Wu family: Shen Zhou, Tang Yin,. They are all engaged in painting activities in Suzhou. Suzhou is called "the Four Houses of Wumen" because it was the land of Wu in ancient times. Among them, Shen Zhou is good at painting landscapes, while Tang Yin is good at painting landscapes and figures. Chou Ying is famous for its meticulous figures and green scenery.
Bochum School: One of the schools of figure painting in Ming Dynasty, whose founder Zeng Whale was named, hence the name "Bochum School". This school is based in central Fujian and has a wide influence. Its painting method emphasizes the ink bone, which is established, and then painted to get the shade of color, and the spirit of the characters is expressed in the ink bone. Facial features are usually outlined in light ink and then rendered in colored chalk. At that time, there were many imitators, and Zeng Whale spread his disciples widely, which had great influence.
Songjiang School: one of the schools of landscape painting in the late Ming Dynasty. Represented by Dong Qichang, there are three schools of thrift: Susong School headed by Zhao Zuo. Represented by Shen, it is called "school". Both schools originated in Vae. Zhao Zuo, Song Shicong, Shen Shicong, Zhao Zuo. Represented by Gu Zhengyi, it is called "Hua Tingpai". They were all from Songjiang Prefecture at that time (now Songjiang, Shanghai, formerly known as Huating), and their styles influenced each other. Its face is moist and lush, its bones are delicate, and its brushwork is graceful and graceful, especially ancient. These three tribes are collectively called "Songjiang School".
Jiaxing School: One of the schools of landscape painting in Ming Dynasty. Founded by Jiaxing painter Xiang. Bian Yuan is good at painting landscapes. His paintings are elegant, simple and interesting. The famous calligraphy and painting collected at home is the crown of the moment. Mi's Wild Painting of Butterflies says: "Xiang III is the head of Jiaxing School."
Southern and Northern Schools: Created by Dong Qichang, a painter in Ming Dynasty. He regarded Li Sixun and Wang Wei as the originators of turquoise and ink painting styles, and advocated that China landscape painting should be divided into "Southern School" and "Northern School". In another story, Mo Shilong said: "There were two schools of Zen, the North and the South, and there were two schools of painters in the Tang Dynasty, also in the Tang Dynasty." Xun thought: "Painting is divided into Southern Sect and Northern Sect, which is also the meaning of Zen Buddhism's" Nan 'an "and" Gradually Going North ". Those who learn are rooted in sex and gradually become a line. " Southern and northern sects originally referred to sects in the history of Buddhism. The so-called "Southampton" and "going north" are mainly distinguished by "epiphany" and "acquaintance" (hard training). This division flaunts "southern painting", that is, literati painting is based on "epiphany", so it is regarded as "superb" and "morale"; At the same time, it is believed that "the painting of the North School" can only be produced from "gradual knowledge", that is, from diligent study and hard practice, which means contempt and contempt. Fang Xun also believes that those studies are rooted in the spirit of nature, and those gradually become practical. The former focuses on understanding, while the latter focuses on kung fu. Wang Wei of Nanzong began to use the method of rendering. His descendants include Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Mi Fei and Yuan Sijia. The Northern Sect is Li Sixun and his son, and the descendants are Zhao Boju, Zhao Bosu, Ma Yuan, Xia Jue and Wu Xiaoxian.
Four kings in the early Qing Dynasty: Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi and Wang, were all court painters. Wang Shimin was the head of the Qing Dynasty Painting Gallery, Wang Yi was his student, and Wang Jian was a countryman and relative of Wang Shimin. Wang, the grandson of Wang Shimin, entered the palace in the ninth year of Kangxi and served as the president of the Painting Academy. The artistic concept of these four heavenly kings is to advocate antique. The paintings of the four heavenly kings are extraordinary in brushwork and profound in skill. Elegant and charming, unique, famous for a while. Their painting style was still influential until the late Qing Dynasty.
Grassland painting school: the painting school of grassland nomads. It is composed of Hu Huan and Li Zan, the famous painters of Qidan. Most of his paintings are about herding horses, hunting, shooting deer and riding in the snow. , depicting the nomadic life of the people in the northern grassland, has distinct clan characteristics. The works of this school have a special position in the history of China painting.
Jinling Painting School: a school famous for painting Jinling scenery. Headed by Gong Xian, a native of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, lives in Sweeping Leaf Building, Liangqingshan, Nanjing. He painted landscapes, taking Dong Yuan and Ju Ran as examples. He, together with,,, Hu Zao and Xie Xun at that time, was known as the Eight Schools of Jinling. They write more about the mountain scenery around Nanjing, and their painting styles are not exactly the same, but because they are both in Jinling, they are called one school. Among the eight companies, Gong Xian contributed the most. He realized the dialectical relationship between art and reality from the creation of landscape painting. He put forward the relationship between strangeness and security, fantasy and reality, and pointed out that any successful realistic and vivid artistic image is the image of strangeness and security, which is both fantasy and reality, and the unity of reality and ideal. The characteristics of Gong Xian's landscape painting are mainly reflected in the ink method. He painted mountains, stones and wood with the method of "storing ink" by Song people, and wrinkled and rendered them many times, and the ink color was extremely strong. There are bright and dark changes in thickness, so it truly shows the richness of mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River and the richness of nature. The trees he painted are divided into smoke forest, rain forest, sunny forest and sunny forest. He is the author of two books, Five Thousand Lessons of Students' Illustration and Painting Strategy.
Gusu school. It is a landscape painting school headed by Xiao. Xiao is from Wuhu, Anhui. In the eleventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, he participated in social rehabilitation activities. In the early Qing Dynasty, he was unwilling to be an official and lived in seclusion in Suzhou. Proficient in six books and six laws, poetry and prose works, and good at landscapes. He has won the brushwork of Ni Zan and Huang, and also writes characters. In his later years, he began to write. He once painted four famous mountains, Lushan Mountain, Emei Mountain, Taishan Mountain and Heng Yue, on the four walls of Taibai Building in Quarrying, which won people's appreciation. The landscape painting of this painting school is characterized by writing the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, using a round and simple pen, thirsty with a pen, and weak in rendering with pen and ink. Xiao's younger brother, Xiao Yungan, his son, Yi Ji, etc. They are all named after their good paintings.
Xin 'an School is headed by Hong Ren, Cha Shibiao, Wang Zhirui and Sun Yi, all of whom are from Xiuning, Anhui. Xiuning, called Haiyang in ancient times, belongs to Xin 'an County, so it is also called "Haiyang Four Families". They painted landscapes of patriarchal clan system, including Huang Zijiu and Wu. Not many pens, like to use wrinkles, cherish ink as gold, and make more desolate and cold scenes, which scholars call "Xin 'an School".
Jiangxi school. Headed by Luo Mu and Luo Xuan. Luomu word every cow, Ningdu people, live in Nanchang. Can write poetry, love drinking, be good at making tea and painting. He painted landscape paintings of Dong Yuan and Huang. This genre is characterized by beautiful forests, muddy ink, and love to draw dead wood and bamboo stones and autumn and winter scenery. Luo Xuan is the grandson of Luo Mu, and many people in Jianghuai area learn painting from him, so he is called "Jiangxi School".
Dantu School headed by Zhang Ying and Gu Heqing. Their characteristics are drawing lessons from the four major painting methods of Ming Dynasty, describing the spring and summer scenery of Zhenjiang, with beautiful brushwork and dense landscapes. At that time, it was called "Zhang Songgu Liu", which shows that the two schools have their own advantages. The famous painters of this school are Pan Simu, Pan Gui,,, Tang Yaoqing, Zhou,, Ming Jian and so on. They are all Dantu people, so they are called "Dantu School".
Yangzhou school. Headed by Li Yuhe Wang Su. Both of them are from Yangzhou. Li Yu's landscapes, figures, flowers and birds are all exquisite. He can synthesize the strengths of ancient families, and his ink color is elegant, especially the flower-and-bird paintings of Xinluoshan people are particularly good. He and Tianjin flower and bird painter Li are also called "Nanbei Li". Wang Sushan paints figures and ladies with natural and unrestrained pen and ink, and especially likes to draw some folk stories. There are Li, Wang and others who study painting in Yangzhou, so it is called "Yangzhou Painting School".
Shanghai style. Also known as "Shanghai School", in the late Qing Dynasty, there were representative painters such as Xu Gu, Ren Xiong, Ren Yi, Zhao and Wu Changshuo in Shanghai. The flower and bird figures they painted are novel in composition and rich in color, which has a great influence on modern painting.
Palace painting school. Although several emperors in the Qing Dynasty advocated painting, they did not set up a painting academy, but only a palace for worship. Many painters were called to the palace to paint for the emperor. Their paintings are often marked with the word "minister". Generally, it is painted according to the emperor's intention and the decoration in the court. Among them, famous painters include Gu, Lengmei, Jiao, Ding, Jin Tingbiao,, Shen Zhenlin and so on. Flower and bird painters: Yang Dazhang, Zou Yigui, Jiang Tingxi, Zhou Anjie, Yu Sheng, Xu Yang, Li Bingde, Ruan, Miao Jiahui, etc. Landscape painters: Tang Dai, Wang Jingming, Zhang Zongxiang, Qian Weicheng, Dong Bangda, Chen Shan, Sun You, Yuan Ying, Yan Fang, Feng Ning, etc. In addition, there are two foreigners. One is Lang Shining, a western priest and an Italian. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi, he came to Beijing to join the imperial court, engaged in feather and flower work, and was especially good at drawing horses. The second is ignatius Szicher Bart, a flower and bird worker. Their painting method is a combination of Chinese and western, with meticulous description, exquisite workmanship and superb skills. Because these people paint in the court, they are called the court painting school.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics, also known as "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics", is a major school of painting in the Qing Dynasty. Eight professional painters, including Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Li Jian, Zheng Xie, Li, Wang, Gao Xiang and so on, gathered in Yangzhou during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, and inherited the traditions of painters such as Chen Daofu, Xu Wei, Zhu Da and Dao Ji in the early Ming Dynasty, further expressing their individuality and creating their own unique styles. Therefore, it was regarded as a "monster" harassing the painting world by conservatives at that time, so it was called "eight eccentrics". Its innovative spirit, in today's view, just reflected the new requirements of painting circles at that time and played a certain role in improving modern Chinese painting.
Lingnan school. Headed by high, high and low. Gao, a native of Panyu, Guangdong, studied at Tokyo Art School in his early years and joined the League after returning to China. After the Revolution of 1911, he was engaged in art education. He was a professor at Tokyo University and dean of Nanjing Academy of Fine Arts. You can also draw landscapes, flowers and birds, animals and people. His paintings are characterized by the integration of Japanese painting methods, emphasizing realism, grasping the characteristics of the object, conveying its expression, true image, rich colors, unique composition and strong southern sentiment. Especially sketch, color writing, light writing, performance perspective, climate relationship and so on. , with profound attainments. Gao Qifeng, who is as famous as his brother in painting, also studied in Japan, and his pen is more lively and interesting. The method of splashing water and pushing the pen is his pioneering work. Gao Brothers trained many artistic education talents and jointly founded Lingnan School of Painting, which still has great influence. The artistic vitality of this school is enduring. Until today, Lingnan School of Painting still has outstanding achievements such as Guan Shanyue and Li Xiongcai.