Park chung-hee was the 3rd, 5th-9th president of South Korea, and park chung-hee overthrew the Zhang Mian regime through a coup on 196 1May, 16, and cultivated the secret service, and adopted the Resurrection Constitution, which stipulated the life tenure of the president. Ruled 18 years. But it was park chung-hee who led South Korea to realize industrialization and economic take-off. He was assassinated in 1979. His daughter, park geun-hye, was successfully elected President of South Korea in 20 12, and was also the first female president of South Korea.
Chinese name
Park Chung-hee
Foreign name
Park Chung-hee
Another name
Center (number)
nation
South Korea
nation
Korean nationality
birthplace
Kamei, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
date of birth
1917165438+10/4
date of death
1979 10 October 26th
occupation
The third president of South Korea
graduated institutions
Tokyo Japanese Army NCO School
Major achievements
Launch the "516" military coup.
Promote the national highway construction of Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway.
Vigorously carry out the new village movement and reform the countryside
Directly contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan.
Vigorously eliminate unhealthy practices during his term of office.
representative works
The road of our country, North Korea and North Korea.
Previous name
Okamoto Shinji and Takagi Masao
Furen
Young-soo Yuk
daughter
park geun-hye
blood type
Ruling performance
politics
New village movement
At the beginning of the reform era, park chung-hee led the "New Village Movement" nationwide. This is a big change, from thatched cottages in rural areas and fishing villages to brick houses. At the same time, the successful completion of the fifth-stage economic development plan solved the absolute poverty problem of Korean nationals at that time to some extent. However, the deepening of relative poverty, the side effects of long-term governance and the anti-reform and democratization movement have greatly weakened park chung-hee's ruling foundation. In order to maintain its ruling position, park chung-hee suppressed the demands of democratization more forcefully. The government took emergency measures and many people were arrested. Since then, the democratization movement centered on politicians, intellectuals, students and religious figures and the movement centered on workers and peasants neglected in the process of economic development have intensified.
Fight corruption
Park chung-hee came to power in the name of anti-corruption. He leads a simple life. Soon after he took office, the government was short of rice.
1973, park chung-hee, then President of the Republic of Korea.
Calling on the people to eat wheat, he must eat pasta every day. In our daily life, except for ties that were difficult to produce in China at that time (domestic ties were loosely tied), pens and electric razors, others were made in China. During the 17 years of his rule, he vigorously led economic construction and never forgot to crack down on corruption. 1965 The number of officials punished for corruption reached 5 163, and there were 4,000 in the first half of 1969 alone. Considering the population of Korea at that time, this is not a small number. In the early 1970s, officials and their families were punished for living in luxury and owning luxurious houses, and the boss who made mistakes and the person in charge of inspection were also jointly punished. 1977 1 Implement the Record Book of Rewards and Punishment of Ordinary Government, and record it once a month. Officials who have been "brushed" are not allowed to work in new units, nor are they allowed to work in enterprises that once colluded with others, otherwise both sides will be punished. This year, he also announced 12 kinds of objects to be eliminated, including asking for gifts, protecting enterprises with strong operability, being lazy, making things difficult for the masses, going through the back door when promoting, owning luxury houses, having huge amounts of property with unknown sources, having mistresses, and being incapable. But even so, his anti-corruption is still problematic, mainly in three aspects: First, the issue of political contributions. It is said that his political donations are "never asked by himself" and handed over to party leaders and government officials; Second, there are too many corruption phenomena, especially scandals within the army and the government, which are generally handled in secret; Third, he always tolerates corruption that he thinks may affect economic development, or the object that he thinks is inconvenient to attack at the moment. For example 1974, the vice president of Korean Air was arrested for violating foreign exchange control. The problem is that he gave 654.38 million dollars to South Korean officials or members of the ruling party who traveled abroad. Due to the strict foreign exchange management system in Korea at that time, he asked two senior executives to bring 654.38 million+US dollars from abroad to make up for the deficit of domestic foreign exchange storage. As a result, they were arrested while passing through the customs. Park chung-hee didn't make an uproar in this matter, but personally intervened 20 days later to let the relevant departments release the vice president, and the whole thing went away.
Park chung-hee cracked down on corruption on a large scale. By the end of 1960s and the beginning of 1970s, those who jumped ship through the back door, "lived in luxury" and "owned luxury houses" were severely punished, and at the same time, a "joint and several liability system" was adopted. If bribery is found, not only the briber, but also the leaders of the responsible supervisors and supervision institutions should be dealt with.
Anti-corruption has become one of the most concerned issues of the park chung-hee regime, because park chung-hee is deeply aware of the deep-rooted corruption in Korean society, and because park chung-hee was born in the countryside, he has a natural aversion to corruption. Therefore, the anti-corruption actions of intellectuals in park chung-hee period were mixed with strong moral impulse.
Park chung-hee has established a strict supervision system while replacing government officials on a large scale. The central government has a supervision institute, and the local government has a supervision office, which implements one post and two responsibilities. In addition to public supervision, there is also covert supervision. In May, 1962, the new government supervised middle and senior officials for the first time and punished 350 people at one time. The reasons why these people are punished include not only corruption and bribery, but also luxury.
Park chung-hee and Chiang Kai-shek
It even includes drinking coffee, dancing, listening to Japanese pop music, having a tutor and playing golf.
Park chung-hee himself set an example. "He has never been a great communicator, and the feast of society is too extravagant for his blood; And he especially hates the despicable salon political activities. " He never plays golf. When he visits the countryside, he often goes to snack bars and eats popular food. In his long political career, he has never been accused of corruption.
When discussing the reasons why park chung-hee regime can carry out effective anti-corruption struggle, many scholars emphasize park chung-hee's personal incorruptibility or "incorruptibility". In the struggle against the opposition, "park chung-hee himself was not accused of corruption", and his political opponent Kim Dae-jung also admitted that the reason why he failed in the election of 1967 was that "park chung-hee himself could not be included in government corruption".
Because of doggedly pursuing the goal of economic development and the fact that the central government is not so corrupt, the park chung-hee regime can make a difference in the wave after wave of anti-corruption struggles, maintain administrative efficiency, and better implement various policies. On the other hand, top-down tough measures are constantly taking place, and the autocratic color is increasingly strengthened. As a result, the whole political system structure gradually lost its flexibility. By the end of 1970s, the anti-corruption struggle and other work depended on park chung-hee's reprimand and abuse of his subordinates. The defects of the system led to his personal tragedy.
economy
Hanjiang miracle
After park chung-hee took office, he made great contributions to the rise of South Korea.
After park chung-hee's death, the "miracle of Hanjiang River" continued.
Contribution is the creator of "Hanjiang Miracle". 197365438+1October 12. President park chung-hee announced the development of heavy chemical industry at the New Year press conference.
3 1, park chung-hee listened to the report of Wu, the second chief economic secretary, which lasted for 4 hours. The report pointed out that it is necessary to transform the industrial structure and expand the industrial base. To develop comprehensive chemical, shipbuilding and machinery industries, it is necessary to introduce the latest technology and build large factories. ..... The development of heavy chemical industry and national defense industry should go hand in hand to catch up with North Korea.
Park chung-hee listened deeply and finally gave instructions: "The necessary foreign capital must be introduced!"
That meeting changed the fate of Korea. Countries with a per capita GNP of only $320 (1972) have embarked on the road of revitalizing technology-intensive core industries such as shipbuilding, electronics, machinery, steel, automobiles, petrochemicals and atomic energy. Kim Jong-lian, Secretary-General of the President, and Wu, head of the heavy chemical industry plan, are in charge of the general headquarters. According to the principle of "centralized selection", 1-2 private enterprises in various fields are selected to give full support in site selection, roads and funds.
1On July 3rd, 973, the symbol of heavy chemical industry in Korea-Posco Steel Plant with an annual output of/kloc-0.03 million tons was completed after three years of construction. When the first bite of molten iron flowed out, Park Tae-jun, the general manager, and all the staff shouted long live and shed tears. The output of Posco Steel reached 5.5 million tons in 1978, and increased to 8.5 million tons in 198 1.
He said, "That's impossible. Is the person sitting in front of me the person who built the Jingfu Expressway that year? " So, Zheng Zhouyong flew to Western Europe. People saw a turtle boat with 500 won banknotes and said, "We built this boat hundreds of years ago". They just got a loan.
The modern shipyard was completed in 1975. 1976 Hyundai motor began to export small carriages.
From 1973 to 1979, the average annual growth rate of Korean manufacturing industry was 16.6%, and the proportion of heavy chemical industry in the whole manufacturing industry reached 54% at 1980. By 1965, South Korea's per capita gross national product (106 US dollars) was only half that of the Philippines, but it reached 65,438. The "miracle of the Hanjiang River" has already revealed its clues.
Overcome the oil crisis
1973165438+1On October 8th, the Korean government promulgated the First Stage Measures for Energy Conservation. Its specific contents include: saving 5% heating fuel; Don't take a car for a distance of about 2 kilometers; Fully implement the "turn off the lights during the day" system in daily life; Control the approval of new advertising neon lights and baths. On June+10 of that year, the first oil crisis triggered by the fourth Middle East War brought a huge crisis to the Korean economy, which just claimed to focus on developing heavy chemical industry. By March of the following year, the oil price of $2.80 per barrel had quadrupled.
Headlines are rising almost every day. Because the street was dark at night, the number of people who fled after doing bad things increased sharply. People began to accumulate daily necessities such as toilet paper, soap and instant noodles. As a result, the "save 10% crude oil campaign" has also been launched vigorously. Institutions and institutions canceled 1 lights, TV programs were shortened to 4 hours a day, and morning programs disappeared.
1974 65438+1October 14 No.3 emergency measure lightened the burden of low-income people and expanded the scope of taxation on "luxury goods" such as televisions and refrigerators. In summer, the president will turn off the air conditioner and open the window to fight mosquitoes and flies.
These measures have achieved fruitful results.
From 65438 to 0974, the economic growth rate of Korea was 8. 1%, the export increased by 38.3% over the previous year, and the gross national product (GDP) increased by 7. 1%. During the third five-year plan period of national economic development (1972 to 1976), the average annual economic growth rate was 1 1%. At this moment, South Korea bravely used the reverse thinking mode of "turning crisis into opportunity". Earn money back from the Middle East to buy oil.
1974 65438+1On October 30th, Wu, the second chief secretary of the economy, suggested to President park chung-hee that "the Middle East is rich in oil, so let's set up factories there and export construction manpower".
Since then, Korean enterprises that withdrew from Vietnam have made great strides in the Middle East. 1978, when the Middle East boom reached its peak, there were140,000 North Korean workers sweating like rain on this hot yellow sand. From 1975 to 1979, the US$ 20.5 billion earned from the Middle East accounted for nearly 40% of South Korea's total exports in the same period.
These experiences became the basis for overcoming the second oil crisis from 1978 to 198 1.
diplomacy
Korea-Japan relations
1964 presided over the normalization of relations between South Korea and Japan, which was widely opposed and caused widespread turmoil. 1On June 22nd, 965, South Korea and Japan signed the Korea-Japan Basic Treaty in Tokyo, Japan, and established diplomatic relations by setting up embassies with each other.
Us-south Korea relations
Park chung-hee has maintained close relations with the United States in international affairs, and sent troops to Vietnam to assist the US military in its operations.
Korea-DPRK relations
1August 5, 970, 15 put forward the proposal of peaceful coexistence with North Korea, and1July 4, 972, North and South * * * issued the same statement. During his tenure, park chung-hee has always adopted a tough foreign policy towards North Korea, which has led to very tense relations with North Korea. The North Korean authorities tried to assassinate him many times, but all failed.
Personality assessment
18 during the reign of park chung-hee, South Korea achieved industrialization and economic take-off. Many Koreans are sure that he helped the country get out of the scars of the Korean War and laid the foundation for the future "Hanjiang Miracle". On the other hand, he was also criticized for his iron fist rule and suppression of the opposition.
Positive evaluation
The 5th-8th presidents of park chung-hee are the "third republic" of South Korea, and the 9th presidency is the beginning of the "fourth republic" of South Korea. He is a leader who successfully led South Korea to achieve economic growth during his tenure.
Park chung-hee is famous for its frugality. During his tenure, he vigorously eliminated unhealthy tendencies and firmly defended his free position. Even after many years of death, he still won the applause of Korean nationals.
Park chung-hee established the organization "Rebuilding the National Movement Headquarters" to carry out social movements such as saving lives, family planning and eliminating illiteracy. He also rectified the phenomenon of usury in rural areas and fishing villages and implemented monetary reform. He led the development of idle land that was neglected and not well used, and began to implement the economic development plan, which opened the process of modernization in South Korea.
Park chung-hee led the national "New Village Movement", turning thatched houses in rural areas and fishing villages into brick houses. The fifth economic development plan was successfully completed, thus solving the absolute poverty problem of Korean nationals at that time to some extent. Jin Zhongya, a professor at the Australian National University, said: "For a long time, the characteristics of Korean nationals have always been dependence and obedience. Park chung-hee let Koreans learn to establish the foundation of a liberal democratic order in the context of difficult economic and educational freedom. "
According to a Gallup survey in June 2004, park chung-hee got 48% of the support rate, ranking first.
The construction of Beijing-Fuzhou-expressway has greatly improved Korean logistics and made the economy advance by leaps and bounds. South Korea's GDP surpassed North Korea for the first time in 1969, which is generally considered to be the result of park chung-hee's reform.
Despite many objections, he advocated "just do it (action philosophy of" do it first and then think "), and built" Jingfu expressway "and" Kamei Industrial Park ",earning more than 20 billion won in foreign exchange through export every year.
The official media of China * * * Production Party spoke highly of his new village movement, and the State Council instructed his subordinate departments to organize an inspection tour.
At the summit meeting held in 2000, Kim Jong Il spoke highly of park chung-hee's economic development achievements before former President Kim Dae-jung. Later, he expressed his willingness to visit the grave.
1999, American Time magazine named it as one of the 20 most influential Koreans in Asia in 2 1 century.
According to a survey jointly released by KBS TV and National University of South Korea, park chung-hee, the late former president of South Korea, was elected as the "president with the strongest leadership" among all previous presidents, followed by Roh Moo-hyun and Kim Dae-jung.
Negative evaluation
Park chung-hee signed up to join the Japanese army on 1939, and wrote a bloody book. Park chung-hee wrote: "As a Japanese, I signed up as an officer with the determination of bravely serving my country and dying. I have spirit and spirit. For the Manchukuo army, the awareness of dedication to Japan. " Netizens on major Korean websites have expressed their disappointment with former President park chung-hee.
President park chung-hee suppressed the development of modern bourgeois democracy with Korean characteristics. The eighth presidential election was held in June 1972 1 1. The whole election was a farce in which only park chung-hee participated and park chung-hee was finally elected. The Fourth Republic of Korea thus stepped onto the historical stage and was called "Reform dictatorship".
During his administration, he restricted citizens' personal freedom, expanded the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, and implemented a new constitution that gave the South Korean president extensive powers.
From 65438 to 0964, he presided over the normalization of relations between South Korea and Japan, which was opposed by many people and caused widespread social unrest.
Ren Yibo pointed out that park chung-hee did not establish an authoritarian regime in order to realize industrialization, but promoted Korean industrialization in order to establish an authoritarian regime.
Ren Yibo advocated: "Authoritarian industrialization and democratic industrialization are only choices, not historical inevitability." Kim Dong-lu, a professor at Yonsei University, said that the park chung-hee government fabricated the concept of democracy, which made people believe that they were born with the historical mission of rebuilding the nation.
Jin Donglu believes that the New Village Movement has re-established the order of the traditional local society and is a political strategy to effectively control Koreans.
South Korean leftists believe that park chung-hee is a military dictatorship strongman in East Asia after World War II, suppressing domestic democracy.
Park chung-hee was listed as a pro-Japanese Korean traitor by the Korean Institute of Nationalities and the editorial board of the pro-Japanese dictionary of names.
The "Historical Fact Investigation Committee" of the South Korean government determined that the "kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung" in Tokyo, Japan in August 1973 was an organized crime committed by the North Korean Central Intelligence Agency at that time. Can't rule out the possibility that the incident was directly inspired by park chung-hee, at least it was acquiesced by Park.
Implement the Chinese exclusion policy. 1On July 3, 968, South Korea promulgated the Land Law for Foreigners, which greatly restricted the economic development of overseas Chinese living in Korea.
Oppose democracy. Park chung-hee thinks that South Korea's democracy has been delayed, because democracy is not in line with South Korea's national conditions at all. According to his logic, the Korean people simply don't deserve democracy.