(1) The script must be suitable for stage performance. The performance should be limited by time and space, and the big events that happened in different places for a long time should be concentrated on a limited stage and displayed in two or three hours. For the knowledge of "three unifications", see the fourth paragraph on page 162.
(2) There must be concentrated and sharp contradictions and conflicts. Drama reflects the contradictions and conflicts in real life. Without contradictions and conflicts, there would be no drama. Conflict is a reflection of social contradictions, which has a certain development process and constitutes the plot structure of the script. The plot structure of the script can be divided into: beginning-development-climax-ending. The beginning: introduce the relationship between characters and reveal the development of contradictions and conflicts; Describe the ups and downs of the plot and push the contradictions and conflicts to a climax step by step. Climax: a situation in which contradictions and conflicts reach a climax and show a sharp transformation. Ending: Ending is the inevitable result of plot development and the solution of contradictions and conflicts. Conclusion: echo the preface, enlighten the ideological content of the script, and arouse people's association and prospect.
(3) The characters' language and actions must conform to their respective identities and characteristics.
3, the script depicts the characters to promote the plot and the means of expressing ideas are:
(1) Stage description: including character list, stage art, environment, sound, character up and down, gestures, movements, expressions, psychological activities, etc.
(2) Character dialogue and lyrics: including monologue, narration and dialogue. It is the main part of the script, and its task is to unfold the plot, prompt the character's character and express the theme.
(3) Structural form: divided into scenes. The curtain is a large unit and the field is a small unit.
4, drama classification:
(1) Different artistic forms and techniques of expression: drama, opera, ballet, poetic drama, musical, cross talk drama.
(2) The complexity and structure of the plot are different: full-length drama and one-act drama.
(3) Themes reflect different times: historical dramas and modern dramas.
(4) The nature and manifestations of conflicts are different; Tragedy, comedy, drama (tragicomedy).
(5) Different regional colors: Beijing Opera (Beijing), Shanghai Opera (Shanghai), Henan Opera (Henan), Shandong Opera (Shandong and Jiangsu), Sichuan Opera, Han Opera (Hubei), Chu Opera (Hubei and Jiangxi), Shanxi Opera (Shanxi) and Huangmei Opera (Zhejiang).
(6) Different performances: Cao Yu, the author of stage plays, radio dramas, movies and TV series, and the author of Thunderstorm, was born in a declining feudal family in Tianjin in 19 10. 1933 When he was in the fourth grade in Tsinghua University, he finished his debut novel Thunderstorm by full-length play, which is famous for its profound ideological content. Thunderstorm was my first moan, or perhaps a cry. After Thunderstorm, Cao Yu wrote Sunrise, Peking Man, Yuan Ye and other plays. Thunderstorm and Sunrise are his greatest masterpieces. After liberation, Cao Yu had plays such as Clear Sky, Brave Sword and Wang Zhaojun. The symbolic meaning of the title The title of Thunderstorm not only points out the natural climate in which the dramatic plot takes place: the weather is darker and hotter. The low and humid air is extremely irritating. "This weather finally led to lightning and thunder at night, and it was stormy. Parallel to this bad weather, a devastating "thunderstorm" was brewing in this feudal family and finally broke out: four winds and Zhou Chong were electrocuted and Zhou Ping shot himself ... The "thunderstorm" in Nature and Family actually symbolizes the increasingly acute social contradictions. With the title Thunderstorm, the author vividly tells people that in the semi-feudal and semi-colonial China in the 1920s, an earth-shaking social change was inevitable.
Lao She Lao She, formerly known as Shu Qingchun, was born in Manchu.
1899 was born in a poor family in Beijing on February 3rd. Lao She entered a private school at the age of seven. After the May 4th Movement, she tried to write her first short story "Jason Chung" in vernacular Chinese.
1924 went to England and worked as a Chinese lecturer at Oriental College of London University. Three satirical, humorous and funny novels, Lao Zhang's Philosophy, Zhao Ziyue and Ermayina, came out one after another, providing the earliest satirical novel system in the history of modern novels. /kloc-after returning to China in the spring of 0/930, he became a professor at cheeloo university in Jinan and Shandong University in Qingdao.
1in the summer of 936, Lao She resigned from her teaching post and engaged in professional writing, completing the famous novel Camel Xiangzi, which gained great reputation. "After the July 7th Incident, he left his wife and children, went to Wuhan and Chongqing alone, bravely devoted himself to the flood of the anti-Japanese national salvation movement, and presided over the work of the All-China Anti-Japanese Federation of Literary and Art Circles.
He attaches great importance to drama creation. During the period from 1939 to 1943, he independently completed or co-authored nine plays, including Remnant Fog, Zhang Zizhong and Return to Xi.
1946 went to the United States to give lectures with Cao Yu, and completed the last book of 1 10,000-word masterpiece Four Generations under One roof. 1949 returned to China. He used to be the vice chairman of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the vice chairman of China Writers Association. 195 1 was awarded the title of "People's Artist" by the Beijing Municipal People's Government. After the Cultural Revolution began, he was brutally persecuted and committed suicide on August 24th. 1966.
Lao She is one of the pioneers of China's new literature since the May 4th Movement, an outstanding modern language artist, a patriotic writer and people's artist who enjoys world reputation. He is famous for his novels, dramas and Quyi, and also has outstanding achievements in prose, poetry and essays. He wrote more than 10 novels, more than 70 short stories, more than 30 plays, a 4000-line long poem and nearly 300 short poems, and nearly 20 translations. , more than 8 million words. His works enrich the treasure house of the world's progressive literature. William shakespeare (1564— 16 16) was an outstanding dramatist and poet in the English Renaissance.
1564 was born in a wealthy family. He studied in a grammar school, but later dropped out because his father went bankrupt. 2 1 year-old, went to work in the London Theatre, and soon took to the stage to act and began to write plays and poems. Most of his works are poetic dramas, including King Lear, Hamlet and Othello. & gt Romeo and Juliet >; & gt& lt& lt merchant of Venice, etc. His works are outstanding representatives of humanistic literature and occupy a very important position in the history of world literature.
His creative career is divided into three periods.
The first issue is 1590- 1600, including 10 comedies (such as A Midsummer Night's Dream and The Merchant of Venice), 9 historical dramas (such as Richard III) and 3 tragedies (Romeo and Juliet were written at this time).
The second issue is 160 1- 1608, including seven tragedies (four tragedies, Hamlet, Austria? Ciro > King Lear written by Macbeth during this period), four comedies and some sonnets;
The third issue is 1609- 16 13, including three comedies (mainly legendary dramas) and a historical drama. Humanism: (Four tragedies: Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth) Humanism is the ideological weapon of the bourgeois anti-feudal struggle in the Renaissance and the central idea of bourgeois progressive literature in this period. Its struggle was aimed at the feudal worldview in the Middle Ages, especially the religious worldview of the Catholic Church. The church puts forward that God is the center of the universe, while humanists put forward that man is the center of the universe to confront it. The affirmation of "man" has become the core of bourgeois thought.
Humanism in this period mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) against theocracy with human nature.
② Emancipation of personality and opposition to asceticism.
③ Oppose obscurantism with reason.
(4) Support centralization and oppose feudal separatism. Shakespeare is such a progressive writer with humanistic thoughts and an outstanding representative of English literature in the Renaissance.
Ding Xilin Ding Xilin (1893— 1974), formerly known as Ding, was born in Taixing, Jiangsu. Modern famous playwright and physicist.
19 14 went to Birmingham university to study science, during which I read a lot of foreign literature.
From 65438 to 0920, he returned to China, where he worked as a professor in the Department of Physics in Peking University and wrote plays in his spare time. The main works are Bumblebee and Oppression, mostly one-act plays. The long drama When My Wife Comes Back, Miaofengshan and the one-act drama < < ternary national currency, etc. , showing a strong sense of patriotism and justice. His plays are ingenious in conception, implicit and humorous, full of fun and unique in artistic style. After the founding of New China, he served as a member of the Culture and Education Commission of the State Council and vice minister of the Ministry of Culture. Ding Xilin's Comic Style Ding Xilin is a famous comic writer in the history of modern literature in China, whose works are mainly one-act plays. Representative works include Bumblebee and Oppression. Ding Xilin's one-act plays pay more attention to "fun", so most of his works are humorous farce. Concise, concentrated and integrated works can reflect social reality in relatively relaxed and dull drama conflicts, and blend Zhuang and Harmony. 1. Definition: See the first paragraph on page 182 of the textbook.
2. Common sense of drama.
(1) Zaju structure: Yuan Zaju is a form of traditional China opera sung with northern tunes. It has its own characteristics and strict system, which forms an organic combination of singing, vernacular Chinese, dancing and other traditional China opera art forms, and produces a literary script that combines verse with prose and has a complete structure. Structurally, Yuan Zaju is generally 40% off a book, and only a few are 50% off or 60% off. Fold is the unit of music organization, and each fold can only use a set of tunes in a palace tune to form a natural paragraph of story development, which is equivalent to a "curtain" in modern drama. There is also a kind of "wedge" in Yuan Zaju, which is a short play, usually performed before the first discount, and briefly describes the origin of the story. Equivalent to a "prelude", a wedge performing between folds, equivalent to a scene:
(2) The role of the role-playing drama is divided into four lines: the male role is called the last line, the right part is the last line, and the deputy part is the last line; Female roles are called "Dan type" and can be divided into "Zheng Dan" and "Deputy Dan". They mainly play tough and fierce people, including men and women, who are divided into "Zheng Xing" and "Fu Xing", and lonely (official), old (old man), Bo 'er (old woman), Lai 'er (child) and Jing 'er (poor scholar). Zheng Mo and Zheng Dan are two lead singers. The script of Zheng Mo's lead singer is Duan Ben, and that of Zheng Dan's lead singer is Dan Ben.
(3) The script of Yuan Zaju consists of three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Bin and Ke Fan. The lyrics are performed in the form of a lead singer. Bai Bin means plain, including dialogue and monologue. Ke Fan, or Jack, is a stage cue about actions, expressions or other aspects, such as "laughing", "watching", "holding a lamp", "hiding tears" and "making the wind inside". In addition, there are two or four poems at the end of each drama, which are used to summarize the whole drama idea and put forward the title of the drama. For example, "If you insist on the law of fair and honest visits, you will feel that Dou E is unfair". The last sentence is the full name of the play, and "Dou Eyuan" is the abbreviation. The lyrics of Yuan Zaju are written in a certain palace tune. * * * is divided into five houses (five diatonic scales): Gong Zheng Palace, Lv Zhong Palace, Nanchang Palace, Lv Xian Palace and Huangzhong Palace, which correspond to five notes (clef) of C, D, E, G and A respectively; Qupai is equivalent to the current key signature and plate number (such as Huang Er Third Board and Xipi Allegro). ), that is, the score and beat in the score. A discount of Yuan Zaju is limited to one tune and one rhyme. Appreciation of ancient operas focuses on the language and artistic techniques of ancient operas.
(4) Others: Yuan Zaju, also known as Yuan Qu, is also known as Tang Poetry and Song Poetry in the history of literature. There were more than 100 famous writers at that time, among which Ma Zhiyuan, Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Wang Shifu were the most famous. For example, Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn Colors in the Han Palace, Zheng Guangzu's Away from the Soul, Bai Pu's The West Chamber, Wang Shifu's Four Great Love Tragedys, Whitehall's Away from the Soul, Zheng's South Opera Four Great Classical Novels, and Ji.