Zhang Li China University of Political Science and Law

Instrument keys: bB (tenor \ tenor), bE (tenor \ tenor \ alto)

Application clef: treble clef, recorded by changing the tone according to the key of the instrument.

Practical range: about two and a half octaves (there will be differences when tone sandhi)

Structure: metal parabolic conical tube, flute head similar to clarinet, Bohm key system. Except for the bB treble saxophone, everything else is bent into a tube shape.

Musical instruments: alto saxophone (bE), alto saxophone (bB), alto saxophone (bE), tenor saxophone (bB), and tenor saxophone (bE).

Material: copper. Aluminum (but it belongs to woodwind music)

Musical instrument features: rich timbre, high-pitched area between clarinet and horn, medium-audio voice and cello timbre, and low-pitched area like tuba and double bass.

Typical application: widely used in jazz and modern pop light music. Ravel (French) and Bolero have a variation.

Performance characteristics: saxophone is made of metal, strong and weak, and its sound intensity can be comparable to other brass instruments, which is unmatched by other woodwind instruments. The sound quality has the characteristics of woodwind instruments and the brightness of metal.

In the performance, because its structure is designed according to the scientific principle of Bohm flute, its mechanical system is reasonable and its components are flexible to use. Therefore, it can play difficult music like flute and clarinet. At the same time, compared with other woodwind instruments, it has its own uniqueness in the performance of sliding, vibrato, spitting and blowing.

Invention history: saxophone was invented by Belgian adolphe sax (18 14- 1894) in 1840 [1]. Adolf was keen on making musical instruments and was good at playing clarinet and flute. His initial idea was to design a bass instrument for the orchestra. Ophicleide is flexible and can adapt to outdoor performances. He combined the mouthpiece of the bass clarinet with that of Orphee Clyde, improved it, and named this new instrument after himself.

184 1 year, the first bass saxophone in c key was exhibited to the public in Brussels. One said that saxophone was maliciously kicked out and could not be exhibited, and the other said that it was exhibited under the cover of a curtain to prevent plagiarism.

1842 Berlioz, Adolf's good friend and an influential musician in Paris, appreciates saxophone very much. On March 13, he introduced this "improved open-hole tuba" on La Revue et gazette musicale. /kloc-in June of 0/2, he wrote an article in La Journal des Débats again, and strongly recommended that saxophone be known to the world.

Later, Adolf was personally attacked by his competitors, and the saxophone was boycotted and not widely used. At that time, composers were more cautious and included saxophone less in the orchestra. It is said that saxophone's trademark was once erased and exported abroad, and then it was introduced into France anonymously. 1845, the French military department plans to improve the outdated military band. On April 22nd, Adolf recommended himself, and a competition between Adolf's band and caraffa's traditional band was held in the Ares Square under the Eiffel Tower. The audience decided the outcome. Dramatically, the musicians who supported Adolf that day even missed a few people. Adolf filled in the blanks and took two saxophones to play alternately. The music effect of the new band is completely superior to that of the traditional band, and the audience is completely on Adolf's side. So saxophone first appeared in a military band.

1846 On June 29th, the saxophone family obtained a patent in France.

1928 French classical saxophonist Marcel Moulay founded the first saxophone quartet.

19 10 years later, jazz rose in America, and saxophone played an indispensable role in it.

[Edit this paragraph] Saxophone's word of mouth

This instrument is played with a reed. The structure of opening and closing sound holes is similar to that of oboe, and the range is similar to that of oboe. It should be a woodwind instrument, but the pipe is copper or brass. It has a delicate top and a thick mouth, much like a bass clarinet. There are many saxophones from bass to treble, and they are all transposed instruments. Saxophone timbre is extremely rich and charming. When playing strongly, it looks like a brass tube, and when playing weakly, it looks like a woodwind. It is the best partner for wind instruments.

French composers Bizet and Saint-Sang both used saxophone in their works. Saxophone is an indispensable instrument in jazz band trumpet band.

There are four kinds of saxophones commonly used now: soprano saxophone in B flat. E flat alto saxophone. B flat alto saxophone. Bass saxophone in e flat.

Several saxophones have exactly the same fingering, all of which are transposed instruments and recorded with high-pitched spectrum.

The French composer Berlioz once wrote: "The main feature of saxophone is the wonderful change of timbre, which is deep and calm, full of emotion, soft and sad, like an echo in an echo. No other instrument can make such a beautiful sound in a silent moment. "

Saxophone is also called "the incomparable romantic instrument".

Saxophone can not only play classical music well, but also play jazz and light music better. When people mention jazz, the first musical instrument that comes to mind is saxophone. The greatest feature of jazz is improvisation, inversion of strong and weak beats and continuous syncopation, which makes the rhythm change endlessly, and the timbre is dramatic, intense, manic and deep, funny and sad. Saxophone plays a sliding tone in timbre; Trembling and spitting; From the characteristics of super-blowing, it meets the needs of the greatest characteristics of jazz improvisation. Therefore, improvisation has also become a performance feature pursued by saxophone players.

[Edit this paragraph] Play

The technique of wind music performance depends on the coordinated movements of lips, tongue, breath and fingers. Therefore, speaking with the tongue is an important part of playing technology. Many experts and scholars also say that vocalization is the "greatest enemy" of wind musicians, and practice has also proved that due to the problems in the use of vocalization, the works cannot be perfectly expressed. Some problems about uttering sounds with the tongue;

1. Tongue and airflow speed: When you spit with your tongue, you must form a stable and radical high-pressure airflow speed to improve the effect of spitting. On the other hand, breathing is loose, not connected and not controlled, which is not correct chest-abdomen breathing, even if it is not used correctly. Therefore, it is necessary for students to practice breathing seriously, and by practicing long sounds, it is necessary to form a high-pressure gas velocity with appropriate, accurate, stable and radical tone.

2. Pronunciation principle of tongue posture, position, movement and blowing when tongue is stuck out: tongue posture when tongue is stuck out-relax naturally and lift slightly; Position-throw the "tip" slightly upward and touch the sentry; The lower edge of the "tip" is smaller and has less contact with the "two tips"; Action-the first half of the tip of the tongue is miniaturized, and the lower edge of the whistle tip is slightly touched to pronounce "tu" or "du" syllables. The state, position and movement of the tongue should be repeatedly pondered and practiced, so that the sound head can be relaxed when spitting, comfortable and natural when spitting, and the effect of spitting can be clean, clear and pure. You should practice pronunciation slowly, and gradually reach the pronunciation principle of fast sound and fast fire-the air pressure cannot be broken when exhaling, and the air pressure is always kept around the whistle tip. When the tongue touches the lower edge of the whistle tip, the airflow cannot enter the flute tube through the tuyere between the whistle head and the whistle, and the tip of the tongue blocks the airflow, so that the whistle cannot vibrate and the pronunciation stops. When the tip of the tongue leaves the lower edge of the whistle tip, the airflow passes through the tuyere between the whistle tip and the whistle, and the whistle vibrates and sounds; The shorter the tip of the tongue touches the lower edge of the whistle tip, the longer it leaves and the longer the pronunciation; The longer the sound tip touches the lower edge of the whistle tip, the shorter the time to leave and the shorter the pronunciation. At this point, the tip of the tongue acts like a piston or a valve.

3. The main problems when spitting sound:

First, the tip of the tongue drives the root of the tongue to move back and forth, which not only delays the movement of sound, but also drives the muscle movement of the neck, throat, lips and face. Excessive sound effect produces or wears mixed sound, which destroys the musical style. This is a very bad spitting sound.

Second, the tongue touches the whistle too much, which is too tight, too heavy and too fierce, and the sound is stiff, which makes the sound abnormal and destroys the musical effect.

Third, in the continuous exhalation, you will die every time you blow, and once you inhale, you will cause unnecessary lips. Cheeks and neck will also move, making the tone head rough and ugly, destroying the musical effect. The above pronunciation problems must be corrected according to the two problems mentioned above.

4. Five vocal forms:

First, the single spit method-pronounced with three syllables: "spit", "du" and "pull" (1a). "Sudden" pronunciation is often used to play simple and fast paragraphs. Pronunciation of this syllable at the beginning of the sound can improve the stability of tongue movements, and the movements are simple, so this syllable is called "basic tonality", which makes the performers emit various expressions and distinctive musical effects. Such as long, short, fast, slow, strong, weak, etc., but the pronunciation principle of syllables remains unchanged. The pronunciation method of "printing", also known as "soft voiced sound", has the same position and movement of the tongue as the basic pronunciation method, with a slightly flat sound head and a slightly rounded tip, and gentle thoughts should be used in the starting action to make the sound softer and more coherent. This kind of pronunciation is often used to express lyric melody and Legato-staccato. The "pull" spit method is rarely used, but it is very useful. The tongue sweeps slightly along the tip of the whistle, which is a very weak spitting sound, which makes you feel the effect that you can't actually hear, and the handling is extremely dexterous and subtle. This kind of pronunciation fully shows the artistic specialty of a superb performer.

The second two-way method (also called abdominal vomiting method)-Shuang Tu method uses two syllables: Tu-Ku or Tc-Ka. Shuang Tu needs to use two different methods to send and receive sound alternately. Generally, two methods are used alternately, that is, pulling and cutting off the airflow in the pharynx through the sound stop whistle. Shuang Tu method is good at playing fast phrases. It is necessary to have a good foundation of single spitting, and have a good quality in pronunciation control and music performance. Only when the sound is played with stable rhythm, balanced volume and unified starting sound can it be used freely in music performance.

Three, three spit method-use three syllables "spit-spit-library" or "special-special-card". This method can produce extremely fast musical force like Shuang Tu method, and it is especially suitable for the hook structure with triplet form or repeated form of three different sounds. This three-spitting method often makes each repeated "sudden" appear too prominent, so some players will use other syllable conversion of the pronunciation, such as: tu-ku-tu or ku-tu-kuo.

Fourth, exhale with breath-using the mouth shape of the syllable "Fu" or "Du Fu". This kind of articulation is a common articulation method when saxophone plays light music. When practicing, the flute head should be dropped as little as possible, the upper teeth should be close to the flute head, and the downward expansion should be relaxed as much as possible, so that the upper teeth are tight and the lower teeth are loose. Sighs can be brought out directly by qi or by fu, which is mostly used in slow lyric music.

Five, plucking method (also known as rolling)-the notation term Frullato, plucking with "tululu" is a way of playing with the tongue vibrating quickly. This kind of vocalization is rarely used in band performance and is used for special musical effects.

5. Single Vomiting Method (also called Basic Vomiting Method)-Players can produce various blowing effects such as light, heavy and long according to the changing characteristics of musical expressions, but the pronunciation principle of "Vomiting" syllables remains unchanged.

First, the Legato method plays several notes in the Legato method. Except the first note is pronounced according to the form, other notes in the Legato method do not need to be pronounced with the tongue. By changing the relaxation of the lip muscles, the breathing energy and the conversion of fingering, the sound can be played smoothly and coherently in one breath.

Secondly, the soft (cohesive) Portato notation is just like playing Legato, but with "positive" (all) syllables, each sound is played gently with the tongue and stretched continuously, which is used in expressive and aesthetic lyric music.

Third, the score of the second Legato (staccato) is between Legato IJeSato and staccato. Between playing methods, each sound is played with the basic pronunciation method of "soil" syllable, accounting for about three quarters of each cypress. Fourth, maintain sustained notation in performance. To play the full duration of notes, the effect is similar to connecting iegatos, and the sound should be smooth and smooth. Play each sound with the basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllable, which is the difference between Legato and Soft Slippery. Stress blowing

V. Stress notation In the performance, the stress spring method is used, and the basic pronunciation method of "sudden" syllable is used to start playing, and the effect from strong to weak is played within one beat, mainly the control of sound and elastic abdominal muscle movements.

Short sound blowing

6. Play the "tu" syllable with the hammer method of staccatissimo notation, but each sound should be played short and forcefully, and the time effect is one quarter of that of the notation.

Seven, staccato notation The staccato notation is used to play tu syllables, but it is more elastic and granular, and the playing effect is half that of notation.

Eighth, use the method of fixed pitch to make a sound notation. In the performance, use the basic pronunciation method to play the "tu" syllable, and play it back and forth alternately and repeatedly quickly, cleanly, smoothly and evenly.

Ninth, in the performance of vibrato notation, it starts from the original sound of notation to the sound above it and then returns to the original sound, and it is played quickly and repeatedly according to the needs of music. In saxophone playing, the natural trill of the lower jaw is used to pronounce the syllable "Ya-Ya-Ya-Ya ………………………………………………………………………". The use of natural vibrato in saxophone is determined by the style of music and the emotional characteristics of specific phrases. Pure pronunciation is based on the player's subtle control of musical instruments and his own musical artistic accomplishment, so that the music played sounds smooth, soft, full and pleasant. We should learn to learn and imitate the natural vibrato of the best artists.

Tenth, the sliding notation of various methods in playing, sliding is a process in which the sound changes from low to high or from high to low. In this process, the lower teeth drive the lower lip to change the forest dynamic area and length of the reed to get the sliding sound and the upper sliding sound. Slippery sound: driven by the lower teeth, it extends outward while relaxing the control of force, which increases the vibration area of the reed; Slippery: You must practice sliding first, then sliding. The practice method of sliding up is opposite to the process of sliding down. First, the lower lip is driven by the lower teeth, and the state of stretching and relaxation control returns to normal pronunciation and morphology. The use of gliding should be based on the needs of musical style and emotional characteristics, listening to good jazz and light music, and mastering and improving the skills of gliding.

The above is a common blowing method, not all players throw it. The more, more accurate and more skilled a player actually uses, the higher his playing skills will be.

[Edit this paragraph] Selection, assembly and maintenance of saxophone.

Selection of musical instruments

In order to master the correct playing method quickly and well, and learn saxophone smoothly and normally, the choice of musical instruments is very important. Therefore, it is better to ask a professional teacher for advice on which manufacturer to buy musical instruments. At present, there are many saxophone manufacturers on the market, or they are marked with factories and brands, but they are not the products of our factory, but the products of branch factories or related factories. Therefore, pay special attention to the following points when buying musical instruments:

First, check whether the metal used to make musical instruments is too soft, the thickness and strength of some musical instruments are not guaranteed, and the mechanical system is not firm. Even dimples, keys and key protection devices can be used to press out musical instruments with their thumbs, which can be deformed and bent under normal pressure. This musical instrument has not been purchased for a long time, but it often goes wrong due to congenital deficiency, and no matter how it is repaired.

Second, check the indentation on the soft pad of each key, whether the pin on the buzzer of the pad accurately touches the center of the sound hole, and whether the key pad is tight. After gently pressing the pad, check that there is no gap around the pad and no air leakage is required. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully check whether other connection keys of the floor mat are installed in good condition. If one of the key pads is not well checked, and there is air leakage somewhere, it will bring great difficulties to the performer. I also pay special attention to a very important professional problem that has been neglected, that is, to check whether the height of all key pads from the sound hole is appropriate and consistent. If a key pad is lifted too high, the key pronunciation will be rough, the tone will be high, and if it is lifted too low, the key pronunciation will be suppressed and the tone will be low. If the height of all keys is not uniform, the consistency and pitch of this instrument will be poor, which will definitely affect the playing effect and is not conducive to the improvement of students' listening and professional skills.

Third, check whether the tension of each key spring is appropriate. The spring is too soft, the keys rise and fall slowly, the spring is too hard, and the fingers are too hard, which makes the fingers stiff and affects the playing effect.

Fourth, check whether there is a gap between the key post and the connecting rod. If there is a gap, it is impossible for the keyboard to be positioned on the sound hole smoothly and accurately.

Fifth, check whether the weld is firm, whether the screw installation is reasonable and whether the process is rough. Some manufacturers produce saxophones, because of poor quality and rough technology, even the maintenance department refused to repair them.

Sixth, the performance check should be tested from the bass area with B-flat, B-flat, C-flat, C-flat, D-flat, E-flat, F-flat and G-flat, and it must be played with the lightest and weakest strength, so that the bass area can also be pronounced sensitively. Finally, test whether the sound quality of all ranges is accurate and the volume is even. Seventh, if economic conditions permit, choosing a higher-grade musical instrument will undoubtedly play a positive role in learning saxophone well.

Musical instrument assembly

1, assembly steps and methods:

Take the whistle out of the flute clip or flute box, overlap the plane of the whistle with the plane of the flute head, make the top of the whistle flush with the flute head, and press the whistle on the flute head with the thumb of your left hand.

Second, put the whistle ring on the flute head with the right hand, and the upper edge of the whistle ring should cross the indicator line of the flute head. Then aim the suture line of the whistle ring at the center of the whistle piece, and tighten the upper and lower screws of the whistle ring appropriately to fix the whistle piece. The upper edge of the hula hoop does not cross the indicator line of the flute head, and the screw of the whistle hula hoop is screwed too tightly, which will affect the vibration of the whistle.

Third, install the whistle, insert the flute head into the neck pipe, and the center of the flute head tuyere should be aligned with the overtone hole key on the neck pipe.

Fourthly, insert the installed neck tube into the instrument body. Then, tighten the screws at the joint. When not playing, carefully put the flute cap on the flute head.

Fifth, before the band ensemble, the standard A key is usually used for counterpoint. In counterpoint, the alto saxophone plays F liters and the alto saxophone plays B liters. If the saxophone is bass, the flute head is inserted into the cork of bob's pipe; If the pitch of the saxophone is high, the flute head will be pulled up until it reaches the standard tone.

Pay attention to your health

First, the musical instrument should be grasped at the horn mouth, not at the keys and linkage bars, so as to avoid bending and deformation of the keys and linkage bars and damage the musical instrument. After the performance, install the guard plug on the upper end of the main pipe, and then put the musical instrument into the box.

Second, after each practice, clean and dry the flute head and whistle with clear water, carefully put the whistle into the whistle box, and don't continue to get stuck on the flute head to prevent the whistle from deteriorating and deforming and affecting the vibration.

Thirdly, the instrument body and the inner hall are connected with a piece of cloth by a falling rope, which is put in from one end and drawn out from the other end to clean the stolen goods and water in the inner room. Dust has accumulated on the surfaces of instruments and mechanical systems, which can be removed with a soft brush.

Fourth, after the musical instrument is used for a period of time, check whether the screws of the mechanical system are loose and add a little lubricating oil.

Fifth, musical instruments should not be exposed to the sun for a long time, and placed in a humid place to avoid deformation of the mat and rust of the mechanical system; When you rest or pause playing, please put the keys of the instrument up in a safe place to prevent damage.

[Edit this paragraph] Saxophone Master

Kenneth Gorelick

Original name: kenneth gorelick.

Chinese translation: Kennedy, Kelly King

Translated by Hong Kong and Taiwan: Kenaki

Birthday1June 5, 956

Height: CM birthplace: Seattle, USA

Masterpieces: Songbird, Early Death, Going Home, Jasmine Flower, Love Forever, etc.

My heart will go on in the morning.

Awards: Grammy Award, American Music Award, World Music Award 1992, Best Artist in American Recording Industry 1994.

[Edit this paragraph] Detailed introduction

● 1956

Kenneth gorelick was born in Seattle, Washington, USA. He began to study music at an early age and became the head of a middle school jazz band in high school. After entering the university and studying economics, he joined a band with famous musicians and achieved excellent results.

● 1982

Kenneth gorelick became an independent saxophonist, and successively released three albums, kenneth gorelick (album of the same name 1982), G Power (1984) and Gravity (1985), which initially laid the foundation for his cutting-edge saxophone. After the release of the fourth album, Kenny Keener's elegant saxophone fluttered not only in black and jazz radio stations, but also in popular radio stations.

● 1986

He broke into the list of 100 singles with a song "songbird" and became the fourth best seller. This single is the most successful performance since the 1980s. It made Kenny a star. The popularity of "Songbird" has also greatly increased its album sales, becoming the first platinum record with music sales exceeding one million copies in history.

● 1988

Kenneth gorelick released another album Sillhouette, which won platinum sales again.

● 1990

He released his first live concert album "kenneth gorelick Live", and then released the album "Montage" (199 1) and the album "Panting" (1992), which both achieved great success.

● 199 1 year,

Kenneji produced the soundtrack for the film Dying Youth starring julia roberts, which gave birth to the beautiful best-selling song Themes from Dying Youth.

● 1992

Grammy Award, American Music Award, World Music Award.

● 1994

Miraks set the position of the best-selling performance album in history, pushing Kenneth Gorelick to the pinnacle of saxophone playing. Up to now, Kenneth Gorelli's album Panting has sold more than10 million copies. At the same time, this album also set a record of reaching the top of the Billboard chart for four consecutive years. In addition, he has four albums topped the Billboard contemporary jazz charts. Its achievements are unparalleled. Kenneth gorelick and his saxophone have crossed the boundaries and age classes of this country. He is in jazz, r&; Both B-style and Latin style have made outstanding achievements, and he can be said to be the most successful saxophonist in history.

● 1994 Best Artist in American Record Industry

[Edit this paragraph] kenneth gorelick album list

1 kenneth gorelick (1982) 2 G force (1984) 3 rarity (1985) 4 bi-color (1986) One of them is called "Song of Birds". 5 Silhouette (1988) 6 Scene (1989) 7 Collection (1990) 8 Montage (1990) 9 Dying Young Man (1990)

Rhythm and Romance 2008

Album tracks:

0 1. saxophone-o-Locke

02. Ritual and Romance (rhythm and Romance; Romantic)

03. One meter in sabol

04. tango

05. Milla May Bella (starring Barbara Mu? oz)

06. Night in Peru

07. Brasilia

08.Besame Mucho

09. carnival Loca

10. Last minute (starring Camilla)

1 1. Love Bar

12. Salsa Kenny

I am in the mood for love 2006.

Album tracks:

0 1.re beautiful you (captain poet Zhan Mu blunt conquered 12 beauty and sadness of global national champions)

02. Our Feelings of the Past (theme song of Feelings of the Past starring barbra streisand and Robert Reeve)

Yesterday (the rock legend Beatles was selected by Rolling Stone magazine as the best pop song in history since 1963).

04. "In the Mood for Love" is bathed in love (Luo Stewart and Barbara Streisand cover 1935 movie "Every Night at 8 o'clock" episode immortal classic)

05.If (70' s rock classic bread choir lyrics list 3 weeks champion charm classic)

06. The way you look tonight, your beautiful figure (the theme song of Oscar's best film "The Swing Age" and the episode of romantic comedy "The Bride Is Not Me")

07. I can't get you without you (Alicia Case R&; Five-week champion of b list)

08. The love theme of Romeo and Juliet. The theme song of Juliet's Romeo and Juliet (the sad theme song of Shakespeare's famous play Romeo and Juliet adapted from the film Double Martyrdom)

09. It must be you (theme song of When Harry Met Sally)

10. The shadow of your smile is a glimpse of your little smile (Elizabeth Taylor and richard burton starred in the theme song of the movie Endless Hate in the Spring Breeze, and 1965 won the Best Movie Song Award).

1 1. Fly me to the moon/You make me feel so young (Suite) Walk with the sky/You make me young (Suite) (Moon love song by jazz master Frank Sinatra, which has been circulating since 1950s)

12. The last romance as time goes by (1942 theme song of the classic movie "The North African Bourne" starring humphrey bogart and Ingrid Bergman and the episode of the movie "Sleepless in Seattle")

13. "You raised me" waits for the truth (well-intentioned hunting Josh and boy field group Westlife compete to cover love classics)

The greatest holiday classic of 2005

The greatest holiday classic album track:

0 1. We wish you a Merry Christmas.

02. Decorate the hall for twelve days of Christmas.

03. Joy of the world

04. Wish yourself a happy little Christmas.

05. Go sledding

06. miracle

07. Jingle Bell Rock

08. White Christmas

09. Winter Wonderland