Tianyou Zhan

Zhan Tianyou (1861-1919), a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, was an outstanding railway engineer in modern times.

Zhan Tianyou's father, Zhan Hongxing, supported his family by farming, and his life was very difficult. Zhan Tianyou entered a private school at the age of seven, hated the four books, five classics and eight-part essay, and liked to fiddle with machinery. 1872 was admitted to the preparatory class for children going abroad. After finishing primary and secondary schools in the United States, he was admitted to the Civil Engineering Department of Yale University to study railway engineering. 188 1 year, Zhan Tianyou university graduated with honors. He returned to China in the same year and was sent to Fuzhou Naval Academy as a pilot. The following year, he was sent to the "Wu Yang" soldier ship as a driving officer. 1884, Zhan Tianyou and his comrades-in-arms fought bravely and calmly against French ships in the Mawei Battle of the Sino-French War, which won people's praise. June, 5438+the same year 10, transferred to Guangdong erudite museum to teach. 1886, Zhang Zhidong asked Zhan Tianyou to draw a map of the coastal situation in China. He completed surveying and mapping in one year and drew a coastal hazard map, which was presented to the Qing government by Zhang Zhidong. At that time, it was a pioneering work to use western surveying and mapping methods to map the coastal areas of China.

1888, Zhan Tianyou was appointed as Jintang railway engineer, and began to devote himself to China railway industry. In 80 days, he completed the track-laying project from Tanggu to Tianjin. In early September, Tangshan and Tianjin were opened to traffic. 1890, the Qing government rebuilt the internal and external railways. Shanhaiguan internal and external railways are connected by the existing railway from Linxi in Shenyang to Dalian and the feeder roads from Shenyang to Niuzhuang and Yingkou. While supervising the restoration of Guye-Luanzhou project, Zhan Tianyou analyzed the reasons why Japanese and German engineers failed to build Luanhe Bridge, and tactfully completed all the projects of Luanhe Railway Bridge. 1904, Zhan Tianyou was elected as a member of the British Engineering Research Association. 1905, the Qing government built the Jing-Zhang Railway and appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer. He successfully completed the construction of the Jing-Zhang Railway, shattered the fallacy spread by the invaders that it was impossible for China engineers to build this railway, and greatly increased the ambition of the people of China. 19 10 years, returned to Guangdong and became the prime minister of Guangdongdao. 1965438+In May 2002, he was appointed as the director of the office of John Sichuan Railway Association. Until 19 19 died, he had been working hard to build the Han-Yue-Chuan Railway.

Zhangjing railway

The Jing-Zhang Railway is a railway that is hosted by Zhan Tianyou and successfully built to connect Beijing and Zhangjiakou. This is a railway financed, surveyed, designed and built by China itself, with a total length of more than 200 kilometers. This road "is separated by high mountains and mountains, with the most stonework, and the bridge is more than 7,000 feet, which is full of dangers and difficult to construct." In particular, "Juyongguan, Badaling is mountainous and rocky bay, and the roads built in various provinces are the most difficult to test. Even Taixi's books see such a project as extremely difficult. " From Nankou to Badaling, the distance is 180 feet, and it must be increased by one foot every forty feet. After the news of China's own Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway came out, foreigners sarcastically said that the China engineer who built this railway probably hasn't been born yet. Zhan Tianyou bravely shouldered the arduous task of chief engineer and encouraged engineers to win glory for our country. He personally led the engineering team to survey and determine the route, and selected the route currently passing through Nankou, Juyongguan and Badaling from the three surveyed routes. Together with railway workers, Zhan Tianyou successfully completed two difficult tunnel projects, Juyongguan and Badaling, and designed the herringbone track, overcoming difficulties such as lack of funds, shortage of machines and weak technical force. Jing-Zhang Railway 1905 started in September, and was completed in August, 909. It was completed two years ahead of schedule, with a fund balance of 282,000 silver, and the total cost was only one-fifth of the fees charged by foreign contracted projects in the past. It can be described as low cost, good quality and quick completion. In the face of hard facts, foreigners can't help but be impressed. Jing-Zhang Railway is the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people themselves, which is the glory of China people and China engineering and technical circles, and also the victory of China people's anti-imperialist struggle in the modern history of China.

Two difficult tunnel projects in Juyongguan and Badaling

The difficulty of the whole line of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway lies in Guangou, where mountains overlap and cliffs are steep, and the engineering difficulty is rare in the world at that time. Guangou section includes four tunnel projects, namely Juyongguan, Badaling, Wuguatou and Shifosi, with a total length of1.645m.. Badaling tunnel is the longest, with a length of 1, 09 1 m, followed by Juyongguan, with a length of 367 m. Zhan Tianyou has overcome many difficulties such as capital, technology and equipment. With the sarcasm and ridicule of imperialists. In the Badaling Project, which is known as the "natural barrier", he adopted the method of subsection construction according to local conditions, and carefully designed the method of digging a large well from the middle of the cave body vertically with opposite ends. Zhan Tianyou personally checked and kept improving, and finally completed the world-famous Badaling tunnel project at 1908.

Houbangde

Hou (1890-1974) is an outstanding patriotic scientist in China, one of the main founders of China's modern chemical industry, and is recognized as an authority in the alkali industry in the world. Minhou county, Fujian province. 19 10 graduated from Shanghai Fujian-Anhui Railway School. Soon, he was admitted to Tsinghua Preparatory School for Studying in the United States (the predecessor of Tsinghua University). In the graduation examination of 19 13, he scored 1000, which created the miracle of Tsinghua campus. Xuan was recommended by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduated from 19 16, and then went to Columbia University to study tanning. 192 1 received a doctorate from Columbia University. After returning home, Ying Aiguo industrialist Fan Xudong hired him as the chief engineer of Tanggu Li Yong Soda Plant. After several years' efforts, the first batch of high-quality alkali in China and even in Asia was finally produced at 1926. The "Red Triangle" brand soda produced by Li Yong Soda Factory won the gold medal at the Philadelphia World Expo and the Swiss International Trade Fair. 1933, he published his masterpiece "Making Soda", which shocked the world soda industry, and made Solvi's soda technology system open to the world, thus establishing his lofty position as the authority of soda production in the world. 1937, the first large-scale chemical joint venture in China, Nanjing Li Yong Ammonia Plant, was established. At this point, alkali and acid, the two wings of chemical basic industries, have risen in China, laying the foundation for modern chemical industry in China. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Hou was appointed as the director and chief engineer of Yonglichuan Plant, taking on the heavy responsibility of building a chemical base in western China. After three years' efforts, he created an advanced new process of soda production-"Hou's soda production method". 1943 Honorary member awarded by the Royal Society of Chemical Industry (at that time, there was only one China and one Japanese in Asia); 1944 Columbia university awarded honorary doctorate in science; 1948 was elected as an academician of academia sinica. After the founding of New China, he served as a member of the Central Finance Committee, an adviser to the Chemical Industry Bureau of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, and a director and deputy minister of the Technical Committee of the Ministry of Chemical Industry. 1955 was hired as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1958, the first small demonstration plant of nitrogen fertilizer in China was built, and the production technology and equipment were continuously improved in the following six years. 1965 was awarded the invention certificate of "making ammonium bicarbonate by carbonation synthetic ammonia process" by the State Science and Technology Commission. In the mid-1980s, more than 1000 small and medium-sized nitrogenous fertilizer plants in China adopted this new technology with China characteristics, which made the output of small fertilizers reach more than half of the total national fertilizer output. Hou made an indelible contribution to the development of agriculture in China. He was elected as the first member of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, the second, third and fourth standing committees, and the first to fourth NPC deputies. His main works include Making Alkali, Chapter 10 of Roger Industrial Chemistry 6th Edition, Hou Wenxuan, etc.

Yuanwei

Wei Yuan (1794— 1857), a native of Shaoyang, Hunan, was a Daoguang Jinshi. Famous thinker in Qing Dynasty. At the end of Jiaqing, he studied Gongyangxue from Liu in the capital, and later he was as famous as Gong Zizhen, the representative of practical science, who was also called Gong Wei at that time. During the period of 1825- 1826, he was hired by He Changling, the political envoy of Jiangsu Province, to edit Confucian Classics and participate in the discussion on water conservancy in five grains. Later, he served as cabinet secretary, reading various classics and documents extensively, and knowing more about social reality. During the Opium War, he served as the governor of the two rivers in Yuqian shogunate, participated in the anti-British movement in eastern Zhejiang, hated current events and wrote Wu Shengji. On the basis of Lin Zexu's entrustment, he added the historical and geographical information of the western regions "Sizhou Zhi" compiled by Lin Zexu to the "National Chart Zhi". In this book, Wei Yuan advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and explicitly proposes to learn from the West. He suggested making guns, ships and other "people-friendly" machine industrial products, strengthening coastal defense and resisting foreign aggression, and demanded the reform of grain transportation to reduce taxes and give consideration to the interests of businessmen. His thought had a certain influence on modern reform thought and political reform. 1853, when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom troops attacked Jiangnan and approached Yangzhou, Wei Yuan organized landlord forces to confront them. 1857, died in Hangzhou. In addition to the above works, Wei Yuan also wrote Collection of Ancient Huitang, Newly Edited History of Yuan Dynasty, Original Meaning of Laozi and Ancient Poems and Ancient Books.

haiyangdituji

Wei Yuan's Chart in Qing Dynasty. 184 1 year (twenty-one year of Daoguang), the author was entrusted by Lin Zexu in Zhenjiang, and compiled a book according to the translation of Sizhou Zhi and Chinese and foreign documents shortly after the conclusion of treaty of nanking. 50 volumes were published in Yangzhou in 1842, 1847 and 10O (the second year of Xianfeng). This book systematically introduces the knowledge of foreign history, geography and science and technology, denounces the capitulationists' theory of "invincible foreign soldiers" and the die-hards' theory of selling the country as "strange skills and cunning", puts forward good opinions on the strategies of fighting, defense and diplomacy, advocates learning from advanced western technologies, and puts forward the famous proposition of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". After the publication of this book, it had a great influence, which prompted people to broaden their horizons and know the world, and also had some enlightenment to the later bourgeois reformists. After its publication, this book was quickly introduced to Japan, which also had a certain impact on Japan's reform movement.

Learn from foreigners and control them.

Wei Yuan is a person who explicitly proposed to learn from the West in the modern history of China. He pointed out in "Description of a Sea Country": What is a book? He said, "attack foreigners with foreigners, pay foreigners with foreigners, and learn from foreigners to control foreigners." The so-called "learning from foreigners" mainly refers to learning a set of strengths of western capitalist countries in military technology. Wei Yuan said: "Three skills of foreigners: one warship, two firearms and three training methods." He not only advocated buying naval guns from the west, but also emphasized introducing advanced industrial technology from the west and manufacturing naval guns himself. The so-called "controlling foreigners" means resisting aggression and defeating the enemy. Wei Yuan explicitly raised the question of whether to learn from the "long skills" of western countries and whether to defeat foreign invaders. He stressed that those who are not good at learning from foreigners should be controlled by foreigners. Starting from the standpoint of anti-aggression, Wei Yuan showed brilliant patriotic thoughts by learning from foreigners and mastering foreigners.

Yearbook of four continents

Records of Four Continents, edited by Lin Qing Zexu, one volume. This book was written by Lin Zexu when he presided over the ban on smoking in Guangdong. In order to understand the situation in the West, he asked someone to translate and describe Murray's Encyclopedia of World Geography. The book recorded the geography and history of more than 30 countries on five continents, which was the world geography of China system at that time. Entrusted by Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan compiled the Atlas of Sea Countries on the basis of this book and other materials.

Yan fu

Yan Fu (1854- 192 1), a famous official in Fujian, was a representative figure seeking truth from the west in modern times, and a bourgeois enlightenment thinker and translator who systematically spread western learning in China. He was the first graduate of Fuzhou Ship Administration School, and later studied at British Naval School. From 65438 to 0880 (the first year of Guangxu), he served as the chief teacher of Beiyang Naval Academy and was later promoted to the General's Office. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he published a series of political articles, such as Yuan Qiang, On the Final Salvation, A Written Talk, etc. He issued a strong voice of patriotism and saving the country, advocated reform and political reform, and began to translate and describe the works of British natural scientist Huxley, named Evolution. The book systematically introduces Darwin's theory of biological evolution, calls on people to save the country and survive, and "gains without pains" with the argument of "natural selection, survival of the fittest", which had a great influence in the ideological circle at that time. Before the Reform Movement of 1898, he presided over the National Newspaper. After the Reform Movement of 1898, he translated Fu Yuan, Yan Qian and Yi Fa, and spread the political and economic thoughts and logic of the western bourgeoisie. After the Revolution of 1911, the thought became increasingly conservative, and 19 15 was listed as a "safety meeting". His works have been translated into post-history series and series.

Evolutionary theory

The theory of evolution was translated by Yan Fu from Huxley's book Evolution and Ethics in the Qing Dynasty. "Natural evolution" is evolution, and "natural evolution" is evolution. Yan Fu disapproves of separating the laws of nature (evolution) from human relations (ethics), and only takes the title of the previous "evolution" (that is, natural evolution) in translation. Yan's translation of Evolution only contains two parts of Huxley's original work: Preface and Essence. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Yan Fu began to translate this book, which was officially published in 1898. It is a work that directly introduced western bourgeois theory works in early modern China. Yan's translation of The Theory of Evolution is not simply a copy of Huxley's original work, but a creative "takenism" to meet the needs of China society at that time. The theory of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" in the book has played a positive role in cracking down on feudal forces and promoting political reform and change.