Analysis of hot issues of hydrocarbons;

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New concept of hydrocarbons

1.In 2005, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Robert Grabs of California Institute of Technology, Richard R. Schrock of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yves Chauvin of French Petroleum Research Institute in recognition of their contributions to the study of olefin metathesis in organic synthesis. According to the above information and the characteristics of the metathesis reaction, the following reaction is not a metathesis reaction ().

A.al4c 3+ 12H2O→4Al(OH)3+3c H4↑

B.CH2 = M+CHR = CHR′→CH2 = CHR+M = CHR′

C.Na2O2 + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2O2

D.CO+H2O→ CO2+H2

Analysis: D (This question should be understood in a broad sense, that is, it conforms to A-B+C-D→A-C+B-D, and this formation can be regarded as a double decomposition reaction. Only D in the question does not meet this requirement)

Recently, NASA discovered a super greenhouse gas "perfluoropropane (C3F8)" which is 104 times more effective than carbon dioxide, and used it to "greenhouse Mars" and make it the second earth. The statement about perfluoropropane is incorrect ()

A three carbon atoms in A.C3F8 molecule are not on the same straight line.

B the electronic type of perfluoropropane is:

C under the same pressure, boiling point: C3F8 & gtC3H8.

D. There are both polar bonds and nonpolar bonds in perfluoropropane molecules.

Analysis: B (Perfluoropropane means that all eight hydrogen atoms in propane are replaced by fluorine atoms. Comparing the structure of propane, we know that the three carbon atoms are V-shaped and not on the same straight line. There are seven electrons in the outermost layer of fluorine atom, so b is incorrect; When C3F8 and C3H8 are solids with similar structures, they are both molecular crystals. The molecular weight of C3F8 is greater than C3H8, and the boiling point of C3F8 is > 100% at the same pressure. There are both nonpolar bonds between C and C and polar bonds between C and F in C3H8 perfluoropropane (D is correct).

3. The following statement is incorrect ()

A. the main component of liquefied petroleum gas is hydrocarbons.

B photochemical smog is related to environmental pollution caused by nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions.

There are no isomers in C.C.CHCl3, which shows that methane is a regular tetrahedron structure centered on carbon atoms.

D. methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide.

Analysis: c (and the components of liquefied petroleum gas are mostly hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms, namely propane, butane, propylene, butene and so on. , and a is correct; Primary pollution such as NOX and hydrocarbons in the air, after a series of photochemical reactions under sunlight, produces secondary pollutants such as ozone and aldehydes, which can form photochemical smog. Sometimes it is light yellow, sometimes it is white, which has a strong stimulating effect on eyes and respiratory mucosa, and thus causes many diseases. B is correct; If CH4 has a planar structure, there is only one kind of CHCl _ 3, and only CHCl _ 2 has no isomer, which means that CH4 has a regular tetrahedron structure centered on carbon atoms, and C is incorrect. Methane is also a greenhouse gas, so D is correct. )

4. Herichenes is shaped like an animal stuck to the ground, and its bond line formula is shown in the right picture.

What is true about porcupines is ()

A. porcupine and ethylene are homologous.

All the atoms in the porcupine molecule are on the same plane.

C. the molecular formula of porcupine is C 14H20.

D porcupine can change the color of acidic potassium permanganate solution.

Analysis: D (According to the illustrated structure, the molecular formula of porcupine is C 14H 14, which is different from ethylene by several CH2, so it is not a homologue. This is a spatial configuration, in which carbon atoms are connected by four single bonds to form a spatial tetrahedron structure, and all atoms are not * * * planes. The existence of double bonds can make acidic potassium permanganate solution fade, and D is correct)

There is an organic substance, which scientists call Olympic hydrocarbon, because it is similar to the Olympic five-ring flag. The following statement about Olympic hydrocarbons is correct ().

A. this substance belongs to aromatic hydrocarbon.

B. This substance belongs to amino acids.

C when the substances are completely burned, the amount of substances that produce water is less than that of substances that produce carbon dioxide.

The molecules of this substance contain only nonpolar bonds.

Analysis: C According to the structural formula, the substance contains not only carbon and hydrogen, but also nitrogen and oxygen, and is not a hydrocarbon substance.

So option a is wrong. The substance has no amino group and carboxyl group, so it is not an amino acid, so option B is wrong. Because it contains more benzene rings, and these benzene rings

The degree of unsaturation is high, so the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in the molecular formula is greater than 1:2, and the amount of water produced during combustion is less than that of carbon dioxide.

The amount of matter, so the c option is correct. Non-polar bonds only exist between atoms of the same species, including C-C bonds, N-C bonds and C-

H bond, C-O bond, that is to say, there are both polar bonds and nonpolar bonds in the above molecules, so the D option is wrong.

Evaluation: This is a new situational question, which tests students' understanding of organic concepts such as hydrocarbons through unfamiliar organic structures. This topic not only has a new background, but also has a confusing saying-"Scientists call it Olympic hydrocarbons". Looks like hydrocarbons. If you don't look at the enlarged part of the picture carefully, it's easy to be fooled. To solve this kind of problem, we should not only stick to the concept, but also carefully examine the problem. It can be seen how important it is to thoroughly understand the concept and lay a good foundation. In addition, we should also pay close attention to the increasing number of questions in the college entrance examination that are closely related to life, production, environmental protection and science and technology.

6. The right picture shows the club model of cubic alkane (cunane), and the following statement is incorrect ().

Its methyl chloride has only one isomer.

B.there are three isomers of its dichloride.

This is a polar molecule.

D It and styrene (C6H5-CH=CH2 = CH2) are isomers.

Analysis: The whole molecular structure of C is cubic, and the molecular structure is symmetrical and nonpolar. There is only one monochrome; There are three kinds of dichloride: one on the same side of the cube and the other on the opposite corner, so there are three isomers. Styrene and cubane have the same molecular formula, but different structures, so they are isomers.

Evaluation: Isomer is an important concept in organic chemistry, and it is also the focus of college entrance examination. To solve this kind of problem, we must pay attention to the symmetry of molecular structure and find out the equivalent position.

Knowledge association: isomerism types: carbon chain isomerism, positional isomerism and functional group isomerism, among which functional group isomerism includes: ① mono-olefin and cycloalkane; ② Monoalkynes and dienes; ③ saturated monohydric alcohol and ether; ④ saturated monobasic aldehydes and ketones; (5) saturated monocarboxylic acids and saturated monocarboxylic acid esters; ⑥ Aromatic alcohol and phenol; Aromatic alcohols and aromatic ethers; 7 glucose and fructose; 8 sucrose and maltose; Pet-name ruby nitroalkanes and amino acids.

7. an organic molecule synthesized by C.Wilcox of Cornell university in the United States is like the Buddha of Sakyamuni. So it is called Sakyamuni molecule (all atoms are in the same plane). The statement about organic molecules is incorrect ()

A. it belongs to aromatic hydrocarbon.

B. homologues other than benzene

C. This molecule contains 22 carbon atoms.

D, which may be homologous to the molecule C22H 12.

Analysis: Sakyamuni molecule C22H 12 has benzene ring structure, so it belongs to aromatic hydrocarbon. The concept of homologues refers to the common names of a series of substances, which are similar in structure, but different in one or several "CH2" groups. It can be seen from the figure that it has four benzene ring structures, and it is not a homologue of benzene, nor can it be a homologue of C22H 12. Because homologues must have one or several different "CH2" groups in molecular composition. So option d is wrong. D

Knowledge Relevance: Understand the connotation and extension of the concept of homologues, and what is "structural similarity"? For example, the homologues of alkanes are similar in structure, that is, the structural characteristics are the same, that is, carbon-carbon single bond and chain structure. Here, we should pay special attention to the chain structure, and do not rule out the case of branching. For example, CH3CH2CH3 and CH3CH(CH3)2, although the former is unbranched and the latter is branched, are still considered to be similar in structure and homologous to each other. "A series of organic compounds called' CH2', whose compositions differ only by one or several" must have different compositions, such as CH3CH(CH3)2 and ch3ch2ch3, and cannot be called homologues.

Second, the new topic of alkane properties

8. As shown in the figure, a U-shaped tube with one closed end has a section of mixed gas of CH4 and Cl2 at the closed end, a section of gas column at the horizontal part and two sections of liquid column. It is known that liquid and gas do not react, so that CH4 and Cl2 react slowly in slightly dim light. How does the length of the intermediate gas column change (assuming that the intermediate gas column does not move out of the horizontal part of the U-shaped tube)?

A. larger B. smaller C. constant D. difficult to determine

Analysis: This is a comprehensive problem of physical chemistry. CH4 and Cl2 are replaced by light, and the total volume of gas decreases. When the liquid on the right drops, the pressure of the intermediate gas drops and the volume expands.

Reference answer a

Knowledge connection: This topic examines the reaction between methane and Cl2, and does not simply consider CH4+Cl2 and CH3Cl+HCl (CH3Cl is a gas, so this is an isovolumetric reaction). Please note that all four hydrogen atoms in the methane molecule can be replaced by chlorine atoms and will not stop at that step. The generated CH3Cl will continue to react with chlorine to generate CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and CCl4? All three are liquids, and chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are important solvents in industry.

Third, the new topic of unsaturated hydrocarbon properties

9. As early as 40 years ago, the scientific master Heilbronner predicted through theoretical research that it should be possible to synthesize Mobius-like aromatic (macrocyclic) annulene molecules, which was confirmed by German chemists in 2003.

[18]- annulene is a kind of macrocyclic annulene. Its structural abbreviation is:, and the correct statement about it is ().

All atoms in [18]- annulene molecule cannot be in the same plane.

B. 1mol-[ 18] annulene can react with 9mol of hydrogen at most to generate cycloalkanes.

The molecular formula of c[ 18]- annulene is C 18H 12.

D.[ 18]- annulene and ethylene are homologous to each other.

Analysis: b

For arrow formula, each inflection point is a carbon atom, and all carbon atoms in [18]- annulene are combined with hydrogen except other carbon atoms. So the number of carbon atoms in [18]- annulene is 18, there are 9 carbon-carbon double bonds and one ring in the molecule, and the unsaturation is 10, so the molecular formula is C 18? H2×18+2-2×10 = c18h18, and there are 9 double bonds at most, which react with 9 mol of H2 to form cycloalkanes, and [18]- annulene has nothing to do with ethylene. C=C double bond and its four atoms * * 6 atoms are in the same plane, so they are * * * planes with each other, while all atoms in [18]- rotaene molecule are * * * planes.

Knowledge connection: The main properties of olefins are similar to those of ethylene, including addition reaction, oxidation reaction and polymerization reaction. (1) addition reaction: RCH=CH2+Br2 → RCHBrCH2Br. (2) The acidic potassium permanganate solution can be burned or discolored. (3) addition polymerization: n

Analogy: * * lines and * * planes of atoms in organic molecules: (1) methane has a regular tetrahedron structure, and the C atom is located in the center of the regular tetrahedron, and none of the five atoms in the molecule are in the same plane. Where any three atoms are on the same plane and any two atoms are on the same straight line. (2) Ethylene has a planar structure. The six atoms in the molecule are on the same plane, and the bond angles are all around 1200. (3) Acetylene has a linear structure, and four atoms in the molecule are on the same straight line. (4) Benzene has a planar structure, and all 12 atoms in the molecule are on the same plane. As long as we master these structures, with the help of the characteristics that C-C single bond can rotate but C≡C and C=C cannot, and the knowledge of solid geometry, all kinds of problems related to this can be solved easily.

10. It is known that A-K is a common organic substance in middle school chemistry, in which G can not discolor acidic potassium permanganate solution, and there is the following relationship between them.

Try to answer the following questions:

(1) Write the chemical equation for manufacturing A in the laboratory:

(2) Write the chemical equation of D→E:

(3)B can synthesize an important plastic under certain conditions, and write the equation of synthesis reaction:

;

(4) Write the structural formula of ester K:

(5) Among the substances A-K, the organic substance that consumes O2 due to the complete combustion of A and equivalent substances is (fill in the serial number A…).

Analysis: The inference of this problem can be made forward: calcium carbide and water generate CH≡CH, CH≡CH reacts with HCl to generate B, and B can react with H2, so that B is vinyl chloride, C is chloroethane for alkaline hydrolysis, D is ethanol, and E (acetaldehyde) is generated by catalytic oxidation, and then F (acetic acid) is obtained by oxidation; The other line A generates G(C6H6), which means that 3 parts of CH≡CH are added to generate benzene, benzene is brominated to generate H (bromobenzene), and H is added to generate I(C6H 1 1Br) bromoethane, so J is acyclic. K is ethyl cyclohexanol.

CH2=CHCl oxygen reaction: CH2 = CHCl+O2 CO2+HCl+H2O.

Reference answer

( 1)Ca C2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+C2 H2↑

(2) 2CH3CH2OH + O2 2CH3CHO +2H2O

[or: CH3CH2OH+CuO Cu+CH3CHO+H2O]

(3) nCH2=CHCl (4)

(5) Buildings Department

Knowledge Association: In the laboratory, calcium carbide reacts with water to generate acetylene, and a simple device for generating CO2 and H2 is adopted, but Keppel generator cannot be used. Ethylene is prepared by heating a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and alcohol to decompose the alcohol. Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent. Reaction equation: ch3ch2ohch2 = CH2 = ↑+H2O, which belongs to elimination reaction. The temperature should be quickly raised to 170℃ to prevent the formation of by-product ether at 140℃. The properties of acetylene are similar to those of ethylene, but acetylene contains two unsaturated bonds and can be added twice. For example, acetylene and H 2 1: 1 are added to produce ethylene, and 1: 2 is added to produce ethane.

target training

1. Combustible ice is methane hydrate (pictured), which will be the future energy source. The combustible ice on the earth will be enough for human use for 64000 years. Evidence of its existence has been found in the northern slope of the South China Sea, the Nansha Trough and the East China Sea slope. In 2005, China will drill the first exploratory well to investigate the reserves of natural gas hydrate, and it is expected to start mining in 2020. The following statement about combustible ice is incorrect ()

Combustible ice is formed at low temperature and high pressure.

B. Combustible ice crystals belong to molecular crystals.

C, methane in combustible ice is combined with water molecules through hydrogen bonds.

D. improper exploitation of combustible ice will cause greenhouse effect.

2. It is known that the molecular structure of compound A(C4Si4H8) is similar to that of cubane (C8H8), as shown in the following figure:

Then the isomer number of dichloride of C4Si4H8 is: ()

a6 b . 5 c . 4d . 3

3. Cyclopropylidene cyclopropane is an organic compound, which has always been concerned by theoretical chemists because of its special electronic structure, as shown in the figure. The following statement about cyclopropane is wrong ()

Cyclopropane has four kinds of dichloro substituents.

Cyclopropane can't be a homologue of cyclopropane.

Cyclopropane and cyclohexadiene are isomers of each other.

All the atoms of cyclopropane are on the same plane.

4. p-tert-butylphenol condenses with formaldehyde to form a ring and a cup-shaped structure. Because its molecular shape is similar to that of the Greek cup-shaped crater, and it is an aromatic molecule composed of multiple benzene rings, it is named calixarene, also known as the holy grail of chemists. The understanding of calixarene is definitely incorrect.

Calixarene belongs to phenol rather than hydrocarbon.

B. The four phenolic hydroxyl groups at the bottom of the cup interact with each other, and the force between the hydroxyl groups belongs to the valence bond of * * *

C calixarene can react with sodium hydroxide solution, concentrated bromine water and acidic potassium permanganate solution.

D. the molecular formula of calixarene is C44H56O4.

5. One milliliter of the mixture of three gaseous hydrocarbons is mixed with enough oxygen, ignited and exploded, and then restored to its original state (normal temperature and pressure). The volume decreases by 2 ml, so these three hydrocarbons may be ().

(a) methane C2H4 C3H4 (B) C2H6 C3H6 C4H6

(c) Methane C2H6 C3H8

6. It is reported that a new interstellar molecule, cyanooctene, has been discovered recently, and its structural formula is:

HC ≡ C-C-C ≡ C-C ≡ C-C ≡ N. The correct judgment of matter is ()

A.the hardness of this crystal is comparable to that of diamond. It can decolorize acidic potassium permanganate solution.

C, no addition reaction; D can be prepared by addition polymerization of acetylene and nitrogen-containing compounds.

7. Take 3.40 π liquid saturated polyol, which only contains hydroxyl and no other functional groups, put it in 5.00L oxygen, and the alcohol will burn completely after ignition. After the reaction, the gas volume decreased by 0.560L, and the gas was absorbed by CaO, and the volume decreased by 2.8L (all volumes were measured at standard temperature and pressure). Then: the amounts of C, H and O in 3.4 π alcohol are: C _ _ _ _ _h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _； o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _； The ratio of the number of atoms of C, H and O in alcohol is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Recently, a large-scale "oil shortage" and "electricity shortage" occurred, which seriously affected industrial production and people's lives. Energy has become an urgent problem for us to solve. In addition to policy regulation, the development and utilization of new energy is the fundamental and effective way to solve the energy crisis.

(1) Gasoline is a low-boiling alkane obtained by petroleum fractionation, and the number of carbon atoms in its molecule is generally in the range of C5 ~ C 1 1, such as pentane. Write the structural abbreviation of its isomer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) At present, China's energy structure is dominated by coal, as well as oil, natural gas and nuclear energy. These energy sources are non-renewable and pollute the environment. Research and development of clean and inexhaustible energy is the primary task of future development. Scientists predict that "hydrogen energy" will be the most ideal new energy source in the next 2 1 century. Hydrogen energy provides energy by using the heat released by hydrogen combustion reaction.

Namely: H2 (gas) 1 1/2o2 (gas) →H2O (liquid) ++285.5kJ/mol.

At present, most of the hydrogen in the world is made of oil, coal and natural gas. Please write down the chemical reaction equation of hydrogen production from natural gas in industry.

9.( 1) The following table shows the relative rate of addition reaction between vinyl compounds and bromine (based on ethylene).

Olefin compound

Relative rate

(CH3)2C=CHCH3

10.4

CH3CH=CH2

2.03

CH2=CH2

1.00

CH2=CHBr

0.04

According to the data in the table, when bromine is added to olefin compounds, the relationship between the reaction rate and the type and number of substituents on C=C is summarized as follows:

____________________________________________________________________。

(2) When hydrogen chloride is added to the following compounds, the influence of substituents on the rate is similar to the above law, among which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A.(CH3)2C= C (CH3)2 B.CH3CH=CHCH3

C.CH2=CH2 D.CH2=CHCl

(3) When hydrogen bromide and water are added to olefins, the products are divided into primary and secondary products, such as:

CH2=CH-CH3 + HBr → + CH3CH2CH2Br

CH2 = chch 2ch 3+H2O+ch 3c H2 ch 2ch2 oh

(primary products) (secondary products)

In the following block diagram, B, C and D are the main products of related reactions (some conditions and reagents are omitted), and compound B has only 4 carbon atoms, 1 bromine atom and 1 hydrogen atom.

In the block diagram above, the structural abbreviation of B is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; Substitution reaction belonging to _ _ _ _ _ _

(fill in the serial number in the block diagram), which belongs to the elimination reaction is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (fill in the serial number); Write the chemical equation of Reaction 4 (only write the main products and indicate the reaction conditions): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. The mixed gas consists of two kinds of gaseous aliphatic hydrocarbons that can discolor bromine water. 1 volume of this mixed gas is completely burned, and 3.6 volumes of CO2 and 3 volumes of water vapor can be obtained (at the same temperature and pressure).

(1) What are these two aliphatic hydrocarbons?

(2) Through calculation and reasoning, write the molecular formulas of these two hydrocarbons and their volume ratios in the mixed gas.

1 1. The molecular weight of hydrocarbon A is 140, in which the mass fraction of carbon is 0.857. Two carbon atoms in a molecule are not directly connected to hydrogen. Under certain conditions, the oxidation of A only produces G, which can turn litmus test solution red.

It is known that under certain conditions, olefins can undergo ozonation, reduction and hydrolysis to produce carbonyl compounds, which can be expressed as:

Try to write:

The molecular formula of (1)A is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) The structural formulas of compounds A and G are AG: _ _ _ _ _ _ _, G: _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) There may be _ _ _ _ kinds of isomers similar to G (including G).

Reference answer

1. Combustible ice is a hydrate of methane gas. In the mud near freezing point and near 50 atmospheres on the seabed, a solid state like ice and snow is formed, and hydrogen bonds can mainly be formed between H-F, H-O and H-N..

2. Dichlorination of cubic alkane C, firstly, two chlorines replace two hydrogens on the same carbon; secondly, cubic alkane has four kinds of edges, diagonals and body diagonals, but A has two kinds of diagonals: C-C and Si-Si diagonals, and A has five dichlorides. ..

3.d Dichloro substituent can replace two hydrogens on one carbon at the same time, and then fix one chlorine and move the other chlorine:

Pay special attention to the fact that 3 and 4 are different, because C=C cannot be rotated. The molecular formula of cyclopropane is C6H8, which is not a homologue of cyclohexane, but an isomer of cyclohexadiene. The structure contains CH4, so it can't be a * * * plane.

4.b Because there are hydroxyl groups in the benzene ring structure of the molecule, A is correct. According to the chemical properties of phenol, C is correct. The interaction of four phenolic hydroxyl groups at the bottom of the cup belongs to a strong intermolecular force-hydrogen bond, but hydrogen bond is not a valence bond. So, B is wrong.

5. Let the average molecular composition of three hydrocarbon mixtures be CxHy.

△V

1 x

a -2a

that is

The solution is y=4.

That is, the average composition of the mixture is that H is 4.

Answer a

6.b. Cyanooctyne in this question belongs to the substance produced in space and interstellar environment, and it is proposed that it is a molecule, so the properties of atomic crystal described in answer A are wrong; The substance contains unsaturated bonds, which can not only produce addition reaction, but also make potassium permanganate fade; In addition, the substance is a simple molecule, not a polymer. So only B is correct in this question.

7.c.0.125mol, h.0.300mol, o.0.100mol;

The atomic number ratio of C, H and O in alcohol is 5: 12: 4.

Analysis: Let the amounts of substances containing H and O atoms in 3.40 π alcohol be X and Y respectively:

x+ 16y = 3.40π-2.80 l/22.4 l mol- 1× 12πmol- 1 .............................................................................................

X/4–y/2 = 0.560l/22.4l mol-1 ........................................................... equation ②.

The combined solution of (1) and (2) can be obtained: x=0.300mol y=0. 100mol, and then the atomic number ratio can be obtained.

8.⑴CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3(CH3)2ch CH2 CH3 C(CH3)4

(2) CH4+H2O (g) CO2+3H2

Analysis: The question of this topic (1) is a sub-topic. There are three isomers of pentane. In the writing of the reaction formula in question (2), we should pay attention to making full use of natural gas in industry to obtain more hydrogen, and we must use cheap water to provide hydrogen instead of directly decomposing it. In addition, the product is carbon dioxide, not carbon monoxide, so the utilization rate of methane is higher. The reaction formula is:

9. Analysis: (1) Comparing (CH3)2C=CHCH3, CH3CH=CH2, CH2=CH2, it is found that the structural similarity is all C=C, but the difference is the methyl groups attached to the double bond. The more methyl groups, the faster the addition reaction. Comparing CH2=CH2 and CH2=CHBr, we can find that the rate is replaced by halogen atoms. (3) As can be seen from the figure, A is alkane and B is halogenated hydrocarbon. If there are 4 carbons in B, 1 bromine atom, there are 9 hydrogen atoms and only one. From the equivalent hydrogen (the hydrogen connected to the same carbon is equivalent, and the hydrogen connected to the methyl group on the same carbon is equivalent), it can be inferred that the structure of B is (CH3)3CBr and C is (CH3).

Answer (1) ① The substitution of methyl (alkyl) on c = c is beneficial to the addition reaction;

② The more methyl groups (alkyl groups), the greater the rate;

Bromine (halogen) substitution on C = C is not conducive to the addition reaction.

(2)D(3)(CH3)3c br①②③CH2 = C(CH3)2+H2O(CH3)3c oh

10. Analysis: This problem can be solved in two ways.

Solution 1: Let the average molecular composition of mixed hydrocarbons be CxHy.

1 x

1 Volume 3.6 Volume 3

x=3.6 y=6

That is to say, the average composition of this mixed hydrocarbon is C3.6H6

Alkynes or dienes: C2H2, C3H4, C4H6.

According to the C number and H number of the average molecular composition, the combination of two hydrocarbons may be: ①C4H8, C2H4；; ②C4H8, C2H2③C4H8, C3H4④C4H6, C3H6. Discussion: If it is ①, give it up.

If it is ④, n (C4H6): n (C3H6) = 3: 2, and it is known that n (C4H6): n (C3H6) = any ratio, then these two hydrocarbons are C3H6 (olefin) and C4H6 (one of alkynes or dienes) respectively, and their volume ratio is 2: 3.

Solution 2: (1) If both hydrocarbons are olefins,

①

According to ①, it is not all olefins.

If both aliphatic hydrocarbons are alkynes or dienes:

②

From ②: m-(m- 1)= 1.

And 3.6-3≠ 1, so they are not all alkynes or dienes.

Therefore, these two aliphatic hydrocarbons are olefins and alkynes or dienes, respectively.

(2) CO2 and H2O(g) produced by olefin combustion are equal in volume, and the volume difference of 0.6 between them should be due to the combustion of alkynes.

Let alkynes account for the volume in the mixed gas with the volume of 1, and olefins account for the volume of 1-a, from the reaction ②:

When the volume a of alkynes is a=0.6, the volume of olefins is 0.4. Judging from the meaning of the question and ① ② formula: 0.4n+0.6m=3.6, that is 2n+3m= 18.

Discussion:

N=2, m=4.7 is unreasonable;

N=3 and m=4 are more reasonable.

N=4, m= unreasonable

The molecular formulas of these two hydrocarbons are C3H6 and C4H6 respectively, and the volume ratio is 2∶3.

1 1.( 1)C 10H20

(2) The simple structure of A is:

The simple structure of g is:

(3) Four kinds

Analysis: If the mass fraction of (1) carbon is 0.857, the general formula of hydrocarbon is (CH2)n, and the molecular weight is 140, then the molecular formula is C 10H20.

(2) According to the meaning of the question, there are two carbon atoms in the structure that are not directly connected with hydrogen. If these two carbon atoms are C=C, no carboxylic acid can be obtained after oxidation, only ketone can be obtained. This assumption does not hold water. So this carbon atom can only be in the hydrocarbon group. Also, because only G is generated by oxidation of A under certain conditions, A must have a symmetrical structure. To sum up, the simple structure of A is:

The simple structure of g is:

(3) There must be-—COOH in the isomers of the same substance as G, and the rest is butyl, and butyl has four isomers, so there may be four isomers of the same kind as G. ..