Oxford Oxford University Country: UK: 1 167 Oxford University has a long history and enjoys a world-renowned reputation. Despite the relative decline in national and resource advantages, the days when Oxford and Cambridge were the top universities in the world are long gone. However, it still plays an extremely important role in British society and higher education system, and still has worldwide influence. The education in Britain and even the whole world will be called Oxford. Many young students in Britain and all over the world want to enter Oxford. After the baptism of Renaissance and Reformation and the process of modernization, Oxford University has now developed into a comprehensive university with more than 30 colleges and 1 10,000 students. Oxford University has shocked the whole world with its continuous progress and innovative achievements in natural science, applied economic science and business management philosophy. At the same time, it is famous for its rich and varied teaching methods: combining reading, experiment and tutor's guidance, respecting learning rules, mobilizing students' enthusiasm for learning, and cultivating generations of Oxford elites. The school is in a leading position in the fields of psychology, biology and law, engineering, social science, economy, philosophy, history, music, chemistry, biochemistry, literature, French, German, Danish, mathematics, physics and earth science. In the history of nearly 800 years, Oxford University has trained five kings, 26 British prime ministers (including former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair), many foreign heads of government (such as former US President Bill Clinton), nearly 40 Nobel Prize winners and a large number of famous scientists, such as economist Adam Smith, philosopher Bacon, poet Shelley, writer Green, chemist robert boyle and astronomer Harley. Even Naipaul, the 200/kloc-0 Nobel Prize in Literature winner, graduated from the English Department of Oxford University. From 200 1 to the academic year of 2002, the total number of students studying in Oxford University exceeded 16500, among which foreign students from more than 30 countries accounted for 1/3, and the number of graduate students was about 5000. Oxford University has made great contributions to the development and progress of human civilization. At present, there are 39 colleges in Oxford, and their relationship with schools is in the form of federalism, just like the relationship between the central government and local governments in the United States. Each college is managed by the dean of the college and several researchers, who are experts in various academic fields, and most of them have positions in the school. Six quasi-colleges (called "permanent private schools"-run by various religious factions) still retain their religious charters. In addition, there is a continuing education college. Among the 35 colleges, Wanling College currently has no students, only academicians (including visiting academicians). Each college has a different size, but all colleges have less than 500 students. Students and teachers (academicians) come from different professional disciplines. In addition to colleges, the teaching and research activities of Oxford University (especially the latter) are mainly organized by departments, which are not autonomous units within the university. They are all inter-school institutions and are not affiliated to any college. However, teachers and students in each department must first be members of Oxford University College. Oxford now has 16 departments: anthropology and geography, biological sciences, clinical medicine, English and literature, law, classical literature, philosophy and ancient history, mathematics, medieval and modern languages, modern history, music, orientalism, physical sciences, physiology, psychology, sociology, theology and art. In addition, some research institutes (such as education colleges that recruit graduate students) are not affiliated to the above departments, but directly affiliated to universities. Oxford University has a strong research force. Among its teachers, there are 83 members of the Royal Society and 125 members of the British Academy of Sciences. In mathematics, computer science, physics, biology, medicine and other fields, it is among the best in Britain and even the world. In recent years, Oxford has made remarkable achievements not only in liberal arts but also in science, not only in basic science, but also in applied science research. In the field of biomedicine, since Fleming discovered penicillin in London, Oxford scientists Flory and Tsai En put it into clinical application in the 1940s, and they won the Nobel Prize. The most widely used antibiotic 1955 was discovered by Edward Abraham of Oxford. Oxford University is also committed to applying molecular biology to clinical practice, applying the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance to medical diagnosis, and playing a leading role in discovering the human immune melon system and applying genetic engineering technology to clinical problems. The college also has great potential in HIV, transplant surgery and genetic disease research. 1987 Squibb & Sons donated 20 million pounds to the Department of Pharmacy to support their research work. In the field of environmental science, Oxford's research involves forest history, climate change, remote sensing, land use, wildlife protection, livestock management, pollution, corrosion, desert invasion and many other topics. Oxford is in a leading position in solid-state physics, high magnetism, laser research, elementary particle research and atmospheric physics. Clarendon Laboratory of Physics Department plays a special role in the field of nuclear research in the world. Basic research has also led to important industrial development, including the establishment of enterprises such as Oxford Instruments and Oxford Laser Company. In the Department of Chemistry alone, there are currently four Nobel Prize winners in Oxford. Great achievements have been made in protein, synthesis of new inorganic materials and computer-aided design of molecules. , and has been widely used in chemical industry, medicine, microelectronics industry and other fields. Oxford has also made great achievements in the fields of internal dynamics of the earth, research on land boundary deformation, low temperature treatment and paleontology. Oxford Institute of Mathematics is in the forefront of many branches of mathematics in the world, and computer science research also has a certain position at home and abroad. Oxford is an internationally recognized British economic center. Not only experts in finance and management disciplines, but also experts in law, psychology and natural science participated in the study of economics. 1987 the number of Oxford graduates entering the industrial and commercial field exceeds the number of people employed in other industries. Oxford University is also very active in the study of development economics and international relations, and is also known as one of the most active centers for the study of contemporary China. There are many outstanding theologians, philosophers, jurists, historians, musicians, writers and literary critics in Oxford University, and they are quite powerful in politics, geography, sociology and psychology. Oxford * * * has 104 libraries, among which Bodley Library is the second largest library in Britain (second only to Great Britain Library), with 6 million books. Oxford Press is world-famous and the largest university press in the world. Especially its 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary is world-famous. For young students, studying in Oxford should be said to be an outstanding opportunity, a painful and attractive thing and a glorious road. However, for British society, there is something beyond glory. Oxford and Cambridge are important and hopeful roads to the highest power. They train a group of intellectual dignitaries for Britain every year, some of whom will reach the peak of power. Just give an example to see the weight of this temptation. In the parliamentary session of 1979, among the 339 Conservative MPs, 94 are from Oxford and 75 are from Cambridge. These alumni formed clubs and alumni associations, supported each other through thick and thin, and formed a network of relationships from their parents to their children. Think about it, what kind of situation should this be? Robbins, President of the Financial Times and Dean of the London School of Economics, presented the Robbins Report at 1963. Accuse Oxford and Cambridge of its monopoly position and the serious influence of coldness and conservatism. The British government at that time was impressed by this and approved the report within 48 hours. The government decided to build more universities to dilute the influence of Oxford and Cambridge. Soon, eight universities opened. But soon people were surprised to find that these eight universities were almost the same as Oxford and Cambridge. The architectural style of school buildings and the style and pattern of campus seem to have been inherited from Oxford and Cambridge. More interestingly, these eight universities are led by vice presidents from Oxford or Cambridge respectively. Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by a group of scholars who fled Oxford University to escape the war. King Henry III granted Cambridge University the monopoly of teaching in 123 1. Oxford, Cambridge University and Oxford University are both the best universities in Britain, collectively known as "Oxford". It is one of the top ten universities in the world, with 8 1 Nobel Prize winners from this school. Cambridge University is also a member of Russell University Group in Britain and Coimbra University Group in Europe. The current headmaster is Alison Richard. Cambridge, where the University of Cambridge is located, is a small English town with 65,438+10,000 residents, less than 654.38+000 kilometers away from the British capital London. There is a river that runs through this town. It is named "Kanghe". As early as 43 BC, Roman soldiers were stationed on the Jianhe River and later built on it. Most colleges, research institutes, libraries and laboratories are in this town, in addition to more than 20 churches. University emblem Cambridge University has 365,438+0 colleges, three women's colleges and two specialized graduate schools. Each college has a different historical background and implements a unique college system. 35 colleges with different styles are financially self-financing; Cambridge University is responsible for student planning and teaching. Each college has different admission procedures. To some extent, each college is like a micro-university, with its own school rules and disciplines. Peter College, the first college of Cambridge University, was established in 1284, and other colleges were established in 14 and15th century. Many places in Cambridge University have preserved their features since the Middle Ages, and ancient buildings that have been carefully maintained for hundreds of years can be seen everywhere. The porches and walls of many school buildings are still decorated with simple and solemn statues and seals, and the tall stained glass windows are like a magnificent picture. Cambridge University has more than 65,438 teachers (professors, associate professors and lecturers) and more than 65,438 visiting scholars. Cambridge University has16,900 students, including 6,935 graduate students, 72% of whom are from other universities, 42% are foreign students and 36% are women. The president of the university is the Queen's husband, Prince Philip (who is also the president of Oxford University), and there is an executive vice president to preside over the daily work. Students of Cambridge University take part in all kinds of extracurricular activities, among which boating is the most popular sport. There are frequent competitions between colleges in Cambridge University, and Cambridge University holds rowing competitions with Oxford University every year. There are various other sports competitions between universities, including rugby, cricket and chess. The university ranked 59th in the Top 500 World Brands in 2006 compiled by the World Brand Lab. Imperial College London, London, founded in 1907, is a university specialized in science and engineering and an affiliated college of the Federal University [University of London]. Although the official full name is Imperial College of Science and Technology, since 2002, the commonly used English name is Imperial College London. In Chinese, it is usually called Imperial College London, or Imperial College for short. As a university devoted to science, Imperial College London enjoys a high reputation in Britain and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and its research level is recognized as one of the top three universities in Britain. There are about 2800 researchers, including 53 members of the Royal Society and 57 academicians of the Royal Academy of Engineering. At the same time, among the past members of Imperial College, there were 14 Nobel Prize winners and 2 Faldts Prize winners. In 2004/5, the total number of students was 1 1, 152, of which overseas students (non-EU) accounted for about 26.5%. According to a recent survey, the starting salary of Imperial College London graduates is the highest in Britain. Imperial College London usually occupies the third place in the ranking of British universities and occasionally pushes Oxford University to the third place. Of course, she is sometimes pushed to the fourth place by the London School of Economics and Political Science. In addition to the departments of science, engineering and medicine, Imperial College London's business schools rank among the top in the UK and among the world's top business schools 100. Although it is a member of the constitution of the University of London, Imperial College London has always been an independent entity and is not under the jurisdiction of the University of London. On February 9, 2005, 65438, the college announced its intention to withdraw from the Federal University of London in 2007 and officially began negotiations with the University of London. It is generally believed that the purpose of Imperial College is to pursue a louder and more own brand. Its withdrawal is likely to greatly affect the confidence of University College London and London School of Economics and Political Science to stay in London University, and even make the Federal University of London collapse. Generally speaking, students in Imperial College London get their degrees in the name of London University, but now students will have the choice to get a degree from Imperial College London or London University. Generally speaking, Imperial College London in London is famous for its engineering and medical specialties. London Imperial College London is famous not only in Europe, but also all over the world. The school is located in south kensington, a standard wealthy district in London, just a stone's throw from the famous Hyde Park and Kensington Palace (the former residence of Princess Diana). Freshmen can not only apply for college dormitories, but also apply for accommodation at the University of London headquarters if they are lucky. The study pressure is relatively high, and the ratio of male students to graduate students is very high. In addition, students can use the facilities of other colleges of University of London free of charge. Imperial College London's medical school graduates have always been among the best in the UK employment rate rankings. If you think that you can only study hard all day in this environment, you might as well know the motto of Imperial College: "Work hard and have fun!" " Paris University is a comprehensive university with an international reputation. Founded in the 9th century, it was originally attached to Notre Dame de Paris. 1 180, the French emperor Louis VII officially awarded it the title of "University". It is also known as the oldest university in the world with the University of Bologna in Italy, and is also known as the "mother of European universities". The establishment modes of major universities in Europe are all influenced by these two universities. 1798, the French revolution broke out, Napoleon carried out educational reform, and the "Imperial University" implemented centralized jurisdiction over all university educational institutions in France, while the University of Paris existed in name only. It was not until the end of 19 that the University of Paris gradually regained its reputation in the Middle Ages. Paris University, formerly known as Sorbonne Theological Seminary, 126 1 was formally established, using the word "Paris University". /kloc-in the third century, there were tens of thousands of students in the University of Paris, many of whom came from neighboring European countries. For a long time, the University of Paris has a special relationship with the Pope and the king. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, Prime Minister Lee became the president of Paris University, which made Paris University develop rapidly and established his international reputation. The original site of the University of Paris is located in the fifth district of Paris, which is a knowledge-intensive area. Because in the13rd century, knowledge and conversation were taught in Latin in universities, this area was also called "Latin quarter". As a cultural symbol, there are more than five areas around the old Paris University: there are many schools, bookstores, cafes, used book stalls and hotels. Paris, a famous cultural city, is famous for its University of Paris. There are four universities in Paris. First, the number of students has reached 300,000, accounting for 1/3 of the total number of French college students. Second, there are many international students, reaching 50 thousand, accounting for half of the total number of international students. Third, there are many scientific research institutions. For example, there are over 13 laboratories in Paris 100. Fourth, there are many libraries, which are comprehensive and professional, and are used by college students at all stages, and there are even special libraries for the sick and disabled. Paris University has always attached great importance to scientific research and basic theoretical research, such as mathematics, theoretical physics, chemistry, molecular biology, meteorology and applied science. At present, it also emphasizes the research of frontier science, interdisciplinary and marginal disciplines, such as nuclear energy, informatics, geophysics, life science and space. Attached is the ranking of European universities 1. Oxford University (the oldest university in Britain, the source of Cambridge and Harvard), with the name of ox, is very helpless. The early founders of Harvard were all Oxford students. 2. Cambridge University (56 Nobel Prizes, the largest in the world, four times that of MIT. With Hawking here, MIT will never turn over. Empire (8 Nobel Prizes, besides science and engineering as we all know, medicine is also the first in Europe) 4. INSEAD (the highest business school in the world). Graduates monopolize the position of chairman of Fortune 500 companies. Business circles, including the chairman of INSEAD, the president of Harvard and the CIO of MIT, said that "MIT works for Kazakhstan and Harvard works for INSEAD") 5. Paris University (20 Nobel Prizes, the source of Oxford, the oldest university in Britain, is known as the "mother of universities". China Peking University was originally built according to the University of Paris. In the past, there were no universities in Britain, and all students went to Paris University to study. In a fit of pique, the King of England established Oxford University after Paris University. This history is written on the first page of the history of Oxford University. 6. France normale( 1 1 Nobel Prize, a model of elite education in the world. Paris Normal University is almost the smallest among the world-famous universities. Because it only enrolls about 200 students every year, but there are 40,000 applicants, the competition for admission to Paris Normal University is very fierce, so the quality of students eligible to enter Paris Normal University is very high. 7. Humboldt) (26 Nobel Prize, the Imperial University built by Hitler, whose university spirit "Humboldt Spirit" is one of the modern universities. So there was the University of Paris, the mother of universities, and the University of Berlin, the father of universities. Democratic management and professorship are important parts of modern university system, which is recognized by academic circles as including academic democracy and academic freedom and originated from Berlin University. 10, Prussian Minister of Education william von humboldt was ordered to establish Berlin University, which became the symbol of the birth of modern university system. The principle of academic and teaching freedom and the unity of teaching and academic research advocated by him has had a far-reaching impact on the development of universities in Europe and North America. 8. Heidelberg University in Germany (8 Nobel Prizes, the oldest German-speaking university with a very long history. Elected Hou Ruplecht is the founder of Heidelberg University, and Karl, Grand Duke of Baden, is the benefactor of Heidelberg University. Weber, a master of modern sociology, studied at Heidelberg University and later became a professor, writing many masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. ) 9. The 22 Nobel Prize of Munich University was founded in 1472, with a long history and rich cultural atmosphere. With 43,000 students, the University of Munich is the largest university in Germany. 1472 Duke Ludwig of Bavaria established the first university in Bavaria in Ingolstadt. After the era of German humanism, this school was the main opponent of Martin Luther in the Reformation, influenced by Jesuits for 200 years, and it was one of the most important Catholic universities in Germany. 1826 After several migrations, the university is located in Munich. This university is named after King Maximilian. 10. Moscow University, Russia (in the context of being suppressed by the West, there are 8 Nobel Prizes, the largest university in Russia. Its strength can be seen from Russia's space industry. Some people estimate that his actual level is above MIT. Moscow University was founded on 1755. Her main tower is located on the "Sparrow Mountain" on the outskirts of Moscow, and it is one of the seven most representative high-rise spires in Moscow. The main building is 240 meters high and has 39 floors. Nearby are dormitories for college students and graduate students, with nearly 6,000 rooms. In Moscow University, people have an extremely vivid metaphor: if a newborn baby stays in each dormitory for only one day, when they have lived in all the dorms, they have grown to 16 years old. )