Sentence breaking in classical Chinese is traditionally called "reading sentences". Distinguishing between sentences and reading is the most basic ability to read ancient Chinese. The basis of sentence breaking lies in the understanding of the whole article. Therefore, we should read the sentences several times before breaking them, have a general understanding of the full text, break the ones that can be broken first, gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing the relationship between difficult sentences and context. When breaking sentences, we should also pay attention to genre, language style and the integrity of sentence meaning. The use of punctuation marks should conform to the norms, which is the same as the use of punctuation marks in modern Chinese. Strengthening reading and enhancing language sense is of great help to sentence breaking. In addition, sentence breaking can follow the following rules: (1), finding nouns (pronouns) and reading sentences. Like modern Chinese, nouns (pronouns) in classical Chinese are often used as the subject and object of sentences. Therefore, finding out the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text can basically break sentences. (2) Look at the function words and read the sentences. The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks. They clearly distinguish between sentences and reading, and function words become an important symbol. Especially before and after modal particles and some conjunctions are often the places where sentences are broken. Such as: fu, beggar, fan, thief, Qing, respect, honorific adverbs are often used at the beginning of sentences; The modal particles Ye, Yi, Yi, Yan and Zai are often used at the end of sentences. Conjunctions such as "to", "to", "to" and "to" are often used in sentences. According to this feature, finding out function words is helpful for sentence reading. (3) Find out the truth and read the sentences. Ding is really a common form in classical Chinese. The sentence is continuous, and the word that is the object in the previous sentence is the subject in the latter sentence. For example, "fear is thinking, and thinking is illusory." According to this feature, we can also determine the reading of sentences. (4) Read the sentences according to the arrangement. Parallelism, duality and symmetry are the most common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese. Regular sentence patterns, more than four or six sentences, is another major feature of classical Chinese. This feature provides convenience for sentence breaking. (5) Read sentence by sentence according to the total score. In classical Chinese, there are often forms of total score and sub-total, and sentences can also be broken accordingly. (6) Dialogue, quotation and sentence reading. In classical Chinese, "Yue" and "Yun" are often used as signs of dialogue and quotation. When two people talk, they usually write their names in the first question and answer, and then only use "Yue" and omit the subject. When you meet a dialogue, you should judge the questioner and the respondent according to the context, and distinguish between sentences and reading. (7) Repeatedly examine and read sentences. Repetition, especially interval repetition, is also a common rhetorical method in classical Chinese. For example, "Zou Ji" satirizes Qi Wang's "Who am I and Xu Gongmei in the north of the city" for many times, which also provides a powerful help for sentence breaking.

2. The skills of sentence-breaking in classical Chinese are as follows: 1. Read paragraphs and understand the meaning-paragraphs are not too long or too short, and familiarity is the key.

Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences. To get an ancient prose without punctuation marks, we must first read through the whole text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning.

Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and disconnect the places that are sure. Specifically, it is to take the "four steps": (1) read the full text first, understand the meaning and analyze the plot.

Don't start punctuation at this time. If you can't understand it once, you can read it two or three times until you understand it. (2) According to the content or level of the article, first break out several large paragraphs or levels. At this time, pay attention to the function words at the beginning and end of the sentence, and disconnect the paragraphs, levels or function words that depend on the beginning and end of the sentence.

(3) dissect each paragraph or level from beginning to end in order, separate several sentences and add appropriate punctuation marks. (4) Read the full text, check it, and infer individual difficulties according to the context.

For example, in Princess Hu Yang's "The Newly Widowed Emperor and * * * on the Meanings of Detainees", the official said that Song was a virtuous man, and the emperor said to introduce Fang and to the emperor. Later, they said that Yue Hong said it was expensive to make friends with the rich, and it was easy to make friends with his wife. Yue Hong said that the minister heard that poor friends can't forget the scum's wife, while Tang Di said that the main thing is disharmony. After reading the above, you can understand the meaning and level. This article is about the widow of Princess Huyang, and the emperor found her a husband.

It is mainly divided into two layers: one is to "slightly understand" the meaning of Princess Populus euphratica and understand her intention; The second is to ask Hong Song about this person's attitude. After you basically understand the main idea of the article, you can mark the points step by step from big to small.

The answer is that Princess Huyang was recently widowed, and the emperor and * * * talked about courtiers. The Lord said, "Song Zhide is beyond the reach of his ministers."

The emperor said, "Let's make a plan." Hou Hong was introduced, and the emperor ordered the Lord to sit behind the screen and said, "As the saying goes,' It is easy for you to make friends, but it is easy for you to marry'. What is human feelings? " Hong Dao: "I heard that' the friendship between the poor and the humble should not be forgotten, and the wife of the dross should not go to court'."

The ancient emperor said to the Lord, "Things are not harmonious." Example (2004? Beijing) Break the underlined part of the following classical Chinese with diagonal lines.

(5 points) Get the moon first by being close to the water. (1) the horse died without cause, and the father of the conference semifinals hanged it. Why not live a few more months for happiness? His horse will return to Hu Majun, and everyone will be congratulated. His father said that he couldn't lose his beard because of misfortune. The son of a rich and good horse is good at riding and throwing. His father said he didn't live a year. Hu people entered the frontier for happiness. ④ Ding Zhuang led the troops to fight. You can understand the meaning and level of the article: this paragraph tells the story of "a blessing in disguise, winning the horse, and winning the horse", telling people not to treat "gain" and "loss" in isolation. "Good" and "bad", "good" and "bad" can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.

After basically understanding the main idea of the article, we can grasp the development process of "falling horse-winning horse-falling son", grasp people's views and "Saiweng" attitude, and break sentences layer by layer. Answer 1. The horse died for no reason, and Hu/everyone hung on it. His horse returned to Hu/everyone congratulated him. This family is rich and happy. 4. Strong men lead string wars/those who are close to the plug die. 19.5. So, happiness is a curse/curse is a blessing/unfathomable. Second, the name is marked, and guests should be present at any time when reading.

Because nouns are generally the objects of statement, description, explanation or discussion, nouns (pronouns) are generally used as the subject and object of sentences, and they often break sentences before and after. Therefore, finding out the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text can basically be read in broken sentences.

There are basically three kinds of pronouns common in reading classical Chinese: (1) Personal pronouns: I, I, Yu, Yu, I, lonely, widowed, minister, servant, concubine and so on. , which is the so-called first person pronoun today. Among them, the word "I" is not only used in ancient Chinese, but also used today.

The rest of modern Chinese is not used. Er, ru, female, ruo, nai, er, zi, jun, gong, your Excellency, your majesty, your first step, etc. They are all second personal pronouns, which are equivalent to "you" and "you" in modern Chinese.

Among them, "Your Excellency" and "Your Majesty" are still used in diplomatic terms. "Zhi", "Qi" and "Bi" are the third person pronouns. Today, "he" or "it" can mean not only people, but also things.

"Or" is equivalent to "some people" and "sometimes" in modern Chinese. "Mo", equivalent to "nobody", is a pronoun with no definite reference; As a demonstrative pronoun, Xiang is equivalent to the other party, and can also refer to you, me and him. Similar to the phenomenon of "Xiang", there are many generations of "Jian" and "I", that is, the so-called "expressing others' actions and doing for yourself" in Ci Yuan.

(2) interrogative pronouns-interrogative pronouns in classical Chinese, asking people "who", "who" and "why"; "He" also asks questions. There are also questions such as ",","Hu", "evil", "An" and "Yan".

(3) Demonstrative pronouns-Common demonstrative pronouns in classical Chinese include "Yes", "Death", "Zi" and "Fu". Besides being personal pronouns, "Zhi", "Qi" and "Bi" are often used as demonstrative pronouns. Note: In classical Chinese, people often use their full names when they first appear, and only nominate their names when they appear again.

For example, in "Battle of Red Cliffs", "When Lu Su heard about Liu Biao's death", he used his full name first, and then "Su Jing Ying Zhi" and "Su Xuan Quan Zhi" no longer mentioned his surname. For example, the way to cut the nose is not like big eyes at all, not like a small nose at all, big or small, big or small, big or small, and the same is true of what can be recovered later.

Did everything wrong? Forest Notes (1) Engraving: Engraving. Tao refers to truth and law.

2) do anything. Ran: That's it.

Find a few nouns in the sentence, and the sentence is basically broken. Answer: The way of carving/the size of the nose/the size of the eyes/the size of the nose/the size of the eyes/the size of the event/the same/for those who can recover later/for those who fail, use diagonal lines (/) to break the following classical Chinese sentences.

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3. What are the grammatical problems in the sentence breaking in classical Chinese? It is really important to have a sense of language. There is a clear difference between reading and not reading. 1. Ask whether the paragraph is long or short, and it is the key to read it carefully. Only when the content is fully understood can the sentence be broken. When the candidates break sentences in classical Chinese, they often make mistakes when reading, and it is over after reading the article. In fact, this "one step at a time" is not feasible. Understanding the content is closely related to punctuating sentences. Reading carefully and understanding the general idea is the premise of punctuating sentences correctly, because you can't stop if you don't understand, and you can't do it if you don't understand. After reading it again and again, you can't let it go. When we get an ancient text without punctuation, we must first read it through. Its significance is self-evident. Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning. Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and break the place where you are sure. 2. Before and after reading the full text, it is good to distinguish clearly first. It is usually easy and difficult to punctuate an article. After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope. Then focus on the analysis of difficult sentences. This is a method that is easy first and difficult later. For example, we can separate sentences that are easy to distinguish according to some obvious signs (such as function words and dialogues mentioned below). In addition, we should have full-text consciousness. For places that are difficult to break sentences, we should carefully consider the meaning of the context and ensure that sentences are broken in appropriate places. 3. Hold fast to the words "Yue" and "Yun". Dialogue is the easiest to find. In classical Chinese, words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan" are often used to describe the dialogue of characters, which provides convenience for punctuating sentences correctly. When we encounter words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan", it is easy for us to judge the speaker and what he said according to the context, such as "Official Yue" in Guangdong Volume.

4. In the rules of sentence breaking in classical Chinese, the sense of language is really important. There is a clear difference between reading and not reading.

I still found a general method on the Internet, which I think is quite reasonable. See if it helps. 1. Don't ask questions about the length of the article. It is the key to read and think carefully.

Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences. When candidates break sentences in classical Chinese, one of the common mistakes is to break sentences while reading. After reading the article, the sentence is broken. Looking back, I feel that there are many inappropriate places.

In fact, this "one-step" method is not feasible. Understanding the content is closely related to sentence breaking. Reading carefully and understanding the general idea is the premise of correctly breaking sentences, because if you don't understand, you can continue to point, and if you don't understand, you can't point well.

It's not normal, if you seem to understand it, it's not normal, if you read it twice, you won't read it. When we get an ancient prose without punctuation, we must first read the whole text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning.

Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and disconnect the places that are sure. 2. read the full text before and after, the first is easy and the second is difficult.

It is usually easy and difficult to punctuate an article. After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing difficult sentences.

This is a method that is easy first and difficult later. For example, according to some obvious signs (such as function words, dialogues, etc. Mentioned below), sentences that are easy to distinguish can be broken first.

In addition, we should have full-text awareness. For places that are not easy to break sentences, we should contact the meaning of the context and carefully scrutinize them to determine where to break sentences. 3. Hold fast to "yue", "cloud" and "speech", dialogue is the easiest to find.

Classical Chinese often uses words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan" when describing the dialogue between characters, which provides convenience for correct sentence breaking. When we encounter words such as "Yue", "Cloud" and "Yan", it is easy for us to judge the speaker and content according to the context.

For example, Shi Ji Shuo in Guangdong Volume. 4. The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference.

In classical Chinese, there are many function words, such as "only Hu Zhe". Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion uses 27 "leaves" throughout, and almost every sentence ends with the word "leaves", which is a beautiful talk. The main function of function words in classical Chinese is to express grammatical relations and mood, which is often an important symbol to distinguish between reading sentences.

In our study, we are familiar with the usage of various commonly used function words, especially their common positions in sentences, which help to break sentences: ① The modal particles at the beginning of a sentence, such as "Qi, Gai, Wei, Mi, Fu, Qi Fu, Ruofu", are often used as prime ministers' exclamations about independence, such as "Qi Fu", "Mo Hu" and "Alas". (2) The modal particle "Ye, Ye, Ye, Zai, Hu, Yan, Er, Jiu" at the end of the sentence can be broken; ③ Some related words commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as Gou, Zong, Shi, so, however, in any case, Zhi Ruo, even then, Ran Ze, can be used to break sentences. ④ Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "knowing each other", "knowing each other", "a few days later", "Yu Er" and "You Er", are also helpful to break sentences. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Peng Duanshu wrote "Show your sons and nephews for learning": "What is the matter in the world, is it difficult? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people.

I can't catch people because of ignorance, and I can't catch people because of incompetence; Learn once and for a long time, but don't be lazy, you will achieve it, but you don't know its vagueness and mediocrity. My talent is smarter than others, and my materials are more sensitive than others; Abandoning it is tantamount to fainting and mediocrity.

However, it is both stupid and clever. How can it be common? "This passage is quite typical. There are seventeen sentences and seventeen punctuation marks in the whole paragraph.

Among them, there are eleven modal particles at the end of the sentence (Hu, Yi, Ye, Yan and Zai), three conjunctions and solidified structures (Ze, Er and Ran), two pronouns (Zhi), and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence (Ye? Of course, we should also pay attention to flexibility when using function words to break sentences. For example, the sentence "Born before me, learn from it first", "Hu" is used in sentences with "Yu" as the preposition, and the part of speech has changed.

"Ye" is used in sentences to ease the tone, with or without punctuation. 5. Grasp the special sentence patterns, but don't disassemble the fixed structure.

Remember the following typical sentences in classical Chinese, such as "What crime?" (What was the crime in Song Dynasty? ); "Like ... what" (like the Taihang Wangs? ); "Only ... is ..." (only Ma Yu followed closely); "Not only that ... but also ..." (Not only the weather, but also the suppression. ); "Don't worry ..." (Don't worry? ); "Why ..." (Qin rude, why see? ); "Nothing ... almost (nothing is not? ); "Can you get it? "(can you get it? ); "Nothing ..." (Nothing unusual? ), etc. , can help break sentences.

Remember the fixed phrases in classical Chinese and don't split them, which can reduce sentence-breaking errors. Such as something, nothing, something, nothing, what if, enough, nothing is, why, etc.

6. The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the grammatical structure helps to judge. The ancients didn't know the grammatical structure, but only punctuated sentences with a vague sense of language.

We can use grammar knowledge to analyze the sentences in classical Chinese and determine how to break sentences according to grammar analysis. Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether some words in an article are subordinate or subordinate, but it is easy to solve when using grammatical knowledge to divide subjects, predicates and objects.

Like modern Chinese, the subject and object of classical Chinese are generally served by nouns or pronouns, and the predicate is mostly served by verbs, which is the core of the sentence. Grasping the predicate verb and inferring according to the verb position and the relationship between the verb and the word before and after can improve the accuracy of sentence breaking. In addition, the word order of classical Chinese is basically the same as that of modern Chinese, that is, the subject comes first, the predicate and the object come last, and the modifier generally comes before the head word.

Mastering the word order law of classical Chinese lays the foundation for accurate punctuation of classical Chinese. It can be seen that grammatical analysis is helpful to accurately break sentences.

7. parallelism, duality and repetition, rhetoric provides good conditions; The same word is closely related, generally separated in the middle. The ancients wrote articles, ten points.

5. Classical Chinese 1 How to break sentences? Generally speaking, a complete sentence has a subject-predicate object. The first sentence in classical Chinese often has a subject, and then the subject is omitted, so there are generally two predicates on the sentence.

2. There are some fixed collocations, such as ".

,.

.. and ",".

This is a supplement to the first point, that is, if there is a subject in front of the general subject, the sentence will be broken. What I said before is broken sentences, and what I said later is broken complex sentences. There are often antithetical sentences in ancient Chinese. When you see two sentences with similar forms, you should draw a line between them.

5. Some of them are juxtaposed, which should look good. 6. There are "Who said that" and "Who said that", followed by a rest, which is the beginning of others' speeches.

7. There is basically nothing wrong with these tricks in my high school. I usually deduct one point for translating ancient Chinese, and deduct at most half a point for punctuating sentences, otherwise I will get everything. Believe me, there is nothing wrong.

6. Classical Chinese sentence-breaking skills 1. Ming part of speech

In classical Chinese, nouns and pronouns are often used as subjects and objects, so after we get a passage, we must first make clear the names of people, places, things, dynasties, countries, official positions and posthumous title. And find out pronouns, such as personal names (Ji, Wu, Er, Ru, Yu, I, Yu, Bi) and humble names (I, Chen).

Think again: Who? Do what? In what way? What achievements have been made? It should be noted that in classical Chinese, people often use their full names when they first appear, and they are nominated when they appear again.

Second, find sentence patterns

Classical Chinese involves many classical Chinese sentence patterns, such as judgment sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and inversion sentences (verb inversion, preposition object, attributive postposition and adverbial postposition).

There are also some fixed sentence patterns, such as "... zhe ... ye", which are typical judgment sentences (some omit the judgment sentences of "zhe" or "ye", or the words that express the judgment relationship, such as "Wei, Nai, namely". ) and "leaf". . ""what is it? 。” "it. 。” "Ann. . Oh, ""what . "Wei" and other rhetorical questions.

"for. . Institute. . ""by. . Yu. . "I see. . Yu. . Passive sentence patterns such as "Ru". . What is the situation? . ""what (to). . Fixed sentence patterns such as "for".

Third, look at the dialogue.

In classical Chinese, dialogue is the easiest to find, because it involves some symbolic words that express dialogue, such as "Yue, Yun and Yan". But here we should pay attention to two points: first, there is dialogue in the dialogue, and second, the speaker and the word "yue" are omitted from the text.

Fourth, according to rhetoric

Rhetorical devices such as parallelism, duality, repetition and truth are often used in classical Chinese, and the sentence pattern is neat, with more than four or six sentences, which is another major feature of classical Chinese. Making good use of these characteristics is very helpful for us to break sentences. In ancient Chinese, if two identical words are used together, they are generally true if they are not in the form of overlapping adjectives and nouns. They belong to two sentences, and the middle should be broken.

Five, according to the total score

In classical Chinese, there are often forms of total score and sub-total, and sentences can also be broken accordingly.

Extended data;

Classical Chinese sentence patterns are basically the same as modern Chinese sentence patterns. It is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences, both of which have six major components: subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The word order of sentences is basically the same. Of course, there is still a difference between the two. When learning classical Chinese sentences, we should try our best to grasp the differences between classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese sentences.

Although the sentence patterns of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are basically the same, there are some special sentence patterns because some entity words in classical Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese. If you want to learn classical Chinese well, understand the meaning of sentences correctly and understand the content of the article, you must master the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese. We often say that the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences and fixed sentences.

7. What are the skills of punctuating sentences in classical Chinese? First, comprehensive and hierarchical.

Read the full text to find out what style it belongs to, what content it has written, and what table E799Be5Bae6E4B 893E5B19E31333393733 means. We should pay attention to the characteristics of monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, grasp the translation of several key words and understand the general idea of paragraphs.

According to the content or level of the article, break several large paragraphs or levels first, pay attention to the function words at the beginning and end of the sentence at this time, and break the paragraphs, levels or function words that depend on the beginning and end of the sentence. Dissect each paragraph or level from beginning to end in order, divide it into several sentences and add appropriate punctuation marks.

Second, the title (generation) word, the guest of honor. When reading, always mark the nouns in the paragraph.

Such as names of people, places, officials, families, vessels, animals, plants and time. Nouns are generally the objects of statement, description, explanation or discussion in articles, and they often break sentences before and after.

Nouns (pronouns) are often used as the subject and object of sentences. So find out the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text, and you can basically break sentences. Then consider who, why, how, and what effect has been achieved.

Taking this as a breakthrough, it is easier to break sentences. Common pronouns are: I, Yu (meaning "I"), Yu, Er, Ru (female), Gong, Qing, Jun, Ruo (meaning "you"), Ben, Qi and Qi.

Tip: It should be noted that in classical Chinese, people often use their full names when they first appear, and only nominate people when they appear again. Example: Princess Huyang's newly widowed emperor and * * * on courtiers' micro-righteousness: Princess Huyang's newly widowed emperor and * * * on courtiers' micro-righteousness.

Third, look at the function words and find the position. Because function words in classical Chinese often have their fixed functions and positions. )

1, the initial words: Fu, Gai, Zhi Ruo, Ruofu, Chu, Wei, Si, Jin, etc. Often used at the beginning of sentences, they are usually unconnected before them. 2. Related words in complex sentences: although, though, vertical, even if, make, if, therefore, so, then, naturally, or, situation, and situation, if, as for, to if, there, then, whether, no, in front of them, are generally disconnected.

3. Words at the end of the sentence: Ye, Yi, Yan, Er, etc. Often used at the end of a declarative sentence; Yesi and evil (yee often used at the end of questions. In, fu and so on are often used at the end of exclamatory sentences. They are usually disconnected at the back.

4. Interrogative modal particles: He, Hu, An, Dad, Mi, Yan, who, who, what, what, what, what, anything can generally constitute interrogative sentences, as long as the context is complete. 5. Dialogue markers: Yue, Yun, Yan, usually disconnected at the back; 6. Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "feeling", "feeling", "doing for yourself", "Si Xu" and "harmony", are also helpful to break sentences.

Example: Russian library official Wen Maoxiao said that children's clothes were on the edge/still on the edge of An Xianzhu: Russian library official Wen Maoxiao said that children's clothes were on the edge/still on the edge/still on the edge of An Xianzhu. 7. Others such as: to, to, to, to, to, to, to, etc. are often used in sentences, and sentences are generally placed before and after them; (When the word "er" turns, followed by a relatively long and complete sentence, the word "er" in front will be broken. Fourthly, demonstrate sentence patterns with grammar. 1, such as inverted sentences, prepositional objects, judgment sentences, etc.

2, ... Zhe ... Also, it is a typical sentence pattern of judgment or words expressing judgment relationship, such as Wei, Nai, namely, Ze and so on. 3.Bueh ... Hu, He ... Wei, An ... Zai (also), who is with ... Hu, Qi ... Zai, etc. Are typical rhetorical questions.

4.5, fixed structure: such as ... what, what, if ... what, nothing ... almost, nothing is ... almost, the situation ... almost, why ... because, not ... if. ...

Exodus: Li Fang Renzong made the first chapter and presented it to the court. Sentence: Li/Fang Renzong wrote the first chapter/Zhang presented himself to the court/relied on his own talents. Fifth, he is good at rhetoric and judgment. Duality, parallelism, truthfulness and repetition are common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese, with neat sentence patterns of more than four or six sentences, which can be used in short sentences.

Such as duality: the friendship of the poor should not be forgotten, and the wife of the dross should not be forgotten. For example, the most authentic sentence: "A son gives birth to a grandson/a grandson gives birth to a son/a son gives birth to a son/a son gives birth to a grandson".

For example, the antithesis sentence: "If the husband opens the forest at sunrise/the cloud returns and dies in the cave".