(China Geo University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074)

China is a vast country with abundant coal resources. According to repeated calculations and demonstrations by the relevant departments of the Ministry of Land and Resources, by the end of 2002, the proven coal reserves that can be directly utilized were18.86 million tons, and the per capita proven coal reserves were 145 tons. In addition, including the basic reserves of 3.3/kloc-0.70 billion tons and the resources of 687.2 billion tons, the resources that can be left for future generations to explore and develop are 65.438+0 trillion tons. Rich coal resources make the national economy develop rapidly, but there are also some problems in the development process, mainly in the safety and utilization structure of coal enterprises.

First, China's coal industry safety utilization status

(A) China coal industry safety issues

Coal is the basic industry in China, and it is also one of the industries with the most production accidents. The frequent occurrence of serious accidents has brought great disasters to families, enterprises and society, and caused extremely bad social impact, which has become one of the hidden dangers of the steady and rapid development of the national economy.

According to statistics, the death toll of coal mine accidents in China is more than four times that of major coal-producing countries in the world, and the death rate of one million tons of coal is 160 times that of the United States and 10 times that of India. In 2005, there were 2 14 gas explosion deaths in Sunjiawan coal mine in Fuxin, 28 gas explosion deaths in Songlincun coal mine in Qujing, Yunnan, 28 gas explosion deaths in Xiangyuangou coal mine in Jiaocheng, Shanxi, and 72 gas explosion deaths in Xishui coal mine in Shuozhou, Shanxi. The annual direct economic loss caused by safety accidents is estimated to exceed 654.38+000 billion yuan, and the indirect loss exceeds 200 billion yuan, accounting for about 2.5% of GDP.

From the perspective of personal safety, the occupational hazards in China are also very serious. In recent years, the number of newly-added occupational cases is more than 1 10,000 every year, and it shows an upward trend year by year, with the growth rate exceeding 10%. According to the research report of China Academy of Engineering, the annual economic losses caused by various accidents in China exceed 654.38+050 billion yuan, accounting for more than 2% of GDP.

(B) the use of coal structure is single

Because coal production is affected by many factors such as geological conditions, it is easy to have a decline in benefits or losses in economic operation. More importantly, the utilization of coal is single, ignoring the development and utilization of related associated minerals, resulting in low efficiency. In order to maintain the stability and sustainable development of coal economy, it is necessary to establish related auxiliary industries. Mining and processing mineral products is the industrial advantage of coal mine, and it is an effective and feasible way to develop and utilize associated minerals as the auxiliary industry of coal mine.

Second, China coal industry security analysis of countermeasures

(a) learn from domestic and foreign experience, strengthen production safety.

1. American experience in coal mine safety production management

The United States is a big coal producer in the world, and there have been many serious accidents in history, with more than 3000 deaths every year. However, after strict rectification, the safety level of American coal mines is in a leading position in the world and has become the safest industry in the United States.

(1) Increase safety investment and strictly manage safety. The American government has invested a lot of money in coal mine safety research. The federal government allocates a certain amount of research funds every year, more than half of which is used to support coal mine safety and health research projects.

In addition, in the United States, in addition to the complete national safety supervision system, state governments also have safety officers in charge of mines. They work closely with federal government inspectors and support each other. Mining companies also have their own business guarantee system. Managers have strict responsibilities, and everyone has a clear division of labor. Everyone's responsibilities, authority and superior-subordinate relationship are clearly defined. Mine managers and foremen must be examined by the first-level organs of the state government and issued certificates before they can serve in the coal mines in this state.

(2) Implement mandatory safety training for all employees. The United States attaches great importance to the safety training of coal mine managers and miners. For example, the "Mine Safety Regulations" revised by the United States 1983 has made detailed provisions on safety and health training, and it is necessary to receive basic safety knowledge training and education in laws and regulations. Miners must go through no less than 40 hours of training before they can take up their posts, and they can work independently after six months of internship under the leadership of experienced miners. In addition to regular safety training, each coal mine also carries out safety in all work and carries out various forms of health activities. In addition, American coal mine owners also provide some funds to support the continuing education and training of miners every year, so as to improve the safety quality, practical technical ability and disaster prevention and relief ability of employees.

(3) Miners participate in safety management. American coal companies emphasize people-centered management, and the characteristics of coal mine management style are openness and openness. American management style is to find problems and solve them in time. If miners have complaints about managers, they can complain to their team leader, who has the responsibility to deal with such problems and must solve them within 24 hours.

(4) Trade unions participate in safety management. The trade union has a special person to supervise the safety of the mine at any time. The wages of American miners are also negotiated and agreed by representatives such as the United Miners' Union and the employers' coal mine operators' association, and the standard wages for underground workers' off-the-job training on the ground are stipulated. The United Miners' Union has also set up a fund for training and education of coal miners with coal mine operators.

(5) execution. For the sake of safety, enterprises spend a lot of money to buy safety equipment. For unqualified small coal mines, forced closure. The security situation has been greatly improved, the number of deaths has been declining, and the losses caused by accidents and occupational diseases have been greatly reduced.

2. Learn from foreign experience to strengthen the safety management of China's coal industry.

Generally speaking, it is an inevitable choice to create intrinsically safe working conditions and working environment by relying on scientific and technological progress to achieve safe production. Therefore, we should learn from the experience at home and abroad and establish the theoretical system of safety production, including the theoretical system of safety production, the technical guarantee system of safety production and the scientific management system of safety production.

(1) Establish the concept of putting prevention first and strengthen inspection and training. China's regulatory authorities should regularly, irregularly and randomly go deep into coal mine enterprises to carry out safety inspections, and should not be limited to tracing the cause and investigating the responsibility after the accident. It is necessary to establish the concept of putting prevention first and prevention first, eliminate hidden dangers and put an end to accidents. An important experience of American Bureau of Mine Safety and Health Supervision is that supervision is important, and training is more important than supervision. Tourists are no exception. Everyone who goes into the well should receive safety education and sign to ensure its implementation. Each mining company has its own safety training center, equipped with simulated working face and various equipment, and regularly trains employees and workers to meet the requirements of production and safety.

(2) Strengthen the construction of national supervision team and improve the level of business, law enforcement and equipment. Administration according to law and supervision according to law are the main ways of safety production management under the condition of market economy. It is necessary to strictly implement the Provisions on the Investigation of Administrative Responsibility for Extraordinary Safety Accidents in Municipalities Directly under the Central Government of the State Council, severely punish those responsible for extraordinary accidents, and investigate administrative and legal responsibilities according to law.

However, at present, the overall situation of China's supervision team is not ideal, the overall professional quality of the team is uneven, the professional categories are incomplete, some people become monks halfway, do not understand safety production management, and the level of safety supervision and law enforcement is not in place. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the construction of the national supervision team.

(3) Implement strict responsibility system step by step. Enterprises should strictly implement the step-by-step responsibility system, clarify the safety responsibilities at all levels and implement them on people's heads, each with its own responsibilities and a clear division of labor. Everyone's responsibilities, authority and superior-subordinate relationship should be clearly defined.

(4) Establish safety culture, safety system culture and safety state culture of coal mining enterprises. On February 28th, 2005, Director Li of state administration of work safety emphasized that five factors should be paid attention to in strengthening safety production. The first factor is safety culture. In terms of cultural form, safety concept culture is the spiritual layer of safety culture, safety behavior culture and safety management culture are the institutional layer of safety culture, and safety material state culture is the material layer of safety culture. We should use all kinds of effective safety culture construction methods to establish a safety culture model through the safety culture and modern management experience of teams and employees.

(B) to strengthen the development and utilization of comprehensive resources in coal mines

1. Types and occurrence states of main minerals in China coal measures.

The main minerals associated with coal measures are: kaolin (rock), which is abundant in China, with proven reserves of10.673 billion tons; Gypsum, at present, it is predicted that the reserves of raw gypsum in coal measures in China will reach 1. 1.57 billion tons, exceeding the sum of the proven reserves of gypsum in other countries in the world; The proven reserves of graphite and coal-series graphite resources reach 525 1.64 million tons, accounting for more than 40% of the world's proven graphite resources; Pyrite, according to incomplete statistics, China's coal-series pyrite reserves are 3.464 billion tons; There are oil shale and bentonite. There are many kinds of main minerals related to these coal measures. If comprehensive resources can be developed and utilized, not only economic benefits can be obtained, but also multiple benefits such as environment, safety and resources can be brought.

2. Economic benefits, social benefits and resource benefits of comprehensive development and utilization of coal resources.

The development and utilization of associated minerals in coal mines have remarkable economic benefits. It is estimated that the construction of a processing plant with an annual output of 3,000 tons of kaolin to produce 4A molecular sieve needs an investment of about 5 million yuan, and the annual profit and tax can reach 7 million yuan after it is put into operation, and the investment can be recovered in two years. Building a processing plant with an annual output of 5,000 tons of bentonite to produce activated clay requires an investment of about 5 million yuan, and the annual profit and tax can reach 2.8 million yuan. The investment can be recovered in two years after production. According to the specific situation of the associated mineral resources in this mine, the coal mine can selectively gradually form a scale and become a supplementary industry of the coal mine, which is an effective way to maintain the stability and development of the coal mine economy. At the same time, the development of coal mine comprehensive resources can also avoid the waste of resources and reduce the discharge of mine gas into the atmosphere, thus reducing the occurrence of coal mine gas accidents and giving full play to social benefits.

3. Implement comprehensive development and utilization of coal mines.

The comprehensive benefits of coal mine comprehensive resources development and utilization are very significant. It is necessary to incorporate associated mineral exploitation and coalbed methane development into the production plan, so that coal exploitation and associated mineral exploitation and coalbed methane development can be carried out in a coordinated and orderly manner.

First of all, it is necessary to strengthen scientific research on the development and utilization of associated minerals in coal measures. Relevant government departments should also encourage the development and utilization of associated minerals in coal mines and give certain economic support and preferential policies. When exploring coal resources, geological exploration departments should treat the minerals associated with coal equally, so as to provide reliable basis for the development and utilization of comprehensive resources in coal mines. The coal mine design department should consider the development and utilization of associated minerals and reflect them in the design, so as to provide guarantee for the comprehensive development of resources after the coal mine is completed and put into operation.

Three, deepen reform, strengthen the modern management of coal enterprises, improve the management ability of coal enterprises.

At present, China's coal industry is facing increasingly fierce competition, which has reached a new stage of promoting the development of coal industry through industrial restructuring. In the adjustment of coal structure, it is necessary to enlarge coal enterprises, improve market concentration and optimize industrial structure; At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen coal enterprises, develop diversified industrial chains, adjust products, increase the added value of coal products, and improve the international competitiveness of China coal enterprises. Here, the management system and management level of enterprises are becoming more and more important.

Undeniably, the modern enterprise system construction of coal enterprises in China lags behind the reform of various industries in China. Although the state has issued a series of policies in recent years, the governance structure of most coal enterprises in China has not changed much, which has brought a great negative impact on the safety and comprehensive utilization of China's coal industry and seriously affected the adjustment of product structure and technical structure and business process reengineering of coal enterprises.

Therefore, we should deepen the reform of China's coal enterprises, strengthen the modern management of coal enterprises, and enhance the management ability of coal enterprises. Develop coal industry companies and coal holding companies to form cooperation. Establish a coal enterprise alliance at a higher and deeper level to form a series of coal enterprises with financing, holding and equity participation as the main links. Only on the basis of modern management system can we deal with the safety and utilization of China's coal industry more effectively.

refer to

Li Jinzhu. Development and utilization technology of sustainable development of coal industry. Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 1998.

[2] Zhu Yongfeng, Sun Shihua. Economics of mineral resources. Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 2000.

Wang Xianzheng. American coal mine safety supervision system. Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 200 1.

[4] Luo Yun. Modern safety management. Beijing Chemical Industry Press, March 2004.

Brief introduction of the author

[1] Yan Liang, Dean and Professor, School of Management, China Geo University.

[2] Hong, Ph.D. student, School of Management, China Geo University.