Knowledge of organic chemistry in college entrance examination
1. The reaction requiring water bath heating is as follows
(1), silver mirror reaction (2), hydrolysis of ethyl acetate (3) nitration of benzene (4) hydrolysis of sugar.
(5) Preparation of Phenolic Resin (6) Determination of Solid Solubility
Any reaction with a temperature not higher than 100℃ can be heated in a water bath, and the temperature changes smoothly without ups and downs, which is beneficial to the reaction.
2. The experiments that need a thermometer are:
(1), laboratory ethylene (170℃) (2), distillation (3), determination of solid solubility.
(4) Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate (70-80℃) (5) Determination of neutralization heat.
(6) generating nitrobenzene (50-60 DEG C)
[Description]: (1) Anyone who needs to control the temperature accurately must use a thermometer. (2) Pay attention to the position of the mercury ball of the thermometer.
3. Organic substances that can react with Na are: alcohol, phenol, carboxylic acid, etc. -All compounds containing hydroxyl groups.
4. The substances that can react with the silver mirror are:
Aldehyde, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, maltose-all substances containing aldehyde groups.
5. The substances that can make the acidic solution of potassium permanganate fade are:
(1) hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds, derivatives of hydrocarbons and homologues of benzene.
(2) Compounds containing hydroxyl groups, such as alcohols and phenols
(3) Compounds containing aldehyde groups
(4) Reducing inorganic substances (such as SO2, FeSO4, KI, HCl, H2O2, etc.). )
6. Substances that can make bromine water fade are:
(1) hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives with carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds (addition)
(2) Phenols, such as phenol (substitute)
(3) Aldehyde-containing substances (oxidation)
(4) Alkaline substances (such as NaOH and Na2CO3) (redox-disproportionation reaction)
(5) Strong inorganic reducing agents (such as SO2, KI, FeSO4, etc.). ) (oxidation)
(6) Organic solvents (such as benzene and benzene homologues, carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, hexane, etc.). ) belongs to extraction, which makes the water layer fade and the organic layer is orange-red. )
7. Liquid organics with density greater than water include: bromoethane, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc.
8. Liquid organics with lower density than water are hydrocarbons, most esters and monochloroalkanes.
9. The substances that can undergo hydrolysis reaction are
Halogenated hydrocarbon, ester (fat), disaccharide, polysaccharide, protein (peptide), salt.
10. The water-insoluble organic matter is:
Hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, starch, cellulose
1 1. Organic substances that are gaseous at room temperature are:
Hydrocarbons (except neopentane), methyl chloride and formaldehyde with less than or equal to 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
12. The reaction under the conditions of concentrated sulfuric acid and heating is as follows:
Nitration, sulfonation, alcohol dehydration, cellulose esterification and hydrolysis of benzene and its homologues.
13. The substances that may be oxidized are:
Unsaturated compound containing carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond (KMnO4), homologues of benzene, alcohol, aldehyde and phenol.
Most organic matter can be burned, and combustion is oxidized by oxygen.
14. acidic organic compounds are compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups.
15. The substances that can denature protein are: strong acid, strong alkali, heavy metal salt, formaldehyde, phenol, strong oxidant, strong alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, trichloroacetic acid, etc.
16. Organic substances that can react with acid and alkali: organic substances with acid-base bifunctional groups (amino acids, protein, etc. ).
17. Organic substances that can react with NaOH solution:
(1) phenol:
(2) Carboxylic acid:
(3) halogenated hydrocarbon (aqueous solution: hydrolysis; Alcohol solution: eliminate)
(4) Ester: (Hydrolysis, slow reaction without heating, fast reaction with heating)
(5) protein (hydrolysis)
General knowledge of chemistry in college entrance examination
1, organic matter uses the same simplest formula.
1.ch: C2H2 and C6H6
2.CH2: olefins and cycloalkanes
3.CH2O: formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl formate
4.CnH2nO: saturated monobasic aldehyde (or saturated monobasic ketone) and saturated monobasic carboxylic acid or ester with twice the carbon number;
5 alkynes (or dienes) and benzene and their homologues with three times the number of carbon atoms; For example: propyne (C3H4) and propylbenzene (C9H 12).
2. Heterogeneous relationship between organic compounds.
1. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2n(n≥3): olefins and cycloalkanes;
2. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2n-2(n≥4): alkynes and dienes;
3. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2n+2O(n≥3): saturated monohydric alcohols and ethers;
4. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2nO(n≥3): saturated monoaldehyde and ketone;
5. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2nO2(n≥2): saturated monocarboxylic acids and esters;
6. Isomers whose molecular composition conforms to CnH2n-6O(n≥7): homologues of phenol, aromatic alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons.
3. Substance and reaction conditions that can be substituted for the reaction
1. Alkanes and halogen elements: halogen vapor, light;
2. Benzene and its homologues: ① halogen element: iron as catalyst; ② concentrated nitric acid: water bath at 50 ~ 60℃; Concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst ③ Concentrated sulfuric acid: 70 ~ 80℃ water bath; * * * heat
3. Hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons: NaOH aqueous solution;
4. Reaction between alcohol and halogen acid: heating the newly prepared halogen acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.
5. Esterification reaction: heating with concentrated sulfuric acid.
6. Ester hydrolysis: inorganic acid or alkali catalysis;
7. Phenol and concentrated bromine water or concentrated nitric acid
8. Saponification reaction of oil
9. (The dehydration reaction of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid at 140℃ is actually a substitution reaction. )
4. Substances capable of addition reaction
Adding olefins: halogen, H2, hydrogen halide and water.
Addition of alkynes: halogen, H2, hydrogen halide and water.
Adding diolefins: halogen, H2, hydrogen halide and water.
Adding benzene and its homologues: H2, Cl2.
Addition of styrene: H2, hydrogen halide, water and halogen.
Addition of unsaturated hydrocarbon derivatives: (including halogenated olefins, halogenated alkynes, enols, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, alkenes, etc. )
Addition of compounds containing aldehyde groups: addition of ketones such as H2 and HCN: H2.
Adding oleic acid, oleate, oleate and oil (unsaturated higher fatty acid glyceride).
5. Substances capable of addition polymerization.
Derivatives of olefins, dienes, acetylene, styrene, olefins and dienes.
6. Substances capable of polycondensation reaction
Phenol and formaldehyde: concentrated hydrochloric acid as catalyst, heated in water bath.
Dihydric alcohols and dicarboxylic acids, etc.
7. Substances that can react with silver mirrors
Any substance with aldehyde group (-CHO) in its molecule can undergo a silver mirror reaction.
1. All aldehydes (r-CHO);
2. Formic acid, formate and ester of formic acid;
Note: It can react with newly made Cu(OH)2-in addition to the above substances, there are also strong acids (such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, etc. ), which undergoes a neutralization reaction.
Elective knowledge of high school chemistry
Application of electrolysis principle
1, producing caustic soda, chlorine and hydrogen by electrolyzing saturated brine.
(1) Electroplating A method of plating a thin layer of other metals or alloys on the surface of some metals by using the principle of electrolysis.
(2) Selection of electrode and electrolyte solution:
Anode: plating metal, losing electrons, entering the solution in the form of ions, m-ne-= = Mn+
Cathode: plated metal (plated part): the metal ions in the solution get electrons and become metal atoms, which attach to the metal surface Mn++NE-= = m.
Electrolyte: A solution containing electroplating metal ions is used as electroplating solution.
Reaction principle of copper plating;
Anode (pure copper): Cu-2e-=Cu2+
Cathode (electroplating part): Cu2++2e-=Cu
Electrolyte: soluble copper salt solution, such as CuSO4 solution.
(3) One of electroplating applications: copper refining.
Anode: crude copper;
Cathode: pure copper;
Electrolyte solution: copper sulfate
3. Electrometallurgy
(1) Electrometallurgy: The metal cations in the ore gain electrons, and the electrons are reduced from their compounds to smelt active metals, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum.
(2) electrolytic sodium chloride:
Before electrifying, sodium chloride melts at high temperature: NaCl == Na++Cl—
After DC application: anode: 2na++2e-= = 2na.
Cathode: 2cl-2e-= = Cl2 =
Rule summary: the judgment rules of primary battery, electrolytic bath and electroplating bath.
(1) If there is no external power supply, there are three conditions for forming a primary battery.
① There are two electrodes with different activities;
(2) the two poles are connected by wires and directly inserted into the communicated electrolyte;
(3) A more active metal can react with electrolyte solution (sometimes it can react with H+ generated by water dissociation), so long as these three conditions are met at the same time, it is a primary battery.
(2) If there is an external power supply, the two poles are inserted into the electrolyte, which may be an electrolytic cell or electroplating pool; When the cathode is a metal and the anode is also a metal, which belongs to the same element as the metal ions in the electrolyte, it is a electroplating bath.
(3) If a plurality of single cells are connected in series with each other and there is an external power supply, the device connected with the power supply is an electrolytic cell to electroplating bath. If there is no external power supply, the metal electrode with high activity is selected as the negative electrode (electronic output electrode) of the primary battery, the related devices are the primary battery, and the rest are electroplating cells or electrolytic cells.
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