1907 transferred to the Japanese Army NCO School. After full preparation, 1908, Jiang Zuobin returned to China and reported to the Qing government. He was first assigned to Baoding officer crash school as a teacher. During this period, he constantly instilled revolutionary ideas into students and did some revolutionary organization work. In the second year, he ranked second in the national examination for graduates leaving the army and was transferred to the Military Balance Department of the Qing War Department as the section chief. The military balance department, also known as the military system department, is the department in charge of personnel service and troop deployment in the army, and its position is very important. Soon, because he translated the Japanese infantry code into Chinese and used it in the army, Yin Chang, the secretary of the army, and others paid more attention to him. He took this opportunity to put forward suggestions for reorganizing the National Revolutionary Army. Gradually eliminate the old army cadres (including Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army) and replace them with allies (of course, the Qing court did not know that they were allies) or graduates of the Army Military Academy. The Qing court quickly adopted Yuan Shikai's suggestion because it was afraid of him.
19 1 1 year, Jiang Zuobin was promoted to be the director of the military balance department, which was very beneficial to the realization of the revolutionary plan of the revolutionary party to seize the central government. By August of that year, he had wiped out many Yuan Shikai's minions and the old governor's eagle dogs, which laid a good foundation for the later revolutionary victory. That year, the Huanghuagang uprising led by Huang Xing failed, but it greatly shook the morale of the Qing army. At that time, Jiang Zuobin thought that after two or three years of organizational preparation, when the military power was basically in the hands of revolutionaries, the central revolution could be realized more smoothly. However, due to the Hankou Incident, the Revolutionary Party had to revolt in June 10. The original plan was broken. After he got the news, he did not hesitate to take action, although he regretted it.
After the news of Wuchang Uprising reached Beijing, the Qing court assembled troops to encircle the rebels. Seventy-two mountain guns were mobilized outside Wuchang, but only 25 shells were fired, so Jiang Zuobin was ordered to go to Baoding to transport arms. After receiving the order, he deliberately put the train carrying shells at the back of the fifty-first sequence, so that the shells could not reach their destination within ten days (the Hanjing line was a monorail at that time), and the mountain artillery became a squib, which did not work, greatly weakening the fighting capacity of the Qing army. At the same time, actively organize troops from Northeast China and North China to support the uprising. In Wuchang, the revolutionary army was frustrated in Hanyang, and Huang Xingdong went to Shanghai. He hurried to the DuDu mansion, and Li and others were crying because of the defeat. Seeing this, he said: "Winning or losing is a common occurrence in military strategists. Although the revolutionary army fell in Hankou and Hanyang, there was still Wuchang, and even if Wuchang fell, there were other areas. How can you cry like your mother? I hope you will endure another week, and I will send reinforcements. " Li smiled through tears. He rushed to Jiangxi overnight and sent reinforcements, which not only eased the situation in Wuchang, but also promoted the reunification of Jiangxi, and served as the chief of staff of Jiujiang military government. Later, Yin Chang and others were surprised and said with emotion, "I didn't expect Jiang Zuobin to be a revolutionary. No wonder the Qing dynasty will have no luck! "
Many years later, when Jiang Zuobin talked about the Revolution of 1911, there was always some regret. If Wuchang Uprising had waited for two or three years, most of Yuan Shikai's forces would have been wiped out and the revolutionaries replaced, and there might have been no scuffle between Beiyang warlords.
19 12 years, he was appointed as the second secretary of the War Department of Nanjing Provisional Government, and was entrusted by Sun and Sun to continue to serve as the second secretary of the Army of Beijing Government. He actively suggested the establishment of revolutionary armed forces based in Beijing, Wuhan and Nanjing to strengthen revolutionary military forces. However, due to Yuan Shikai's restoration and repression, these revolutionary armed forces were eliminated one after another. 19 15 He resigned due to illness and was imprisoned in Xishan, Beijing by Yuan Shikai. The following year, Yuan died of illness and became the second Chief of Staff. 19 17 Travel abroad in September. 1965438+returned to China in February 2009 to participate in the expulsion of Hubei Governor Wang Zhanyuan. Later, he followed Dr. Sun Yat-sen south to prepare for the Northern Expedition and served as the chief of staff of the base camp.
After Sun's death, he inherited his will and risked his life to take an active part in the Northern Expedition. 1926 During the Northern Expedition, he served as Fu Xuan's ambassador to Jiangxi and Hubei successively. In order not to let Zhang cooperate in the so-called northern unification, he went to Shenyang to persuade Zhang. Before he left, his friends advised him that it would be bad luck to go, and it was best not to go. He believed that the Northern Expedition was the premise of reunification. Unity is the guarantee of strengthening the country and enriching the people. Personal life is nothing for the sake of national unity and prosperity. He went without fear. Sure enough, Wu learned that many warlords called Zhang, saying that he was a red lobbyist and wanted Zhang to kill him. At that time, all the newspapers in Shanghai published these letters and telegrams. He also claimed that Jiang Zuobin would die. After he arrived in Shenyang, he spoke bravely and eloquently, and finally persuaded Zhang to ensure the smooth progress of the Northern Expedition.
After the victory of the Northern Expedition, Jiang Zuobin shouted loudly that it was necessary to step up construction to recover the war wounds. He pointed out that in the late 1920s, China's most dangerous enemy was the Japanese, and the people of the whole country must unite and aim their guns at the outside world. Facing the increasingly serious threat from Japan, when he won the Northern Expedition, he did not strive for official benefits for himself, but only worried about the future of the country. He decided to go abroad and contact Germany (when Hindenburg, the German Social Democratic Party, was in power), the former Soviet Union and European countries to curb the development of Japanese military forces. Later, he was appointed ambassador to Germany and Austria. On the way to his post, the sea in Tao Tao was like his ups and downs. When will China settle down and be founded in Qixin?
As Jiang Zuobin was the first minister of the Government of the Republic of China, the German government specially opened a float to meet him at the German-Swiss border. At Berlin station, some senior officials came out to meet them (later ambassadors never had such a warm scene). Actively carry out multi-party diplomacy after taking office. 1929, after the Kuomintang government broke off diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union, many people in the government thought that the former Soviet Union was an enemy and could never contact. On the other hand, he believes that the former Soviet Union has a lot to learn, and it is necessary to contact the former Soviet Union in order to contain Japan. He also managed to make a field trip to the former Soviet Union, return to China to take risks and preach, and publicize the mental state of the former Soviet Union's national reunification and founding. During his tenure, he repeatedly contacted the foreign minister of the former Soviet Union to explain the positive significance of the Soviet Union to the authorities, but none of them were adopted.
Before Jiang Zuobin arrived in Berlin, the German Embassy in China didn't even have a car. When I get to foreign affairs, I am in a hurry to borrow my car temporarily, which not only delays my work, but also makes people laugh. Not only that, the shabby appearance inside and outside the museum is really amazing. The eaves and walls are peeling off, the curtains are worn out, the chairs are connected by holes, and the heating is often off, which is ridiculed by outsiders as "cold palace". Immediately after his arrival, he began to design and repair the house, replace the interior furnishings, install walkie-talkies, heating and other equipment, so that the legation was completely new. In late autumn, even topless female guests will not feel a chill when they hold a banquet in the museum. Since then, the nickname "Lenggong" has never been mentioned again. He also customized a tall and beautiful car according to the car style of German President Hindenburg at that time, which attracted great attention in the diplomatic circles in Berlin. When I was in Japan in the11930s, there were many similar cases. The Embassy (Public Hall) is a window for foreigners to know about China, and he attaches great importance to establishing China's prestige in this window.
1929, Jiang Zuobin attended the first disarmament conference of the League of Nations (predecessor of the United Nations) in Geneva. In the past, international conferences were only in English and French. This time, he pushed his way through the crowd, broke away from convention and made a serious speech in Chinese, which surprised many participants. The next day, several newspapers in Geneva rushed to report this amazing news: I heard Chinese for the first time at the League of Nations meeting! Although Japan was one of the great powers at that time, it did not dare to break this convention. After the meeting, when walking in the garden, the Japanese representative came up to him and said, "Admire! I admire your courage. Can speak Chinese in the League of Nations. In the future, we will also help Japan. " When the naval disarmament conference was held in London the following year, the Japanese did speak in Japanese. He wrote in his diary, "my oriental language is gradually used by the west, and I almost became a figurine? Thanks to China's huge national language of more than 40 million, comments from any place are valuable. I hope that my compatriots will not give up on themselves and be complacent. " Later, through the efforts and struggles of millions of compatriots, Chinese and Chinese finally became the official languages and characters of the League of Nations.
Jiang Zuobin once put forward some unusual opinions that impressed German and foreign envoys, and Hindenburg spoke highly of him. He also made many suggestions on many aspects of domestic politics and economy, but many of them were not adopted. Even his report on mediating the Sino-Soviet railway dispute in the Middle East was not handled in time by the authorities. As a result, the Japanese were embarrassed and benefited from it. He wrote in his diary: "The country is in chaos, and there is really nowhere to hide the face of a diplomat abroad. Can Ann win a place in the world? " His dreams and ambitions can't be realized, which makes him worry and sad.
As mentioned above, it costs a lot of money to set up a legation in Germany. Before going to Germany, the government gave a special fee of 360 thousand. He used up all the money, which is not enough. He also took out his salary and subsidies for attending international conferences. These subsidies should be owned by individuals and should not be taken out. But he said, "this is from the government, not public funds, and public funds should be used." At that time, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs often defaulted on embassy fees and librarians' salaries, and often remitted money every 40 to 50 days, which invisibly greatly reduced librarians' salaries. To this end, he specially formulated a system of advance salary: the librarian sets the salary base according to the post, and every month, regardless of whether the remittance from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has arrived, he personally pays it regularly, and then deducts it as appropriate after the remittance from the Ministry. Due to the serious arrears of funds, the deduction amount can never cover his advance payment. As a result, his advance payment piled up. Even when he left his job and returned to China, he told his colleagues that after receiving his salary, he would still keep the quota for his own use as before, and if there was a balance, he would repay the previous advances as appropriate. This kind of concern and love for subordinates was unprecedented at that time. Ten years later, he was seriously ill and in financial difficulties. He lives in a small house in a village in Chen Jiaqiao, Chongqing. He couldn't buy medicine and couldn't keep up with nutrition, but he didn't take the initiative to pay off these debts until his death. These debts will actually be written off.
In those difficult years, Jiang Zuobin often comforted everyone: "How much was a cannon worth in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression?" The country is in trouble, let's overcome it and save some! I'd rather not eat anything delicious. "One day at dinner, a relative came to see him. Seeing that there was nothing on the table, he said, "You have been an official all your life, and now you eat so badly and live so hard. Why didn't you grab some money earlier? " He said frankly, "I am not a corrupt official. Why should I take money? " "A poor official like you!" "Poor officials are good, have a clear conscience, stand firm, eat humble pie, and be worthy of the nation. My revolution is not for my personal wealth, but for the prosperity of the people and the country. The country is good, I am good, the country is poor, and I am poor. Now is the war of resistance, is a difficult period. If everyone doesn't save, where will the country get the money? "
1938, when Jiang Zuobin got married, he said, "Now that the Anti-Japanese War has begun, gold is state-owned, so we won't buy gold jewelry." I didn't buy any gold ornaments. He also told his wife not to ride in his car alone, let alone let the children use his car, saying that "a drop of gasoline equals a drop of blood in wartime". This is his view of villages everywhere. Usually there are no bad hobbies, such as no smoking, no drinking (drinking a little beer at parties), no playing cards, no going to the theater (except government and group activities), and only like walking, so they are nicknamed "Walking Ambassadors" in Japan.
In order to congratulate King George VI on his coronation (A.D. 1937) and go to Germany to negotiate a trade agreement, the government sent Finance Minister Kong Xiangxi to visit. In order to do this well, Kong decided to let Jiang Shuomin, the eldest son (then Minister of the Interior), go with him. This kind of good job will make most people struggle to go. However, Jiang Zuobin is firmly opposed. He thinks that Jiang Shuomin studied mathematics in Germany, and it is appropriate to send people who study economics and trade to do this job. On his recommendation, he sent Wang Jiahong, a doctor of economics who has worked in Germany for many years. He said: "I don't have a small organization, and talents belong to the country."
194 1, Jiang Shuozhi, a son studying in Switzerland, wrote that he had only two weeks' meal money left and had no money to go to the market to buy foreign exchange. Someone suggested going to Kong Xiangxi, saying that one tenth of the money could be used to buy official foreign exchange. But Jiang Zuobin refused to go. He would rather starve his son than beg. Later, colleagues from the former embassy in Germany came to see him. When he heard this, he knew that many colleagues had not paid off the money they borrowed, so he took the initiative to tell them about the recent situation in Jiang Zuobin. So they raised money to help Jiang Shuozhi tide over the difficulties. Later, Shuo Jinag went to work by himself and finished all his studies.
Jiang Zuobin took part in the revolution when he was young, and at the age of 28, he became the Deputy Minister of the War Department. He knows that talents play an important role in the rise and fall of a country. He loves young people, talents and pays attention to cultivating talents.
1927 65438+ 10, students from Wuhan Central Military and Political School held a publicity activity in front of Jiang Hanying Concession to celebrate the victory of the Northern Expedition, and the people's government moved to Wuhan. British sailors rushed out of the concession to make trouble, stabbed one person to death and seriously injured five people, which led to tragedy, caused public outrage, fought with British sailors with their bare hands and attacked the British concession. When Jiang Zuobin heard the news, he thought that if things were allowed to develop, the British side might retaliate, and these hot-blooded young people would inevitably have greater bloodshed and sacrifice. So after obtaining the consent of the authorities, he immediately went to the scene on behalf of the government of the Republic of China (together with another representative) to persuade the young people to leave and announced that the government would negotiate with the British authorities to recover the concession through diplomatic channels. Sure enough, two days later, with the support of people from all walks of life in Wuhan, the people's government announced the recovery of the British concession in Hankou.
When living in Shanghai in his early years, Dong, Li and Zhang often visited his home. Dong also wrote a letter to Yan 'an after the Long March (1936). 1929 Liao Chengzhi was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities in Germany, which coincided with Jiang Zuobin's appointment as minister in Germany. He tried his best to save him, and later He Xiangning thanked him. He believes that "talents belong to the country" and should protect and rescue talents for the country. 193 1 year, party member he dinghua, a student studying in Japan, was arrested by the Japanese authorities for participating in revolutionary activities. Because He Dinghua worked as an interpreter in the embassy in Japan, Jiang Zuobin thought this young man was very talented. After learning the news of He's arrest, he secretly hired a lawyer to defend him, and found someone as a guarantor to bail He Dinghua out of prison. Nor did he extradite He Dinghua to China according to the wishes of the government. He knew he would be killed if he was extradited to China, but unfortunately, he lost a talent. Only after He Dinghua left Japan did he report to the government that He Dinghua had been released on bail and was no longer in Japan. Later, He Dinghua arrived in Shanghai safely and went to Yan 'an.
Jiang Zuobin is recognized as an "honest official" because he neither pursues power nor collects money. His salary income, except for work and life, is used to train children in order to do more for the country. Children studying abroad are required to come back to serve their country after studying. Most of them have done so, and some of them have become world celebrities. Individual children have not returned to China due to historical reasons, but they are also trying to make some contributions to the motherland.
Before the Northern Expedition, Jiang Zuobin had seen the Japanese threat to China. 1928, on the way to the second northern expedition, the "May 3rd Jinan Massacre" occurred. On May 3, Japanese troops stationed in Jinan suddenly surrounded the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and shelled Jinan City, killing and injuring nearly 10,000 people. This is a provocative demonstration of Japanese imperialism against China. Jiang Zhongzheng, commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition Army, bypassed the Northern Expedition and left Jinan on May 5th. However, Jiang Zuobin (Chairman of the Battlefield Management Committee) braved the bullets on the 9th and insisted on leaving Jinan for the north. He has never forgotten this incident, thinking that it is "the biggest shame in his life, and he is determined to take revenge". As soon as the Northern Expedition was completed, he shouted loudly, united many times and pointed his gun at the outside world. Japan was the most dangerous enemy. Personally, he can't stop the continuation of the civil war. He doesn't want to fight the * * * production party, and he doesn't want to fight at home again. He opposed the prevailing view that only a world war could solve the problem and the negative attitude of uniting with other countries to solve the China issue. In order to contain the forces of Japanese militarism to the greatest extent, he actively joined hands with European countries. Although the Kuomintang government severed diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union at that time, he still took risks and strongly advocated establishing diplomatic relations and uniting with the Soviet Union. The enemy is by no means the former Soviet Union, not the producer, but Japan, which is the biggest threat. However, his voice and some of his measures cannot be taken seriously and adopted by the Jiang Zhongzheng government. Until 193 1, the situation became more and more serious, and the government recalled him from Germany to serve as the minister (later ambassador) in Japan. He felt that it was too late to save the crisis through diplomatic channels. Because in Japan, moderates and moderates have been gradually replaced by strong warring factions, and it is impossible to change their attempt to invade China through negotiations.
On the one hand, Jiang Zuobin argued at the negotiating table, on the other hand, he shuttled between Japanese progressives and diplomatic missions of various countries that sympathized with and supported China, hoping to form influence on the Japanese authorities from the inside out. However, with the rapid development of Japanese militarism, the negotiations could not be successful. Coupled with the weakness of the domestic government, all his efforts were in vain. His four years in Japan exhausted his efforts. He was worried, resentful and exhausted. When he came home, his temples were gray and his blood pressure was surprisingly high.
Since then, Jiang Zuobin's health has gone from bad to worse, but he still tries his best to serve the country and never neglects it. 194 1 year, the Chongqing tunnel tragedy occurred, and more than 20,000 innocent people were suffocated in the air-raid shelter. He was so sad that he cried and accused the air defense commander of being irresponsible for his work. Why didn't he open the door to save people immediately after the alarm was lifted, but let them suffocate? The person who came to tell him said, "People who go in only know how to rob the treasure. Where can they save the dying people?" They dragged people out with rakes, threw them on trucks and buried them! "He stamped his foot with anger." It's outrageous to treat people like dogs! "
The mountains and rivers are broken, the authorities are corrupt and the people are miserable. He was extremely sad and his illness became more and more serious. 194 1 65438+On February 24th, Jiang Zuobin was full of worries and remained uncorrupted, and died in Chongqing at the age of 58. 1June 1943 12 was posthumously awarded the rank of first-class general in the army. The national government explicitly praised the above rank and was buried in the sand jar kiln on the south bank of Chongqing. 1983, Chongqing Municipal People's Government renovated its tomb.