During the period from 182 1 to 1830, Heine traveled all over Germany and Poland, Britain and Italy. /kloc-published the first book of poetry in 0/822, and published Tragedy-Lyric Interlude the following year. 1827 collected early lyric poems and published them with the title of songji, which caused a sensation and established his position in the literary world. During this period, he also created prose works such as "Travels of Harz Mountain", which also caused great repercussions. Heine's lyric poems and travel notes in this period mostly describe personal experiences, feelings and longings, with sincere feelings, beautiful language and obvious romanticism.
1830 The July Revolution broke out in France. Heine was encouraged and decided to go to Paris. Here, he met writers such as Dumas, Bellevue, george sand, Balzac, Hugo and musicians such as Liszt and Chopin, and interacted with followers of Utopia Saint-Simon, which was also influenced by this. During this period, he wrote On the History of Religious Harmony in Germany (1835) and Romanticism (1836). In order to resist the radical poet's empty "inclination poem", he wrote a long poem "Ata Troll, A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1843). 1At the end of 843, Heine and Marx met in Paris. During this period, his poetry creation reached a new peak. Published "New Poetry Collection" (1844), including some political poems named "Poetry of the Times" and the long poem "Germany, Winter Fairy Tales" (1844). These poems have made great achievements in ideological content and art, becoming the strongest voice in the pre-revolutionary era of 1848.
1848 After the failure of the revolution, Heine endured the pain of paralysis and wrote many excellent poems in the mattress grave, including Romance (185 1) and Poems from 1853 to 1854. Although some of these works are sad, most of them are full of fighting pride and have firm confidence in the future of the motherland and mankind. 1856 February, Heine died in Paris and was buried in Montmartre cemetery.
The initial literary success
New york Lorelei Fountain (Heine Monument) Heine published his first poem in Berlin in 182 1. Then some tragedies were published in 1823, including a lyric episode. 1824 published 39 poems, including Heine's most popular work Lorelei. In the same year, during his trip to Mount Haltz, he visited johann wolfgang von goethe, whom he admired very much, in Weimar. Two years ago, he sent the inscription of his first book of poetry to the advisory Committee. But this visit made Heine quite disappointed, because he himself-contrary to his nature-was stiff and clumsy, and Goethe only received him politely and at a distance.
1826, Heine published his Travels of Mount Harz. In the same year, he established business relations with Hoffman and Kemp Publishing House in Hamburg. Julius Kemp was supposed to be Heine's publisher before Heine died. 1827 10 He published poems, which established Heine's reputation and is still loved by people today. The romantic and often folk styles in these and later poems were accompanied by tunes many times, such as Schumann's collection of songs "Poet's Love", which not only touched the hearts of readers at that time. Those poems, such as Beautiful May and A Boy Loves a Girl, struck a chord with Heine's contemporaries and readers in the 2 1 century.
But Heine soon surpassed the romantic style. He destroyed it with irony, and also applied the artistic characteristics of romantic poetry to poems with political content. He called himself an "escapist romantic".
1827 and 1828, Heine saw the sea for the first time while traveling in England and Italy. He described his impressions in his later travels published between 1826 and 183 1. His works in this period include Beihai Ji, Luca Bass and Si Legrand Ji, which expressed his support for Napoleon and the achievements of the French Revolution. During this period, people gradually realized that Heine was a great literary genius. From 65438 to 1930s, Heine's fame began to spread in Germany and Europe.
Paris suiyue
Heinrich heine was attacked more and more because of his political views, especially in Prussia, and he was disgusted with the German censorship of books and newspapers. Therefore, heinrich heine went to Paris after the French Revolution of July. He started the second stage of his life and creation here. Heine missed Germany all his life. But he can only see his motherland twice. Finally, Paris became Heine's exile, because his works-and all his later works-were banned in Prussia in 1833; 1835, according to the resolution of the Frankfurt Federal Parliament, was banned in all member States of the German Federation. The same is true of the poets of "Young Germany". According to the resolution of the Federal Parliament, the purpose of the members of this organization is to "attack Christianity unscrupulously in a literary form acceptable to all classes, belittle the social status quo, and undermine all discipline and morality."
However, in 1832, Heine found a new source of income by writing a Paris newsletter for Johann Friedrich Kota, the publisher of Goethe and Schiller. Heine's newspaper column in this period was published in 1833, entitled "The Situation in France".
This year, the first symptoms of the disease-paralysis, headache and loss of vision-appeared, which made him stay in bed for the last eight years of his life.
But first, he likes life in Paris. He met utopian socialist Saint-Simon and great figures in French and German cultural life, such as Hector Berlioz, Ludwig Bona, frederic chopin, george sand, Dumas and alexander von humboldt.
This world-class metropolis inspired Heine in the next few years. He wrote a lot of essays, political essays, argumentative articles, monographs, poems and essays. In his works such as The Situation in France, he tried to introduce the situation in France to the Germans and the situation in Germany to the French.
Heine realized the destructive characteristics of German nationalism earlier than most people, which was different from French nationalism and did not combine with democracy and people's sovereignty consciousness.
His important works in those years include On Romanticism (1836), On Ludwig Dona (1840) and The Rabbi of bacharach (1840). 184 1 year, he married Eugenia cristia Milla, a shoe seller whom he met in 1834. One of the reasons why he loves Mathilde-his nickname for her is very special: she doesn't know German, and even after a long time of marriage, she doesn't know what a great poet her husband is.
1843, Heine wrote a poem "Night Thinking", and its opening sentence is often quoted:
When I think of Germany at night,
I can't sleep.
In the poem, it is the political situation in Germany that keeps Heine awake, and it is also his concern for his old mother who lives alone in Germany. In order to meet his mother again and introduce his wife to her, Heine came to Germany for the last time in 1843 and 1844. At that time, he met Karl Marx and ferdinand lassalle. Later, Heine participated in the work of Marx's "Progress" and "German-French Yearbook".
In the mid-1940s, Heine wrote the great narrative poem Ata Troll and Germany, which is a winter fairy tale inspired by his second trip to Germany.
Heine and Marxism
/kloc-in the middle of 0/9, Heine's thought became radical obviously. He was one of the first writers who realized the results of the industrial revolution that was beginning and thought about the hardships of the new working class in his works. His poem "The Weaver Girl of Silesia" is such a work from June 65438 to June 0844. It was born in the Weaver Uprising in the town of Peters Valda in Silesia and Bilao in Lane that month.
This poem, also known as "The Weaver's Song", was published in March by Karl Marx, with 50,000 copies printed and distributed as leaflets in the uprising areas. In his report to King Frederick William IV, Prussian Interior Minister A Ning described this work as "a speech aimed at the poor among his subjects, full of inflammatory language and sinful expressions". The Supreme Court of Prussia banned this poem. 1846, in Prussia, a person who dares to recite in public will be sentenced to prison. Friedrich engels,1met Heine in August, 844, translated the Weaver's Song into English and published it in the New Moral World in February, 65438.
Although Heine had friendly relations with Marx and Engels, he was never a Marxist. He realized that the demands of the new working class were completely reasonable and supported them. But at the same time, he also realized that materialism and radicalism in ideology would destroy many things in European culture that he loved and admired.
A failed revolution
As a staunch democrat, Heine welcomed the revolutions in Europe from 65438 to 0848, especially the April Revolution in Germany. But soon, with the development of the revolution, he was disappointed and no longer cared about it. Because people who support * * * forms and democratic countries are a minority from the beginning. In the attempt to establish a hereditary national monarchy in Frankfurt National Assembly, he only saw the useless and romantic political fantasy of trying to revive the holy Roman Empire, which collapsed in 1806.
After the second wave of revolution, that is, the powerful democratic revolution in the spring and summer of 1849 was suppressed, Heine wrote a poem in October of 1849 in despair.
Pave the grave
1848 February, the same month that the revolution broke out in Paris, Heine's body collapsed. His neuralgia, which became worse from 1845, fixed him in the hospital bed forever. Heine himself thinks he has syphilis, but his detailed course of disease shows that he has multiple sclerosis. He was almost paralyzed and spent eight years in the place he named "mattress grave" until his death.
Prior to this, Heine's evaluation of religion was moderate. In his will 18 15, he agreed to believe in the personified God, but he never touched the church or Judaism again.
Heine's spiritual creativity has not diminished in the painful years when he was ill in bed. As he can't write by himself, he dictated poems and articles to his secretary. In this way, in 185 1 10, he published his own poetry collection Romance, and in 1854, he published his political last words, Ludi Zia.
Despite his illness, Heine did not lose his humor and passion. In the last few months of his life, Elser Krinez, a female admirer from Prague, visited many times-he gently called her "beautiful point"-which eased his pain. He called her his "beloved lotus", but because of his weak body, this admiration only happened on the spiritual level.
Heine's bust in Montmartre, Paris1February, 856 17, Heine died. Three days later, he was buried in Montmartre cemetery. Twenty-seven years later, according to the poet's wish, Mathilde also found a permanent residence here. Heine's tombstone erected in 190 1 is decorated with a marble bust of Heine made by Danish sculptor Louis Hatheris and the poet's poem "Where is it? 》
chronological table
1797 65438+February 65438+March Born in Dü sseldorf.
1807- 18 14 Dusseldorf Middle School, not graduated; After that, I studied in a business school.
18 15 Frankfurt, bank apprentice.
18 16 worked as an intern at my uncle Salomon Heine Bank in Hamburg.
18 17 First published works
18 19- 1825 studying law in Bonn, g? ttingen and Berlin.
182 1 Berlin, the first book of poetry.
1822 Member of Jewish Cultural and Economic Association; Travel in Poznan (a city in central and western Poland)
1824 Harz Mountain Tourism; Visit Goethe
1825 was baptized by Protestantism-Lutheranism in Heiligen and changed its name to heinrich heine; Received a doctorate in criminal law and civil law in G? ttingen.
1826 the first travel notes was published.
1827 collection published; Travel in Britain; Move to Munich
1828 Italy tourism; Father's death
183 1 moved to Paris.
1832 wrote a Paris newsletter for augsburg; Begin neuralgia
Heine's works were banned in Prussia.
1834 met Eugenia cristia Milla (known as Mathilde).
1835 The works of Heine and Young Germany were banned in the German Federation.
1837 paralysis symptoms are aggravated.
1843 trip to Hamburg; Get to know Karl Marx and participate in the work of "Forward"
1844 another trip to Hamburg; Germany, a winter fairy tale
1845 Uncle Solomon Heine passed away; Stop funding; Get worse.
1848 bedridden (mattress tomb)
Dr Faust was banned in Prussia and Austria.
1854 The last work published before his death: three volumes of multi-style collection, including two "Lutzia".
1856 died in Paris on February 7, 2007.
works
According to the year when the book was published
182 1 poem
1823 tragedy-lyric episode (including: William ratcliffe, Almansur, lyric episode)
1824 "Poetry 39"
1826 Travel Notes, Volume I (including: Travel Notes of Harz Mountain, Returning Home, Beihai Collection Part I and Poetry)
1827 songji's Travels Volume II (including: Beihai Collection Volume II and Volume III, Thoughts and legrand Collection Letter from Berlin).
1830 Travel Notes, Volume III (including a trip from Munich to Genoa and Lukabas)
1831eileitung zu kahldorfü Berden Adel's Travels Volume IV (including: Lukacs, English fragment)
Situation in France
1834 Salon, Volume I (including: On French painter, Ausden Me Mioren Desherrn von Schnabelewopski, Poetry).
1835 Salon, Volume II (including poems about the history of German religion and philosophy and the Spring Festival)
1836 on romanticism
1837 on informers, An Introduction to Don Quixote, Salon, Volume III (including: Florenty Shen En? chte，Elementargeister)
1838 Der Spiegel
1839 girls and women in Shakespeare's works, Schriftstellern? Ten "
1840 on Ludwig Dona, special feature, Sharon, Volume IV (including: Rabbi in bacharach, on the French stage, poetry).
1844 new poetry anthology (including: Germany-winter fairy tales)
1847 "Atta Troll-A Midsummer Night's Dream"
Dr. Faust, Romantic
1854 Selected Poems of Multi-body, three volumes (including Confessions, Exiled God, Diana, Ludwig Marcus, Poems of 1853 and 1854, Lucia I and II)
1869 (posthumous work) "The Last Poem" and "Random Thoughts"
The above translation is from German Wikipedia.
Chinese translation
Complete Works of Heine, volume 12, by Heine, translated by Hu, Hebei Education Press, 2003, ISBN 7-5434-4984-6.
document
Biography of heinrich heine, (Germany) by Fritz Yoladak, translated by Hu, Oriental Publishing House, 200 1, ISBN 7-5060-1355-X.
Heine was born in a poor Jewish merchant family in Dü sseldorf on the Rhine. 1795, Napoleon's army marched into the Rhine valley and carried out some democratic reforms on the feudal system in Germany. As Engels pointed out, Napoleon was "the representative of the German revolution, the disseminator of revolutionary principles and the destroyer of the old feudal society". These reforms of the French army improved the social status of the discriminated Jews, so Heine was influenced by the French bourgeois revolutionary thought from an early age.
From 18 19 to 1823, Heine studied law and philosophy at Bonn University and Berlin University. He has listened to the lectures of Romantic writer august wilhelm and idealistic philosopher Hegel. Heine began his literary creation as early as 20 years old. His early poems, such as The Distress of Youth, Lyric Episode, The Return of the Native, Beihai Collection, etc., mainly focus on personal experience and love distress, reflecting the depression of personality and the distress of not finding a way out under feudal autocracy.
"Like some people, I feel the same pain in Germany. If I say the most uncomfortable pain, I will say my pain. " The personal feelings expressed in these poems have certain social significance. When 1827 was collected and published, these poems were labeled as poetry lines. They show distinctive romantic style, simple and sincere feelings, and rich folk songs, which are welcomed by readers. Many of them have been set to music by composers, which are widely circulated in Germany and are excellent works of German lyric poetry.
From 1824 to 1828, Heine traveled to many places in the motherland, Britain, Italy and other countries. Because of his extensive contact with the society, he deepened his understanding of the real society and wrote four prose travel notes.
In the first part of Travel Notes on Mount Hatz, Heine described the suffocating situation in Germany in the 1920s with a humorous and lively style, satirizing feudal reactionary rulers, stale universities, vulgar philistines, reactionary nationalists and passive romantics. It depicts the magnificent natural scenery of the motherland with a strong lyrical style, and at the same time depicts the working life of miners in mountainous areas with deep sympathy.
In the second book "Thoughts-Collected Works of Le Grunter", Heine described the scene of the French army entering his hometown, portrayed the image of Napoleon, and showed the author's longing for the French Revolution and his hatred of German feudal rule.
In the third Italian travelogue, A Passage from Munich to Genoa, it describes the scenery and social life of Italy, exposes the reactionary nature of aristocratic Catholicism, and criticizes the tendency of aristocratic writers to be divorced from reality.
In the fourth English fragment, the writer depicts the sharp opposition between the wealthy aristocrats and the bourgeoisie and the working people, and exposes the greed and plunder of the big bourgeoisie.
The main tendency of these four notes is to attack the feudal reactionary rule of Germany and expect a more thorough bourgeois revolution in Germany. The creation of these four travel notes shows that Heine has grown into a revolutionary Democrat in thought, and in art, Heine has turned from describing his personal experiences and feelings in his youth to exploring social reality and moving towards realism.
Heine's ideological contradictions and doubts in his later years are manifested in his belief and understanding of productism. His ideological contradiction is the product of that era. As Lenin said in memory of herzen, "it is the product and reflection of an era with world historical significance. In this era, the bourgeois-democratic revolution is dying, and the socialist proletarian revolution is not yet mature". At the same time, it also reflects the limitations of Heine's own bourgeois worldview. 1856 On February 27th, Heine passed away.