There are basically four kinds. Some students in the university may call the tutor "the boss", and there is also a visual name, that is, "the gardener".
In fact, in ancient times, there were many names for teachers. In addition to the above four (excluding gardeners), there were many names, such as teacher, teacher, tutor, teacher and so on. Below, I will briefly talk about these names and their origins. ?
The first one: the word "teacher" originated from Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there is a saying that "teachers waste money and are useless". But the "teacher" here refers to the "tired teacher" and "tired army", which has nothing to do with today's teachers.
The real "teacher" used to address educators first appeared in Historical Records. The Biography of Mencius and Xunqing mentioned that "when King Qi Xiang died, Tian Tian's whole family died, and Xun Qing was the best teacher". The teacher here refers to the "old man who is proficient in learning arts", which is similar to the "master" today.
Since the Tang Dynasty, teachers have been widely used and popularized, which also refers to learned scholars and people who give lectures and solve doubts, meaning the same as today's "teacher".
Second: Teachers originally refer to people who impart knowledge or other aspects, just like today's "teachers". However, since the Song Dynasty, the meaning of teacher began to narrow, although it can also refer to people who impart knowledge, but it can also refer to music officials. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, teachers often said that they taught martial arts, similar to today's "instructors."
For example, in Water Margin, Shi Wengong, Luan and others are all called "teachers" in the book.
For example, when Lin Chong saw playing with a mord, he couldn't help cheering. The ruffian on the side said, "This teacher must be so cheering"; In Zhuangzi Chai Jin, Zhuang Ke also called Hong "teacher"; In Zhujiazhuang, "another teacher named Luan Yuting holds an iron bar"; Xu Ning, the Golden Gunner, is known as the "Golden Gun Head Teacher" and so on.
Third: Teachers During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the word "teacher" appeared, which has the same meaning as today's teachers.
For example, "Everything is Wrong" mentioned that "teachers should change what they teach". "Teacher" here means teacher. However, this word is not commonly used in the field of education. The military system usually uses teachers, and the officers who command the first division of the army are called teachers, above them and below the brigade commander.
For example, General Xiao Ke served as the deputy commander of the Eighth Route Army 120 Division during the Anti-Japanese War.
Fourth: Mr. "Mr." appeared very early and was mentioned in the Book of Rites 3,000 years ago. Teacher Wang at that time had the same meaning as today's teacher.
It is mentioned in the Book of Rites that "I'm from Yu Xiansheng, but I have to talk to others on the road". It means, follow the teacher and don't talk to others across the street. When Zheng Xuan made a note in Han Dynasty, the note to "Mr" was "the teacher of the elders". So to this day, for some older teachers, it will be said to be Mr.
It took Mr. Wang a long time, spanning more than two thousand years from the Zhou Dynasty to today.
Fifth: Confucius "Confucius" often refers to Confucius, but it actually appeared before Confucius, meaning also refers to teachers. It is mentioned in Mencius and Mozi.
Later, because Confucius was often called "Confucius" in The Analects of Confucius, it was used by later generations. For learned people, people often call them "masters".
Of course, the owner can also refer to the husband, porter or porter. For example, in the Water Margin, when Yang Zhi was escorting the birth outline, he scolded Hou Yu when he hit the sergeant, saying, "You don't hit the young master's cudgel, but you get hurt behind him."
Sixth: teacher "teacher", as the name implies, is the person sitting in the west. Before Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were no benches and chairs in China, only Mazar -e in Han Dynasty. At that time, people sat on the floor or covered the floor with mats and plates.
Emperor Han Ming once paid tribute to Huan Rong with a gift from his teacher. He once went to Huanrong's house and asked Huanrong to sit in the west, facing the east. From then on, teachers are also called "teachers", which is a kind of honorific title.
In the Qing Dynasty (the ancestor of couplets), it was recorded in the Appellation Book that Emperor Hanming respected Huan Rong as a teacher, but fortunately Taichang House made Rong sit in the east and set up several places. So the teacher called the teacher. To the east means to sit facing the east, and later called "teacher".
Teachers are sometimes called "Xibin" or lecturers. For example, in the Garden Miscellanies of the Ming Dynasty, it was said that "Wang Xing was hired as a guest of honor to support everything".
Seventh: Professor "Professor" was originally an official position, referring to a person with ability or knowledge on the one hand. There are professors in medicine, law and countless aspects. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, imperial academy had a professorship, which was responsible for teaching students knowledge or ability.
It was not until the Song Dynasty that the professor had the meaning of "teacher". There are professors in universities and colleges in the county. Their job is to teach students knowledge.
Similar to "professor" is "doctor".
Originally, a doctor was also an official position. They often read widely, and they can even discuss world governance with the Prime Minister and Marquis. However, due to the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", the original learned people were only responsible for studying Confucian classics. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also stipulated that the five Confucian classics, once mastered, can also be awarded a doctorate.
At this point, doctors have the meaning of "teachers", but their status is getting lower and lower.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Yan Zhitui mentioned the story of "doctors buy donkeys" in family training, which means that a doctor went to buy donkeys and wrote three pages of credentials, but he didn't mention donkeys. Doctors suddenly became synonymous with knowledge and not doing things. Later, people from all walks of life can be called "doctors".
For example, Dr. Mo, Dr. Tea and Dr. Wine in The Journey to the West and The Water Margin are actually people who push the mill or serve wine and tea.
But in the 1980s, China established a master's degree system and a doctor's degree system, and doctors became very powerful people, but not necessarily teachers.
Eighth: Master "Master" comes from "lifelong teacher, lifelong father", so its original meaning is "teacher is like father", which originally contains the meaning of teacher.
Similarly, "master" also means teacher. "Spring and Autumn Valley Liang Zhuan" mentioned that "it is not the master, but the father's sin"; In the Qing Dynasty, Notes on Nights also mentioned that "although I am not as good as you, my master is also your disciple". It can be seen that from the Spring and Autumn Period, "master" had the meaning of teacher.
However, by now, Master has become the address of other workers except teachers, or even just a respectful name. Such as drivers, carpenters, masons, tailors, etc. Everyone can be called "Master", even middle-aged people on the roadside can be called "Master".
In addition to these, there are mountain leaders, teaching guidance, disciplines, deans, teachers, foreign teachers, human teachers, teachers, laboratory teachers, lecturers, teaching assistants, teachers, wine festivals, teachers and so on. , can refer to the teacher.
But these words are rarely used, so I won't elaborate on them one by one. (Note: Image source network. )