives is that male contraceptives are not as difficult to recover as vasectomy, because men can recover their reproductive ability as long as they stop taking contraceptives 16 weeks.

Chinese scientists have made great efforts to tackle the problem and found that male testosterone heptanoate injection, supplemented by incubation, has a good contraceptive effect. This contraceptive method is especially suitable for Asian men. Testosterone heptanoate is an ideal contraceptive for men. Testosterone heptanoate is a kind of hormone ester, which can inhibit pituitary gland and promote gonad release, thus reducing endogenous testosterone secreted by leydig cells of testis and finally achieving the purpose of blocking spermatogenesis. Clinical trials also show that the effect of testosterone heptanoate contraceptive on Asian men is significantly higher than that of western whites. In this study, although there is no racial difference in the rate of sperm reduction, Asians are more sensitive to hormone-induced sperm production inhibition than whites. More than 95% of Asians can achieve azoospermia, while only 40% to 70% of whites become azoospermia.

Male contraceptives can work in the following different ways:

(1) Long-term and large-scale use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone can reduce the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and inhibit spermatogenesis.

(2) Blocking the effect of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone with corresponding antibodies. However, because both hormones contain the same A subunit and are the same as the A subunit of thyrotropin, when the function of antibody can not specifically antagonize this hormone, it may cause unnecessary side effects.

(3) Autohormones, such as testosterone alone or in combination with progesterone, inhibit pituitary gonadotropin secretion and spermatogenesis through negative feedback. Regular injection of testosterone heptanoate can achieve antifertility effect, which can be recovered after withdrawal. It is a promising male contraceptive.

All the above drugs interfere with spermatogenesis by inhibiting hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. Drugs are expensive and inconvenient to use, and at the same time inhibit the function of leydig cells in testis, leading to the decrease of testosterone level, libido or sexual dysfunction, which needs further study. Although testosterone can also inhibit the function of interstitial cells, its substitution does not affect sexual function, so it has a good application prospect.

(4) Gossypol, a drug that selectively inhibits seminiferous epithelium, was first discovered by China scholars, and a lot of research and clinical trials have been conducted in China. This research has attracted international attention. It is a kind of male contraceptive pill, which is cheap and easy to use, but it also has some side effects.

Misunderstanding of contraceptives

Myth 1: Make you fat.

Studies have shown that women are equally likely to gain weight and lose weight during medication. Even signs of obesity usually only appear in the first month after taking the medicine, that is, when the body adapts to the medicine. If you are still fat after a month, you may need to change a contraceptive, which is a hormonal medicine.

Myth 2: If you don't stop taking medicine for a week, it will be harmful to your health.

Strange to say, but this abstinence week is really dispensable. Early birth control pills were designed to imitate the menstrual cycle, because manufacturers all thought that female friends still wanted a 28-day cycle during taking the pills. In other words, you can take the medicine with confidence, and there will be no "massive bleeding" once a month, but remember to go to the general practitioner for examination frequently.

Myth 3: Contraceptive pills have many side effects, such as nausea and headache.

Some birth control pills have side effects (but, you know, three-point poison), but most women don't have such a reaction. If you feel uneasy about this, please see a doctor and try to change a hormone medicine.

Myth 4: Taking a double dose will double the effect.

Doubling your medicine won't give you double protection. However, if you forget to take medicine (47% of women do), you can make it up within 12 hours. Over 12 hours, checked by GP. If the drug is used properly, the effective rate is 99%.

How to choose birth control pills

(1) If the husband and wife are together and live a regular life, they can take short-acting oral contraceptives, such as 1 and No.2 oral contraceptives; Take one tablet every day from the fifth day of menstruation for 22 days.

(2) When the husband and wife are together, their lives are irregular and they can't insist on taking it orally every day. You can choose a long-acting oral contraceptive, such as compound 18 norethindrone, once on the fifth day of menstruation, twice every 20 days, and once a month thereafter, one tablet at a time.

(3) The husband and wife are separated. You can take birth control pills when visiting relatives, such as visiting relatives tablets 1. Take one tablet 8 hours before sexual intercourse, then take 1 tablet every night until the end of visiting relatives and take it again the next morning. Not suitable for long-term use.

(4) If other contraceptive methods are found to be ineffective, or the victim is raped, the morning-after contraceptive, such as diethylstilbestrol 50 mg, can be taken within 24 hours for 5 consecutive days.

(5) Women who suffer from gastrointestinal discomfort caused by oral contraceptives can choose contraceptive needles.