1。 Position vector: In rectangular coordinate system, the angular position is θ.

2。 Speed: general speed: speed: () angular speed:

Relationship between angular velocity and speed: v = r ω.

3。 Acceleration: average acceleration: angular acceleration:

Natural coordinate system (=Rβ), (= R2ω)

4。 Torsion force: = M(=): (dimension: M =rFcosθ direction: right-handed spiral rule)

5。 Momentum: angular momentum: (dimension: L =rmvcosθ direction: right-handed spiral rule)

6。 Impulse: (△ t); Function: (external air work: A =∫PDV)

Mg (gravity) →MGH

KX (elasticity) →KX2/2

F = (gravity) →= EP

(Static electricity) →

7。 Kinetic energy: MV2/2

8。 Potential energy: insurance =-the increase rate of different interactions and the potential energy form of force are different, which is zero. When the default potential energy is zero:

Mechanical energy: E = EK+EP

9 。 Heat: where: the relationship between C and process molar heat capacity, isovolumetric heat capacity CV and isobaric heat capacity CP: CP = Cv+R.

10。 Pressure:

1 1。 Molecular average translational energy: ideal gas;

12。 Maxwell velocity distribution function: (meaning: percentage of molecules in the velocity range near V unit)

13。 Average rate:

Square root interest rate: The most likely interest rates are as follows:

14。 Entropy: at s = kln Ω (Ω thermodynamic probability, that is, the macroscopic state contains some microcosms)

15。 Electric field strength: =/Q0 (charge:)

16。 Potential: (point charge); Electric potential energy: WA = condition (A =-AW)

17。 Capacitance: c = q/u; Energy storage capacitance: w = Cu2/2; Electric field energy density vibration frequency ωe=ε0E2/ 2

18。 Magnetic induction intensity, where B = Fmax/QV(T)(S→N) is the direction pointed by the magnetic needle.

Laws and theorems

1。 Principle of vector superposition: Any carrier can be regarded as an independent component. Namely: = σ (the alternative technology will be the superposition principle of position, speed, acceleration, force, electric field intensity and magnetic induction intensity respectively).

2。 Newton's law: = m (=); Newton's third law:' = law of universal gravitation;

3。 Momentum Theorem: → Conditions for Conservation of Momentum

4。 Angular Momentum: → Conditions for Conservation of Angular Momentum

5。 Principle of kinetic energy: (definition of potential energy:)

6。 Functional principle: A+A- Paul =δE→ Conservation of mechanical energy: δE = 0 Condition A+A non-Paul = 0

7。 Equation of state of ideal gas: P = NKT(N = N/V, K = R/N0)

8。 Principle of energy sharing: In an equilibrium state, substances with free molecules have the same average kinetic energy, which is per degree /2 kT.

Clausius said: A cold object cannot have no other effect on the heat of a high-temperature object.

Kelvin's statement: it is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source, so it is completely converted into useful work and has no other influence. /& gt； The internal isolation system that occurs in the process of matter is always determined by the thermodynamic probability of the macroscopic state of thermodynamic probability state. That is to say, the internal separation system that occurs in the process always increases obstacles in the direction.

9。 The first law of thermodynamics: Δ e = q+a

10。 The second law of thermodynamics: isolated system: δ s >; 0

(Entropy increasing principle)

1 1。 Coulomb's law:

(K = 1/4ω0)

12。 Gauss theorem: (electrostatic field is active field) → infinite plane: E = charged ellipsoid.

13。 Loop theorem: (electrostatic field does not rotate, so it is conserved)

river

QL Post

14。 Biot-Savart method;

Long and straight carriers:

Infinite line system;

Carrying ring arc:

Formula setting for the second semester of college physics

electromagnetism

1。 Definition:

=/Q0 unit: when N/C = V/m

b = FMAX/QV； (S→N) the direction pointed by the magnetic needle; Unit: Tesla (T)= 104 gauss (g)

( 1):

Lorentz formula = Q(x)

(2) Potential:

Potential difference: electromotive force: ()

(3) Electric flux: luminous flux: luminous flux chain: FB =NφB Unit: Weber (WB)

THETA⊕

+Q of -Q

(4) Electric dipole moment: Q magnetic moment: = I = IS

⑤ capacitance: C = Q/U unit: farad (f)

* Self-inductance coefficient: l = ψ/I Unit: Henry (h)

> * mutual inductance: m = ψ 21/I1= ψ12/I2 Unit: Henry (H)

⑥ Current: I =；; Displacement current: ID =ε0 unit: ampere (a) br/>; ⑦ * Energy flow density: BR p>2. experimental method

① Coulomb Law: ② Biot-Savart Law: (3) Ampere Law: D = I×

(4) law of electromagnetic induction: induction-electromotive force: BR/> induced electromotive force (induced electric field)

⑤ Ohm's Law: U = IR(= P) where ρ is the conductivity.

3。 * Theorem (Maxwell equations)

Gauss theorem of electric field: (static electricity is an active field)

(Passive magnetic field induction)

Gauss theorem of magnetic field: (stable passive field) (sensory passive field)

Electric field loop theorem: (electrostatic field does not rotate)

(induced electric field rotating magnetic field induced electric field) Ampere: (rotating static magnetic field)

(changing electric field induced magnetic field)

4。 Commonly used formula

(1) Infinite length conductor: electromagnet: B =nμ0I

(2) charged particles in a uniform magnetic field: radius period

Magnetic moment in uniform magnetic field: force F = 0；; torsional moment

(3) energy storage capacitor: WC = CU2 * electric field energy density: vibration frequency ωe=ε0E2 electromagnetic field energy density: W =ε0E2+

B2 * inductive energy storage: WL = LI2 * magnetic field energy density: ωB= B2 electromagnetic field energy flow density: s = ω v.

④ * electromagnetic wave: in the medium of C = 3.0× 108/s, V = C/N and frequency f = V =.

1。 Definitions and concepts

Harmonic equation: X t time phase "

range

Xi' an = ACOS(WT+φ2πx/λ) simple harmonic motion equation is: Xi' an = ACOS (weight+φ).

Waveform equation: ξ= ACOS(2πx/λ+φ')

The magnitude of the phase difference determines the amplitude of vibration.

-initial state x0 determined by maximum vibration = acos φ.

Early stage? -X = 0, when t = 0 (X0, V0)V0 =Aωsinφ.

Frequency V- per second

The circular frequency vibration ω= 2ππ determines the wave source, such as ω = period T- vibration time pendulum ω = of the phase spring oscillator.

Wave velocity V- the speed of propagation of waves or energy. Determine the medium, for example: rope V = light speed v = c/n.

Air V =

Wave interference: superposition of waves with constant vibration, frequency and phase difference in the same direction. /& gt； Optical path: L = nx (that is, the geometric distance of light passing through the product and the refractive index of the medium).

Phase abrupt change: The wave in the wave density abruptly changes π phase wave from a thin medium (equivalent to λ/ 2 optical path).

Beat: Vibration composed of vibrations of similar frequency.

Standing wave: A composite wave of two identical waves in opposite directions.

S&P Doppler effect: The frequency change caused by the relative motion of the source observer.

Diffracted light deviates from a straight line

Natural light: ordinary light source light

Polarized light (also called linearly polarized light or plane polarized light): Light with vibration component in only one direction.

The vibration direction of each part of polarized light can be a method, law and theorem with unequal probability.

Omega furs

cattle

(1) is regarded as the type of light perpendicular to each other and the synthesis of two amplitudes.

2。 Rotation vector method:

A 1 A2

cattle

Figure simple harmonic motion (optional) ξ= acos(ωt+φ) can be regarded as the counterclockwise rotation vector of the projection ω at the initial angular position φ.

Synthetic amplitude of coherent light;

: δ φ = f 1-φ 2 (R2-r 1) when δ φ = br/ > when φ 1, φ 2? = 0, and the optical path difference δ=(R2-r 1)= 0.

(2) Huygens principle: (Use the envelope surface of the new wavefront to determine the propagation direction of the wave)

I 1 I2θ Marius law

(3) Fresnel principle: using the coherent superposition of wave fronts to determine that he once acted as a vibration.

(4)* Pingyi method: I2 =I 1cos2θ.

⑤ Brewster's Law: BR/& gt；; Internet Protocol (internet protocol)

Leaf N 1 +γ= 90 +γ = 90

N2

The legal IP address of gamma Brewster is Brewster angle when the incident angle of the incident light is the incident polarizing leaf of the plane perpendicular to the vibration of the reflected light, which satisfies:

Triglyceride ip = N2/N 1.

(3) Formula

Vibration energy: EK = MV2/2 = EK(T)E = EK+EP = KA2/2.

EP = KX2 / 2 =(T)

* Wave energy: I =αA2

* standing wave ratio:

← Ramda →

Node spacing D =λ/ 2

The fundamental wavelength λ0= 2L

Baseband: ν 0 = v/λ 0 = v/2l;

Harmonic frequency: V =nν0

* Doppler effect:

Mechanical wave (VR- observer speed; VS- wave source speed) Light Vr is the relative speed of the light source and the observer.

Eceta E.

Young's double seam: dsinθ=Kλ (spike)

θ≈SINθ，≈Y /e

Fringe spacing AY = D /λD

The eighth letter of the Greek alphabet

f & gt

Single slit diffraction (Fraunhofer diffraction):

Asinθ=Kλ (dark line)

θ≈sinθ，≈Y / f

Rayleigh standard:

θmin= 1/R = 1.22λ/ D (minimum resolution angle)

e

The eighth letter of the Greek alphabet

F

& gt grating:

Dsinθ=Kλ (the condition that the edge or principal satisfies the maximum)

tgθ= Y / f

D=

1/N = 1/N (grating constant) Thin film interference: (normal incidence)

N 1

Dun N2

N3

Delta reciprocal = 2n2t +δ0δ0= 0

Increase anti-λ/ 2 pole

: Delta inverse =(2K+1)λ/ 2

Anti-AR: Delta =Kλ

Modern physics

quantum mechanics

1 Plankowitz energy quantization: E = minimum energy value (HV)

2。 Einstein's photon hypothesis: photon flux of light beam.

Photoelectric effect equation: hν= MV2+ A Yi function =hν0 (V0 red limit frequency).

Maximum initial kinetic energy MV2 = EUA(UA roadside voltage)

3 De Broglie put forward the theory of matter wave: physical particle wave.

Physical particles have wave-particle duality: E = HV = mc2; contrast light duality: E = HV = MC2.

P = H/λ= P = H/λ= mV

Note: Physical particle: > 0 and V≠C/λ are also V≠V/λ and photon: M0 = 0 and V = C /λ.

Heisenberg uncertainty relation: δ x δ px ≥ h/4 π; Δ t Δ e ≥ h/4 π wave function: = probability density of particles at time t r.

One of the conditions: ψ standard conditions: continuous, finite, single value.

(2) the special theory of relativity:

Two basic assumptions: ① the principle that the speed of light is constant: the speed of light in vacuum is in all inertial systems, regardless of the movement of the light source.

② Special Relativity Theory of Relativity: All physical laws are in all inertial systems.

Lorentz transformation is correct:

Sigma's "Departmental Fit Horse System →→→→ Fit Horse" System

= γ ('+VT')X'=γ(X-VT)

Y = Y''= Y

Z = Z'Z'= Z

T =γ(T'+ VX '/ C2)T'=γ(t-vx/c2)

Say beta = contraction factor.

Special relativity γ≥0 The so-called expansion coefficient: V is always lower than C; Time and space:

① Simultaneous heterosexuality: δT =γ(δT '+δX/C2), δT = 0, and generally δT≠0x '/C2 is the simultaneous coefficient br/>; ② Short exercise: AX = AX/gamma ≤AX'

(3) Movement: slow clock δ t = γ δ t ≥

Several important dynamic relationships: BR/& gt；; M =γm0

② ① The rest energy of particles with mass-velocity relation mass-energy relation = mc2 is E0 = m0c2.

Particle kinetic energy: ek =-mc2 of mc2 =

V & lt& ltc，EK≈MV2 / 2

*(3) Relationship between momentum and energy: E2-P2C2 = E02

* speed conversion relationship:

Suitable horse department → suitable horse department:

Suitable horse → suitable horse department: