background
Vietnam was a colony of France before the outbreak of World War II and was occupied by Japan during World War II.
1945 Around the end of World War II, the Vietnam Independence Union (Vietnam Production Party) led by Ho Chi Minh established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the northern Vietnamese city of Hanoi. France supported the establishment of the last emperor of Vietnam, Emperor Baoda, in the southern Vietnamese city of Saigon. In order to compete for sovereignty over the whole country of Vietnam, the Democratic People's Republic of Vietnam waged a war with France for as long as 10 (1945- 1955 is called the first Indo-China War by the international community, Vietnam's war against France, and China's war of aiding Vietnam to resist France, which is called la guerre de Vietnam in French).
With the military assistance of China in 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam won a decisive victory over the French Defence Forces in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, and France withdrew from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. According to the resolution of the Geneva Conference (1954), Vietnam is temporarily divided by the line of north latitude 17, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is ruled by the Vietnamese Production Party, and the southern part of Vietnam is ruled by the last emperor of Vietnam, Emperor Baoda.
1955, Wu Tingyan staged a coup in Saigon and established Vietnam (South Vietnam). The Geneva Conference of Switzerland (1954) stipulated that the election for reunifying the country was scheduled for July 1956, but this election was never held.
In the cold war environment, American President Eisenhower began to regard the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as a potential key battlefield in the cold war. The American government is worried that the capitalist democratic election will bring the influence of socialism to the Vietnamese government. Therefore, the Vietnamese government received the support of the United States, and Wu Tingyan promoted American-style democracy and the rule of law in the Vietnamese government, which also led to the overthrow of the Vietnamese government by the Vietnamese democratic government. The Democratic People's Republic of Vietnam carried out a large-scale land reform and distributed land to farmers, which caused panic among the people of the Democratic People's Republic of Vietnam.
Stage division
The Vietnam War lasted for 20 years from 1955 to 1975 and was divided into five stages. Among them, the second, third and fourth stages (1961-1973) are the period of American aid to Vietnam.
The first stage:
1955 ——1960. The Eisenhower administration helped Wu Tingyan to be the prime minister of South Vietnam and established a pro-American democratic regime. With the support of the United States, Wu Tingyan Group launched the campaigns of "controlling * * *" and "destroying * * * *", and slaughtered the North Vietnamese * * * production party.
The second stage:
1961-1964. The Kennedy administration launched a "special war". The United States paid for guns and sent consultants to train local troops, used guerrilla warfare to deal with guerrilla warfare in North Vietnam, and drove rural residents into "strategic villages" surrounded by barbed wire, trenches and bunkers in an attempt to cut off the ties between guerrillas and North Vietnam. Soldiers and civilians in northern Vietnam used flexible tactics to attack the enemy. Many "strategic villages" were destroyed and some "strategic villages" became people's battle villages.
During the period of 1963, the internal disputes of the South Vietnamese regime deepened. The United States planned a overthrown military coup, and Yang and Ruan Qing came to power one after another.
The third stage:
1965 ——1968. The Johnson administration upgraded the "special war" to a "local war", expanded the scale of the war, and began bombing the northern part of Vietnam. 1965, Johnson ordered the "thunder rumble" operation. In South Vietnam, it is no longer limited to the use of puppet troops, and the United States directly sends troops to participate in the war. The number of American troops invading Vietnam increased rapidly, reaching 500,000. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/968, the army and civilians in southern Vietnam launched a "spring offensive" and launched a fierce attack on 64 large and medium-sized cities, provincial capitals and military bases such as Saigon, Hue and Da Nang. In March of the same year, the Johnson administration was forced to announce a partial cessation of bombing of North Vietnam. In May, the Vietnam-US Paris negotiations began. 165438+ 10 In October, the United States announced that it would completely stop bombing northern Vietnam. At this point, the "local war" ended.
The fourth stage:
1969 ——1973. The Nixon administration put forward the policy of "Vietnamese" and once again adopted the method of "fighting more with more". At the same time, due to domestic pressure and humanitarianism, it was announced that the US military would gradually withdraw from South Vietnam. The United States and Vietnam continued their talks, expanding the talks between the two sides to four-party talks including the Southern National Liberation Front and the Ruan Wenshao regime in Saigon.
1973 65438+1On October 27th, the United States signed an agreement to end the Vietnam War. 12 the war of aggression against Vietnam is over.
The fifth stage:
1973 ——1975. after the withdrawal of American military forces from south Vietnam, the Nguyen van thieu regime in south Vietnam was very isolated.
1975, the Vietnamese launched a general attack, defeated the South Vietnamese regime, liberated Saigon, and completed the reunification of the north and the south. The Vietnam War is over. During the Vietnam War, the United States dropped 8 million tons of bombs in Vietnam, far exceeding the sum of bombs dropped on various battlefields during the Second World War, resulting in more than 6.5438+0.6 million deaths in Vietnam. The losses in the United States itself are also very heavy, with more than 58,000 people killed, more than 300,000 injured and losses exceeding 400 billion US dollars.