chapter one
1642, French blaise pascal invented the mechanical computer, which marked the beginning of the automation of human computing tools. 1945, Feng? Neumann put forward the theoretical basis of modern computer.
1946, the world's first electronic computer ENIAC was successfully developed at the University of Pennsylvania. The characteristics of computer are: fast processing speed, high processing accuracy, storability, logical judgment, high reliability and strong versatility. According to the physical devices used by computers, the development of computers can be divided into four stages: the first 1 development stage:
1946 ~ 1957, the second development period characterized by electron tube computers.
1958 ~ 1964, the third development period characterized by transistor computers.
1965 ~ 1970 is the fourth development period characterized by small and medium-sized integrated circuit computers.
Since 197 1 years ago, it is characterized by large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuit computers.
The main features of the computer are: fast operation speed, high calculation accuracy, strong storage and "memory" ability, automatic continuous operation, high reliability and strong logical judgment ability.
Computer applications: scientific calculation, information processing, real-time control, computer-aided design, artificial intelligence, entertainment and culture education, product art modeling design, computer communication and e-commerce.
At present, the development trend of computer is giant, miniaturization, networking, multimedia and intelligence. The computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The two components that make up a computer's central processing unit are an arithmetic unit and a controller.
A computer should include five parts: arithmetic unit, memory, controller, input device and output device.
Functions of computer hardware: input device, arithmetic unit, controller, random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), output device.
ROM: Read-only memory, the information in ROM remains unchanged after power failure, and it is used to store fixed programs and information.
RAM: random access memory, also known as read-write memory. It is used to store programs and data input by users. After power failure, the information in RAM will be lost. The difference between internal memory and external memory:
The essential difference between internal memory and external memory lies in whether it can be directly accessed by the central processing unit (CPU). CPU can't directly execute programs in external memory, nor can it process data in external memory.
The main differences between them are: in principle, different locations, different materials inside or outside the host, different semiconductor or magnetic media (optical media), different storage capacity, small internal memory and large external memory. Price difference: price/high memory per storage unit, low external memory, different access speed: high memory, low external memory.
Cache in microcomputer storage system refers to the unit of cache operation speed, which is the input/output device (I/O device) of MIPS analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. There are three types of languages used by computers (types of programming languages), namely machine language, assembly language and high-level language. Multimedia technology refers to the comprehensive information processing technology that uses computers to interactively process text, graphics, images, audio and video information. It has the following characteristics: ① diversity and integration; ② Interaction; ③ Digitization. The main frequency is the clock frequency of CPU, or the system clock, and the unit is MHz or GHz. Generally, a binary number is called a bit, and eight binary bits are recorded as a byte B(Byte). Memory capacity is generally expressed in KB( 1024B) or MB( 1024KB).
The keyboard is divided into four areas: function key area, primary key area, editing key area and numeric key area.
Common output devices include keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, projectors, plotters, sound output devices and so on. The basic structure of microcomputer system includes system unit main cabinet, display, keyboard, mouse and printer. The host computer of a microcomputer consists of a controller, an arithmetic unit and a memory.
System unit main chassis: system motherboard: including CPU, memory, interface circuit, bus and expansion slot; External memory: floppy disk drive, hard disk drive and optical disk drive.
Code: 1 digital code (this is the most commonly used code in computers) 2. ASCII code (ASCII code: represented by a 7-bit binary number or a byte with the highest bit of "0") 3. Chinese character coding (represented by two consecutive bytes, the highest bit is "1") is the national standard of China. )
Why use binary and its basic operation rules in computers? The adoption of binary in a computer is determined by the logical devices used in the computer. This logic device is a circuit (flip-flop) with two states. The advantages are simple operation, convenient implementation and low cost. Computer instructions consist of (operation code) and operand or address code. What is a computer virus? A self-replicating program that interferes with and destroys the work of a computer system and is artificially compiled. The characteristics of computer virus are: spreading, latent, destructive and hidden.
Prevention methods of Trojans: ① We should establish a correct idea of computer virus prevention-"prevention first, combination of diagnosis and treatment". (2) Once the computer is found to be not working normally, check or kill the virus with anti-virus software immediately. ① Don't execute any software of unknown origin ② Don't open email attachments at will ③ Configure the resource manager to always display the extension ④ Use * * * as little as possible to enjoy the folder ⑤ Upgrade the system frequently ⑤ Use anti-trojan software in combination.
Trojan type ① destructive type ② password sending type ③ remote access type ④ keyboard recording Trojan ⑤ DoS attack Trojan ⑧ proxy Trojan ⑧ program killer Trojan ⑧ rebound port Trojan Name four ways to switch between multiple open applications? (1) Use Alt+Esc key (2) Use Alt+Tab key (3) Click any part of the application window to switch to (4) Click the task button of the specified application on the taskbar. What are the three ways to close the application window? (1) Click the Close button in the window (2) Double-click the control menu button (3) Click the Close command in the control menu. What is the default alignment of words, values, logic and error messages in cells? Text is aligned to the left; Values are aligned to the right; Alignment between logic and error messages.
Three firsts of computer birth time in the history of computer development
The first electronic computer invented in the world, ENIAC, 1946.2 USA.
The world's first computer with stored program control function, EDVAC, 1946 ~ 1950, USA.
EDSAC, the world's first computer with stored program control function, 1947 ~ 1949.5. After inserting a USB flash drive in the UK, the computer didn't respond. What are the inspection steps at this time? Whether the USB interface is inserted correctly, whether the USB interface is activated, and whether there is a problem with the USB driver. In a microcomputer, the arithmetic unit and the controller are collectively called microprocessors.
Chinese characters are input by (input code) and stored or processed by (internal code). Except for control symbols, the value of ASCII code is between 33 and 126. The data transmission rate of single-speed DVD-ROM is1.3mb/s/s.
chapter two
UNIX system UNIX is a powerful multi-user and multi-task operating system (1), with mature technology and high reliability (2) strong expansibility (3) strong network function (4) strong database support (5) good openness.
Linux is a free open source software, which inherits many excellent characteristics of UNIX system, such as stable performance, powerful function, high efficiency, multi-task, multi-user and multi-platform. It has the following characteristics: (1) it can be obtained completely for free; (2) it can run on CISC and various RISC architecture machines; (3)Linux is a complete implementation of UNIX; (4) it is truly multi-tasking and multi-user; (4).
Comparison of UNIX, Linux and Windows systems: Windows: Good interface, simple operation, suitable for general users and individual users, but it needs to be purchased at a cost.
UNIX: It is not interactive, but powerful, safe and stable. It is generally used for large and medium-sized database system platforms of large, medium and small computers. Linux: an "upgraded version" of UNIX, with good interface, the same function and performance as UNIX, and open source, which ensures its security. Many state organs and military units have therefore adopted Linux. There are three versions of Windows XP: (1) Windows XP Professional (2) Windows XP Home Edition (3) Windows XP 64-bit Edition.
New functions and features of Windows XP: intelligent user interface, perfect digital media support, better compatibility of applications and devices, improved network and communication functions, improved mobile computing capability, enhanced reliability and stronger security protection.
Three installation methods of Windows XP: upgrade installation, new installation and multi-system installation.
Minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP: The minimum requirement for CPU is Pentium 233 MHz or compatible processor, so it is recommended to use a faster processor; The hard disk partition should be larger than 2 GB, and the operating system itself needs at least 650 MB of space; The minimum memory requirement is 128 MB, and it is recommended to use more than 256 MB. Standard VGA card or higher resolution graphics card; CD and floppy disk drives, color monitors, keyboards, Windows-supported mice or compatible pointing devices. Three installation methods of Windows XP: upgrade installation, brand-new installation, multi-system installation (1) pointing (2) clicking (3) double-clicking (4) dragging (5) clicking the opening method of resource manager three times.
(1) Right-click "My Computer" or any other folder icon, and select "Explorer" in the shortcut menu that pops up;
(2) Right-click the "Start" button and select "Resource Manager" from the pop-up shortcut menu; (3) Select Start → Programs → Resource Manager.
Windows 7 Desktop New Features: 1. Brand-new Windows taskbar 2. Real-time taskbar thumbnail preview 3. Customize notification area icon 4. Quickly display the desktop 5. Rich desktop gadgets.
What are the ways to open the browser? What are the startup methods of general applications?
Right-click or use the Start menu to open the browser. Click the program icon directly, or use the Programs submenu in the Start menu. How to open the Task Manager? Ctrl+Alt+Delete
What is the role of the "Control Panel"? Is an important system folder, the installation, configuration, management and optimization of the system can be completed in the control panel.
Is a dialog box the same as a window? What does it do?
A dialog box is a window that provides information or asks the user to provide information. It cannot be resized. A window is a rectangular area on the desktop for viewing information such as applications or documents.
GHOST software and its precautions: using a new version, transferring or deleting page files, turning off hibernation and system recovery functions, deleting temporarily unnecessary temporary files, checking and sorting disk fragments, and backing up important files. One-key switching projection shortcut: Windows+p
A program is an ordered set of instructions or statements designed to solve problems. An instruction is a string of binary codes containing an operation code and an address code. What are the ways to open the browser? What are the startup methods of general applications? Right-click or use the Start menu to open the browser. Click the program icon directly, or use the Programs submenu in the Start menu.
chapter three
Office 2003
The main applications include:
Word 2003 word processing application: (1)Word 2003 word processing application with suffix. Dox(2)Excel 2003 spreadsheet processing application with suffix. Xls(3)PowerPoint 2003 presentation processing application with suffix. ppt。
Common ways to quit Office 2003 applications:
(1) Open the file menu of the corresponding application and select the exit command at the bottom of the menu. (2) Click the Close button in the upper right corner of the application window. (3) Double-click the control menu button in the upper left corner of the application window. (4) Press the+key combination and press the key. (5) Press the shortcut key+.
Components of the main window of Word2003: 1. Title bar 2. Menu bar 3. Toolbar. The Common toolbar is mainly used for file operation and editing operation, and the Format toolbar is mainly used for typesetting and beautifying the word document format. 4. Document editing area 5. Task pane 6. View mode of status bar Word 2003
1. Normal view 2. Web layout view 3. Page view 4. Outline view 5. Reading layout view
Create, open and save a Word 2003 document: 1. Create a New Document Select Menu File → New Command Click the New Blank Document button on the standard toolbar and use the shortcut key+
2. Open the Word 2003 document selection menu file → Open the command. Click the Open button on the standard toolbar. Use the shortcut key+. Select the name of the previously opened document at the bottom of the File menu.
3. Save Word 2003 document selection menu file → Save command. Click the Save button on the toolbar. Use the shortcut key+.
4. Close the Word 2003 document selection menu "File" → "Close" command. Use the shortcut key+. Close the Word 2003 window.
The key combination+(space) can be used to switch between Chinese and English input states. +Switch between different input methods. Quickly insert the current date or time
1. Use+or F4 to re-enter the content quickly.
2.++- Quickly insert the current system date. ++-Quickly insert the current system time.
1. Text selection (1) Press Ctrl+A to select the whole document 2. CTRL+C (copy) Ctrl+X (cut) Ctrl+V (paste) Ctrl+Z (undo) Ctrl+F (find or replace).
Methods of formatting text: toolbar button method and menu command method. Function of using the format brush: Using the format brush, you can easily apply the format attributes of some texts to other texts or paragraphs.
Page settings mainly include margin settings, paper settings, panel settings and document grid settings. Page background mainly includes the background color, background filling effect and watermark filling effect of the page.
The role of bullets and numbering: bullets and numbering can make the document structure clear and hierarchical, which is convenient for readers to read and compare.
Quickly set subscript: press Ctrl+Shift+= shortcut key to set the text as superscript; Press Ctrl+= shortcut key to set the text to subscript.
In Word, soft carriage return is to fine-tune the object while holding down the Shift+Enter key: holding down the key to move the object can add a border or shading to the table.
(1) Use the AutoFormat method (2) Use the Tables and Borders toolbar (3) Use the Table Properties dialog box.
1. Convert a table to a text. Select menu table → Convert → Convert a table to a text command 2. Convert text into table Choose menu table → Convert → Convert text into table command What are the ways to open an existing document? How to open multiple Word documents at the same time?
Answer: Menu command mode, command button mode, quick open mode and direct document mode. Select multiple Word documents to edit, and press Enter to open them at the same time.
When editing a document with Word 2003, the inserted picture is embedded by default. When creating a new document, the default font and font size of Word are Song Ti and No.5 respectively.
chapter four
Cell is the basic unit of data processing in Excel. What are the main functions of Excel 2003?
Make spreadsheets, complete complex data operations, and conduct data analysis and statistics. Several methods of saving files in Excel 2003.
You can use the toolbar button or the command in the file menu to save it. Basic concepts of Excel 2003 worksheet:
Each worksheet has 256 columns and 65536 rows.
A box formed by the intersection of rows and columns in a worksheet is called a cell. A cell is the smallest unit for storing data. A set of continuous rectangular cells in a worksheet is called a range. There are three types of data in Excel, namely text, numerical value and formula.
When entering a score, to avoid treating the entered score as a date, you need to add 0 before the score and insert a space, for example, enter 0 1/2.
If you want to enter a number with several zeros in front, you must enter it as text. Enter the date and time: 1. Enter the date.
Separate the year, month and day parts of a date with a slash or minus sign. To enter today's date, press and
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