2. The Karnak Temple in Egypt was built in how many centuries BC?
3. What are the characteristics of temples in Egypt?
4. Introduction of Egyptian temples
5. What are the two famous temples in Egypt?
6. What gods are there in Egyptian temples?
7. What is the most famous temple of Amon in Egypt?
The hierarchy of temples in ancient Egypt
Ancient kingdom
Hentiusse: This class is directly subordinate to the king, manages the land granted by the king, and serves the king in this life or the afterlife in different forms. Among them, there are mainly middle and lower class freemen, including craftsmen, and some dignitaries, thus forming a special social group with different classes related to the king.
Nisutiu: They were free peasants who were not attached to the king at first, and also landlords handed down from ancient collective communes. With the centralization of the ancient kingdom, this class became serfs in the later period of the ancient kingdom.
Flamel: Egypt's slave-like free class. They are lower-class freemen and small producers and have the right to own property, although this right is often not guaranteed.
They can transfer and buy and sell some of the lost aristocratic bureaucratic property, but they can also trade their own property in the market.
Most of them live as a family and are tied to the land.
Matt: They mainly came from prisoners of war who were with criminals during the joint war between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Their status is similar to that of slaves, lower than that of Lemurt. They are bureaucrats, aristocrats and temples. They are the property of nobles and temples and cannot be transferred or bought or sold.
Mei Lite: A profession similar to Matt's, but they can be transferred and bought and sold.
They are usually in charge of agriculture or dealing with sacrifices. They are protected by the royal family from corvee and other labor in this state.
This level is equivalent to Matt in the New Kingdom era.
Yi Su: A slave, a slave that can be bought and sold. It is mainly used for temple sacrifices to prepare for spiritual sacrifices.
Baker: A very broad term, which means servant. They can be inherited and bought, and they are forced to work.
In many cases, this word is also used to describe officials, indicating that officials are all servants of the king.
This word was used to refer to debt slaves in the post-Egyptian era.
Slaves and female slaves. Like most slaves in the world, they are slaves in our imagination. They have no personal freedom, they are forced to work, they are bought, sold, transferred and inherited, they serve in the royal family, nobles and temples, or they are used for comfort and sacrifice.
Central kingdom
Ned: They are the most important class in China. They are usually translated as citizens.
They are civilians and poor people. In the scuffle in China, they began to join the army, attached to the governors, and their social status began to improve.
The gap between the rich and the poor has widened, and some of them have become high-ranking officials and dignitaries, while most of them are still poor. That is, from this time on, the hierarchy in Egypt began to be destroyed, and people no longer paid attention to every level, but to real power.
Nie Muhu: It means "deprived person". They have personal freedom and are poor and humble freemen.
This class seems to be related to orphans, or they are "employment orphans".
In the end, like Nieder, the gap between the rich and the poor was widened because this class supported the Ihnaton reform of the new kingdom and became the backbone of the reform.
However, when they are in high positions, they constantly enrich themselves and violate the policy, which is an important reason for the failure of the reform.
After the reform, some of them have high prestige and status, so they are not affected and still have unlimited scenery.
New kingdom
In addition to the level of most new kingdoms following the ancient kings of foreign countries, there are the following categories.
Semdet: the serf class, belonging to temples, cemeteries, farms and individuals, is mainly composed of metalworkers, birdmen, shipbuilders and weavers.
Jeter: Domestic slaves, which began to appear in the Middle Kingdom period, are closely related to their owners and their families and are mainly used for funeral services.
Nijett: slaves are similar to Jett, but in the new kingdom, they seem to designate conquered free and unfree foreigners as reference:
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How many centuries BC was the Karnak Temple in Egypt built?
The temple of Karnak, also known as the Temple of Amunle, was built more than 3,900 years ago. Located in the north of Luxor, Egypt, it is a spectacular temple left by the ancient Egyptian Empire.
There are more than 20 temples in the temple, 134 giant stone pillars, statues of lions and rams and other historical sites, which are magnificent and shocking.
The Karnak Temple is a part of Thebes, which was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Central Kingdom and the New Kingdom.
It is the worship center of the sun god Amon and the site of the largest temple in ancient Egypt.
Temple gate towering, up to 38 meters, spectacular; The main hall is majestic, covering an area of about 5,000 square meters. There are 16 rows of * * 134 megalithic columns, the highest of which is 12. Each column is more than 20 meters high, and the top of the column can stand 100 people. There are colored paintings depicting the story of the sun god on the pillars, and minarets and stone statues are everywhere in the temple.
On the stone wall of the temple, you can see their glorious historical sites carved by the ancient Egyptians in hieroglyphics.
Karnak Temple is one of the most spectacular ancient buildings in the world and the largest temple in Egypt.
What are the characteristics of temples in Egypt?
Around 2000 BC, the pyramids in Egypt were repeatedly threatened by grave robbers, which made the Pharaoh's mausoleum change from a pyramid to a grotto mausoleum.
But apart from the pyramids, the most famous building in Egypt is the temple.
The Egyptian temple pursues the system of the integration of politics and religion, and the Pharaoh is integrated with the monarch and the priest.
Temple buildings spread all over Egypt, occupying one-sixth of the country's land for a period of time.
In the field of religion, priests regard altars, idols and temples as a trinity.
Every festival, the priests take the gods of their own temple to worship in other temples, and play mythical roles in the ceremony, singing poems to worship the gods.
In Egypt, temples are the "castles" and "palaces" of God.
The "gate wall" in the temple has special significance. It is called "the mountain on the horizon", and the sun rises between these two mountains. These two towers represent two goddesses, Iside and Neptune. According to myth, two goddesses hold the rising sun with their arms.
The gate wall emphasizes the facade of the temple and the role of entering the gate, which enhances the solemnity of the temple.
For Egyptians, the Dillar in the temple symbolizes stability.
Jack Triside said that in the ancient world, the symbolic meaning of pillars was usually extremely important, representing the strength, authority and vitality of God.
Egypt's djed column (a column with four columns) is said to represent Osiris's spine.
A temple composed of pillars is the most important religious space.
During the Middle Kingdom, Thebes was the worship center of Amon, who was originally a wind god or air god. Later, it merged with other gods, such as Fu Shen Min of Coptos, and then combined with La, the sun god of Eliopolis, and finally formed the god of the universe.
With the blessing of this god, you can win this battle. In the temple dedicated to this god, people sacrificed most of the spoils and the tributes of the conquered people.
Amon-Ra became the protector of the empire: people "gave" the goddess Thebes to him as his wife and recognized the moon god Hons as his son.
In this way, the Trinity God was formed.
The most famous temple buildings dedicated to Amon are Karnak Temple and Amon Sun Temple in Luxor, which are the most generous gifts given to Amon by the New Kingdom.
In the second month of the Nile flood season every year, the king presided over the ceremony, and the ship carrying Amon, Mutt and their child Hongsi escorted them from Karnak Temple to Luxor Temple.
This is one of the most important festivals in ancient Egypt.
Besides water, there is also land. Between the two temples, there is a kilometer-long sphinx avenue lined with two rows of sacred sheep statues. If a religious ceremony is held, it will also start from the Karnak Temple and end in Luxor. What a spectacular ceremony this will be!
Brief introduction of Egyptian temples
The temple is the sacred residence of many gods and goddesses in ancient Egypt. According to Matt's law, all temples must be kept clean, otherwise, the gods or goddesses will abandon them, which will lead to great unrest in Egypt.
There are temples everywhere, and every city has a temple of the land god.
Temple is the communication center between man and god.
With the increasing power of priests, the cemetery became a part of templo mayor.
The temple is divided into two parts: the outer hall and the inner hall.
The outer hall can let newcomers in and out, and the inner hall can only let those who need further knowledge in.
These temples are very important, and buildings will gradually form around them, providing shelter, food and support for people living and working there.
The whole building complex consists of a series of areas, the more sacred it is toward the center, and the most sacred place is the innermost part.
In the public area outside the compound building, a sacred lake, a clinic, a kitchen, a winery, a barn and a "house of life"-Temple University, a library and a copy room were built.
Starting from the pier, along a avenue with the Sphinx and other giant sculptures on both sides, you can directly reach the temple wall and the grand tower door leading to the main body of the temple.
After entering, it is the outer court, which is open to the priest and sometimes to the outside world; Then there is the inner hall, which only pure priests can enter.
There is a multi-column hall with rows of huge columns.
The innermost part is a refuge, and only Pharaoh and the high priest can enter.
There is a worship hall, that is, a small auditorium, and there are sailboats holding statues; Moreover, it is a sacred place in itself, and the idol is placed here.
What are the two famous temples in Egypt?
Luxor Temple
Luxor Temple, a city in south-central Egypt, is located on the Nile River in Upper Egypt, more than 670 kilometers south of Cairo. It is the site of the southern half of Thebes, the capital of the middle kingdom and the new kingdom of ancient Egypt.
The most striking historical sites in Luxor are Karnak Temple and Luxor Templ on the east bank of the Nile.
Luxor has become a modern tourist city and a tourist attraction in Egypt, where there is a festive atmosphere. The temples and shrines located in the city center give Luxor a special mark, and hundreds of thousands of tourists come from all over the world every year.
Egyptians often say, "You have never been to Luxor, you have never been to Egypt".
Karnak temple
The Karnak Temple is a part of Thebes, which was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Central Kingdom and the New Kingdom.
The worship center of the sun god Amon, the site of the largest temple in ancient Egypt.
Located on the east bank of the Nile, 700 kilometers south of Cairo.
The site occupied the northern half of East Thebes at that time.
Through the Great Sphinx Avenue, it connects to Luxor, south of 1 km, where there is another temple of Amon.
Since the dynasties of the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom started from Thebes and ruled the whole country, the local god of Thebes, Amon, was regarded as the protector of the royal power and became the most important among the Egyptian gods.
The Amun Temple here has also become the largest and richest temple in China.
Who is the god in the Egyptian temple?
Lara: the sun god.
Nine pillars of Egypt
Shu: Fengshen.
Tefnut: Rain God.
Geb (Seb): God of the earth.
Nut: God of the sky.
Osiris: Pluto also rules abundance.
Isis/Auset: wife of Osiris, mother of Horus, mother of the earth, and also in charge of life.
Seth: God of Chaos, God of War, Desert and Foreign Countries.
Diagram of the relationship between Egyptian gods
Nefertis: the patron saint of the dead and the mother of Anubis.
The most famous temple of Amon in Egypt is Luxor Temple and what?
The most famous temples in Egypt are Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple.
The Karnak Temple is a part of Thebes, which was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Central Kingdom and the New Kingdom. It is one of the most spectacular ancient buildings in the world and the largest temple in Egypt. Karnak Temple is the worship center of the sun god Amon and the largest temple in ancient Egypt. Located on the east bank of the Nile, 700 kilometers south of Cairo. The site occupied the northern half of East Thebes at that time. It is connected to Luxor south of 1 km through the Great Sphinx Avenue, where there is another temple of Amon. Since the dynasties of the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom started from Thebes and ruled the whole country, the local god of Thebes, Amon, was regarded as the protector of the royal power and became the most important among the Egyptian gods. The Amun Temple here has also become the largest and richest temple in China.