University professors in the Republic of China have full say in campus affairs.
Major issues in universities during the Republic of China were mainly decided by professors, associations and the Senate. The Professors' Association is a deliberative body composed of all professors and associate professors, while the Senate is composed of the President, the provost and professors.
Let's take Tsinghua University as an example to see how professors and councils do it. 1926 On April 15, the outline of Tsinghua University Organization was adopted in the third reading at the meeting of all teachers in Tsinghua. The outline establishes two important organs of power, one is the Senate and the other is the professors' association.
The authority of the association is 1. Elect assessors and provosts; 2. approve the curriculum of the whole school; 3. Decided to propose the event to the Senate; 4. Solve other public affairs in academic affairs; 5. After discussion, it was decided that the Senate would adopt two thirds of the amendments to the organization's memorandum.
The Senate consists of seven members elected by the president, the provost and professors. The chairman is the chairman, and the terms of reference are: 1. To stipulate the educational policy of the whole school; 2. Solve the abolishment and change of various departments; 3. Decide on the cancellation and change of various institutions of the school; 4. Formulate various school rules; 5. Appoint four Standing Committee members in finance, education, publishing and construction; 6. Review and approve the budget and final accounts; 7. conferring degrees; 8. To decide on the appointment and removal of professors, lecturers and directors of administrative departments; 9. Solve other important matters.
In addition, the head of the department is also elected by professors and departments of the department for a term of two years. Even candidates for president and principal must obtain the consent of the Senate in advance.
It can be seen that professors' associations and councils control educational policies and the power of people, money and things. For the first, second, third and sixth items of the Council's functions and powers, the Council must seek the opinions of professors. If it is rejected by two-thirds of the professors, it will be reconsidered. In other words, professors have checks and balances on the rights of the Senate.
Let's look at a specific meeting of a professor. 1926 On the evening of April19, the first reunion of Professor Tsinghua was held in Room 2 12 of Tsinghua Science Museum as scheduled. There were 47 professors present at the meeting, accounting for 78% of the total number of professors, and their speeches were very enthusiastic.
For example, the process of electing a provost. At the meeting, Professor Yu Riyi and Professor Zhao Yuanren suggested that more than two thirds of the votes should be obtained in the first and second voting, and more than half of the votes should be passed in the third voting. Another professor, Futian Chen, advocated secret ballot, and everyone agreed.
As a result, Mei Yiqi won 33 votes in the third round of voting, becoming the first elected provost in Tsinghua. Then, professor meetings and board meetings continued, designing the setup of each department, electing the department heads and studying the teaching syllabus.
From the diary left by Wu Mi, a famous professor in Tsinghua, later generations can see how famous professors in China, such as Chen Yinque and Jin, often meet privately to discuss school affairs and discuss ways to solve various problems. Scholars are not only interested in learning. When their opinions can have a considerable impact on the power operation of the school, their awareness of participating in politics will be very strong.
Classroom teaching was very free during the Republic of China.
The freedom of classroom teaching in the Republic of China was beyond people's imagination. First, teachers who teach the same course can choose different teaching materials; Second, teachers' teaching methods are completely free, and no one will interfere; Third, in
After Zhong You went to study at the University of Edinburgh in England, his successor was playwright Gu Zhongyi. Strangely, Gu Zhongyi, who was famous as a screenwriter, director, acting library, Korean subjugation and Yunnan Uprising as early as his student days, chose Chinese Soul and Shakespeare's Yuefu as teaching materials instead of drama, and did not talk about drama at all in class.
Hong Shen, a famous playwright, also teaches English at Jinan University. Unlike Gu Zhongyi, Hong Shen likes to use drama as his text. Teaching English is like acting, with a special cadence, as if reading lines, performing on the stage and making expressions, which fascinates students. During class, the Academic Affairs Office will arrange a large classroom of the Science and Technology Museum for him, and even the large classroom is often packed.
How to teach the teacher's class is up to you. Fu Guoyong, a historical writer of the Republic of China, introduced in an article that Quincey Wong, director of the Foreign Languages Department of Tsinghua University, is a playwright and also teaches drama. Quincey Wong's lecture method is to read aloud in class according to the lecture notes he compiled. He followed the textbook year after year, never adding or deleting, and never being emotional. It gives the impression that the Presbyterian priest is presiding over the funeral. He left as soon as the bell rang. Zhang, a student of the famous film director, said in his later years: In retrospect, his lectures were very solid, which was the foundation for people who first entered western drama.
Wu Mi class is another style. Wen Yuanning said he spoke like an oar slave working on a Roman ship. The quotations involved in the lecture are all read by others according to reference books or copied on the blackboard. He always recites them to explain what the problem is. He will be like a military training instructor, first and second. Orderly, although a bit boring, but there is no point in winning.
He has many personal opinions in class and may make mistakes, but don't say anything if he wins. He didn't walk around the problem, but stepped on it directly.
Ye Gongchao's lectures are the most interesting. He never explains in class, but only asks the students sitting in the front row to read the text from left to right. When they read a paragraph, he stopped to ask if there were any questions. No one answered, so let the students read on. Occasionally, when someone asks a question, he will say loudly: look it up in the dictionary! This roar was loud and powerful, and the world was at peace from then on.
What was most popular with students at that time was Zhang Shenfu's logic. Zhang Shenfu seldom talks about logic in logic class, but scolds Chiang Kai-shek and becomes a hot political forum. Zhang Shenfu gave lectures with a weak Jizhong accent. Many people attended the lecture, both supporters and opponents. Not only the classroom is crowded with people, but also people are standing at the window.
Examinations in the Republic of China were not as unified as later. In the 1920s and 1930s, Qian was a professor in Peking University and Beijing Normal University. Money class is particularly good, eloquent, simple and clear, without books and paper, just use a piece of chalk to explain the origin of each word, from the origin of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Ding, Da Xiaozhuan, Li, notebook, handwriting and dictation, evolution, collateral of various theories.
When they were studying in Zhang Zhongxing, they talked endlessly about the ranking of teachers. As a result, Hu Shi came first, money second and Qian Mu third. Money is very serious in class, downplaying roll call and exams. According to his students, I remember that money never looked at whether the students were absent in class. Instead, put the pen at the end of the name book, indicating that all the students who should have arrived are here.
It is also interesting to treat exams with money. The schools there require mid-term exams, but they are not graded for money. The school had to carve "pass" on a wooden stamp and print one on the cover of the test paper. As long as you answer, you will pass. Sometimes money will grade the paper, but according to the order of the roster, he will score 60 points, 6 1 point. If 40 students take this course, the last one will get 100. What about more than 40 students? It will start in 60 minutes.
Universities in the Republic of China actively recruited excellent teaching talents.
Teacher Mei Yiqi Sa
In order to attract talents, Mei Yiqi offered to hire Chen Yinque, a professor of China literature; Liu Wendian, who dared to confront Chiang Kai-shek, was forced to leave Anhui University, and Mei Yiqi immediately asked him to be the head of the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. Gu Yu _, dean of the Institute of Technology, was also personally invited by Mei Yiqi.
It is said that during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Mei Yiqi often went to Guzhai without saying hello. When Guru is away, she cooks by herself, just like going back to her home. In order to keep Professor He Lian who teaches economics, Zhang Boling established a research institute for him.
In 1930s, Ye Hua's promotion was a much-told story. Once, I saw a paper by Hua and thought it was well written, so I recommended it to Ye, Dean of the School of Science. Ye carefully read Hua's three papers, thought he was a talent, and decided to transfer. At that time, there was great resistance for Hua to be transferred to the Department of Mathematics.
First of all, Hua only went to junior high school and worked as a handyman in a middle school in Jintan County, Zhejiang Province. Second, Hua's legs are disabled. When walking, you must turn with your left hand, walk with your right foot first, and draw a circle with your left foot in the air before landing.
Under the pressure of public opinion, Ye insisted on turning to China. He said, I hope you can check your paper carefully before reading Mr. Hua's speech. After he came to Tsinghua, we talked many times, and every time I learned a lot. In my personal judgment, in a few days, Hua will become a dazzling star in China, and we in Tsinghua people will be proud of it. As for his disability, China is proud of it. Some people say that he walks in circles and tangents. Yes, Mr. Hua was born for mathematics. Tsinghua University should be proud of having such a unique figure!
With the support of Ye, Hua became a teaching assistant in the computer department. His task is to organize books and newspapers, send and receive documents, collect tools and draw charts. Soon, Ye Sunqi promoted him as a teacher, and a few years later sent him to study in England. China moves towards the international mathematics stage.
Professors in the Republic of China paid special attention to students.
The Republic of China is also a period of national crisis. Professors have a strong sense of responsibility and mission, and they regard the cultivation of talents as an important part of serving the country with knowledge.
Mr Shen Congwen once taught in The National SouthWest Associated University. He taught three courses at the United Nations General Assembly: various styles of papers, creative practice and China's historical novels. Each essay writing is a compulsory course for the second year of Chinese department, and the other two are optional courses.
Ilya's compositions are often assigned to students and then carefully corrected. After reading, they wrote a long homework for the students, sometimes longer than the original homework. These feelings will sometimes comment on the gains and losses of this article, and sometimes start with this exercise, talk about creative issues, write about the feelings after reading, and introduce students to see the works of some famous Chinese and foreign artists similar to their works. These books were found by Mr. Shen himself and brought to the students.
Every time he goes to class, he always brings a lot of books into the classroom. If the students' exercises are written, Mr. Shen is responsible for publishing them in familiar newspapers and periodicals, and the postage is borne by himself. He introduced countless manuscripts. Almost all the works written by Wang Zengqi before 1946 were given by Mr. Shen Congwen.
Teacher Shen said that some materials were not easy to find, so she copied them with a brush and copied them on bamboo paper in Yunnan with the fine print of chopsticks. This kind of bamboo paper is one foot high and four feet long. Didn't cut it. It can be copied into a book and distributed to students in class.
Shen Congwen's concern for students is also reflected in other teachers. 1945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Seeing the great power of the atomic bomb in the war, at the end of this year, Chiang Kai-shek invited Zeng Zhaolun and Hua to Chongqing.
These three scholars are physicists, and Zeng Zhaolun is a chemist and a mathematician. Jiang intends to give them an auditorium, 65438+ ten thousand dollars, and build an atomic bomb. Teacher Wu said that the atomic bomb is for research, so we
However, Li Zhengdao was a freshman at Zhejiang University at that time, and in the second year of 45 years, he transferred to National Southwest Associated University. Later, with Wu Dayou's strong recommendation, Li Zhengdao was able to study in the United States, and together with Yang Zhenning, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1950s.