In the next two years, he escaped from the plague in his hometown, where he drew a blueprint for the most important scientific creation in his life. After Newton 1667 returned to Cambridge, he was elected as a member of Trinity College of Cambridge University and received his master's degree the following year. From 65438 to 0669, he served as Lucas Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University until 170 1. From 65438 to 0696, he was the director of the Royal Mint and moved to London. 1703 president of the royal society. 1706 was knighted by Queen Anna. In his later years, Newton devoted himself to natural philosophy and theology. On March 3 1727, Newton died in London at the age of 84. Remarks: Newton's date of birth is julian calendar1642 65438+February 25th, that is, Gregorian calendar1643 65438+1October 4th; The date of death is March 20th, julian calendar 1727, which is March 30th, Gregorian calendar 1727.
Young Newton
1643 65438+1October 4th, Newton was born in a farmer's family in Wolthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. Newton was a premature baby, weighing only three pounds at birth. The midwife and his relatives are worried about whether he will survive. No one expected that this seemingly insignificant little thing would become an immortal scientific giant and live to be 84 years old. Three months before Newton was born, his father died. When he was two years old, his mother remarried to a priest and left Newton to his grandmother. 1 1 years old, my mother's stephusband died, and my mother returned to Newton with a son and two daughters born with her stepfather. Newton was taciturn and stubborn since childhood, which may come from his family situation. From about the age of five, Newton was sent to public schools. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a teenager, but a Newton with ordinary qualifications and ordinary achievements when he was a child.
Generally speaking, he likes reading, reading books about how to make simple mechanical models, and being inspired by them, he makes some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on. Legend has it that young Newton made a model of the mill after thoroughly understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a corn in front of the wheel, just out of the mouse's reach. The mouse wants to eat corn, so it keeps running, so the wheel keeps turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, he hung a small lamp on the rope. In the evening, the villagers were surprised to find that a comet appeared. He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the water bell will automatically drop water on his face to wake him up. He also likes painting and carving, especially carving sundials. His sundial was placed in the corner of his house and everywhere on the windowsill to observe the movement of the shadow. Newton entered Grantham Middle School not far from home at the age of 12. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of doing so and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was studying in Grantham Middle School, he lived in a pharmacist's house, which influenced him by chemical experiments. Newton's academic performance in middle school is not outstanding, but he just loves reading and is curious about natural phenomena, such as colors, the movements of the four seasons, especially geometry, Heliocentrism of Copernicus and so on. He also takes reading notes in different categories and likes to make ingenious gadgets, tricks, inventions and experiments. At that time, English society was permeated with new Christian ideas, and two relatives of Newton's family were priests, which may affect Newton's religious life in his later years. From these ordinary environments and activities, we can't see that Newton is a gifted child. Later, forced by life, his mother asked Newton to drop out of school and farm at home to support his family. But Newton buried a book whenever he had the chance, so that he often forgot to work. Every time, when his mother told him to go to the market with his servant and get familiar with the trade business, he begged the servant to go shopping alone, while he hid behind a tree and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the listed town. He found his nephew sprawled on the grass, absorbed in a math problem. Newton's studious spirit touched his uncle, so he persuaded his mother to let Newton go back to school and encouraged him to go to college. Newton went back to school and drew nutrition from books.
Years of study
16 1 year, 19-year-old Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University as a student with reduced tuition fees, paid for his tuition by doing chores for the college, 1664 became a scholarship winner, and 1665 received his bachelor's degree. /kloc-In the mid-7th century, the education system of Cambridge University was still permeated with a strong flavor of medieval scholasticism. When Newton entered Cambridge, there were also some courses of scholasticism, such as logic, ancient prose, grammar, ancient history, theology and so on. Two years later, Trinity College took on a new look. Lucas created a unique lecture, which stipulated that natural science knowledge should be taught, such as geography, physics, astronomy, mathematics and so on. The first professor of the lecture, Isaac Barrow, was a learned scientist. The scholar had a unique vision and saw that Newton had profound observation and keen understanding. So he taught Newton all his mathematical knowledge, including the method of calculating the area of curve graphics, and led Newton to the research field of modern natural science. During this period of study, Newton mastered arithmetic and trigonometry, and read Kepler's Optics, Descartes' Principles of Geometry and Philosophy, Galileo's Dialogue between Two World Systems, Hooke's Micro Atlas, and the historical and early philosophical journals of the Royal Society. Newton's time under Barrow's door was the key period of his research. Barrow is older than Newton 12 years old and is good at mathematics and optics. He admired Newton's talent very much and thought that Newton's talent in mathematics surpassed himself. Newton later recalled: "Dr. Barrow taught courses in kinematics at that time, and perhaps it was these courses that prompted me to study this problem." Newton relied heavily on teaching himself mathematics at that time. He studied Euclid's Elements of Geometry, Descartes' Geometry, Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum, Barrow's lectures on mathematics and the works of many mathematicians. Among them, Descartes' Geometry and Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum had a decisive influence on Newton, and Newton quickly moved to the forefront of mathematics at that time-analytic geometry and calculus. 1664, Newton was elected as Barrow's assistant, and the next year, the Council of Cambridge University passed the decision to grant Newton a bachelor's degree. 1665 to 1666, a serious plague swept through London, and Cambridge was not far from London. Because of fear, the school was closed, and Newton left school and went home in June 1665. Because Newton was influenced and influenced by mathematics and natural science in Cambridge, he had a strong interest in exploring natural phenomena, and the quiet environment in his hometown made his thoughts spread their wings and fly. The short period from 1665 to 1666 became the golden age of Newton's scientific career. He is full of thinking in the field of natural science, brilliant and productive, thinking about problems that his predecessors have never thought about, stepping into fields that his predecessors have never set foot in, and creating unprecedented amazing achievements. At the beginning of 1665, Newton established the approximation method of series and the law that binomial with arbitrary power is transformed into series; In June of the same year 165438+ 10, the forward serial number method (differential) was established; The following year (65438+ 10), the color theory was studied with prism; In May, I began to study the reverse flow number method (integral). During this year, Newton began to think of studying gravity and wanted to extend the theory of gravity to the orbit of the moon. He also deduced from Kepler's law that the force that keeps planets in orbit must be inversely proportional to the square of their distance from the center of rotation. The legend that Newton didn't realize gravity until he saw the apple fall to the ground was also an anecdote that happened at this time. In a word, during his two years in his hometown, Newton engaged in scientific creation with more vigorous energy than before and cared about natural philosophy. His three great achievements: calculus, gravitation and optical analysis were conceived and formed at this time. It can be said that Newton at this time has begun to describe the blueprint of most scientific creations in his life. 1667 Shortly after Easter, Newton returned to Cambridge University. 1 June1day was elected as a specialist partner of Trinity College, and he obtained his master's degree on March 16 the following year, and became a specialist partner at the same time. 1669, 10 year1October 27th, Barrow resigned as a professor to help Newton. At the age of 26, Newton was promoted to professor of mathematics and served as Professor of Lucas. Barrow paved the way for Newton's scientific career. Without the help of Uncle Newton and Barrow, Newton, a swift horse, might not have galloped on the road of science. Barrow gave way to a wise man, which was told as a story in the history of science.
Isaac newton is a great British mathematician, physicist, astronomer and natural philosopher. His research fields include physics, mathematics, astronomy, theology, natural philosophy and alchemy. Newton's main contributions include inventing calculus, discovering the law of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, designing and actually manufacturing the first reflective telescope, and so on. He is regarded as the greatest and most influential scientist in human history. In order to commemorate Newton's outstanding achievements in classical mechanics, "Newton" later became a physical unit to measure the size of force.