Among them, cultural anthropology includes cultural anthropology (narrow sense) or ethnology, archaeological anthropology and linguistic anthropology.
Psychology includes many things:
general psychology
Within the scope of general psychology, according to the basic process of psychological activities and individual psychological characteristics, it can also be divided into sensory psychology (vision, hearing, touch, exercise, smell and taste, etc. ), perceptual psychology, memory psychology, attention psychology, thinking psychology, speech psychology, emotional psychology, motivation psychology, intelligence psychology, temperament psychology, personality psychology and other basic disciplines.
physiological psychology
Physiological psychology is a discipline that studies the physiological basis and mechanism of psychology from the aspects of human physiology and neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neurobiochemistry, and is an important part of the basic research of psychology. Physiological psychology is to reveal the laws of various psychological phenomena in brain anatomy and brain function on the basis of modern brain science research results and modern technical methods. Physiological psychology also includes neuropsychology, psychobiology, animal psychology and other sub-disciplines.
social psychology
Social psychology is a discipline that studies the development and laws of individual psychology, motivation and interpersonal relationships under specific social and group conditions. Social psychology focuses on the conditions and laws of individual socialization, the formation of individual social motivation and attitude, the formation and influence of interpersonal relationship and group psychology. Social psychology includes national psychology, family psychology and other sub-disciplines.
abnormal psychology
It studies the psychological and behavioral abnormalities of people, including cognitive activities, emotional activities, motivation and will activities, intelligence and personality characteristics. Therefore, it can also be said that abnormal psychology is a science that studies and reveals the law of occurrence, development and change of psychological abnormalities.
The branch of medical psychology that studies abnormal psychological or pathological behaviors of patients. Also known as pathological psychology, it uses psychological principles and methods to study the manifestations, causes, mechanisms and development laws of abnormal psychology or pathological behavior, and discusses the methods of differential evaluation and corrective and preventive measures. There are many forms of abnormal psychology. According to psychological process or symptoms, it can be divided into sensory disorder, perceptual disorder, attention disorder, memory disorder, thinking disorder, emotional disorder, will disorder, behavior disorder, consciousness disorder, intellectual disorder, personality disorder and so on. According to the clinical manifestations or symptoms of mental illness, it can be divided into neurotic disorder, psychotic disorder, personality disorder, drug and alcohol dependence, sexual metamorphosis, psychophysiological disorder, adaptation disorder, children's behavior disorder, mental retardation and so on.
To evaluate whether psychological phenomena are abnormal, we generally need to investigate from three aspects: ① from the statistical aspect. Individuals at both ends of the normal curve in the population are abnormal. (2) From the perspective of personal life history. Often compare one's current psychological activities with past psychological activities to see if there are any abnormal changes. ③ From social adaptation. According to the degree of individual social adaptability defects, we can analyze whether they are abnormal. In addition, when evaluating whether psychological phenomena are abnormal, we can't ignore information such as social and cultural background.
The correction of abnormal psychology can be divided into two categories: psychotherapy and somatic therapy. Psychotherapy, such as verbal and nonverbal psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, suggestion therapy, behavioral therapy, etc. Physical therapy includes psychotherapy, physical therapy, psychophysiological therapy and surgical treatment. In addition, some comprehensive therapies can also achieve remarkable results. Prevention is an important topic in abnormal psychology. Because the causes of abnormal psychology are very complicated, comprehensive preventive measures need to be taken from all aspects to be effective.
Abnormal psychology is a branch of medical psychology, which studies abnormal psychology or pathological behavior of patients, also known as pathological psychology. It uses psychological principles and methods to study the manifestations, causes, mechanisms and development laws of abnormal psychological or pathological behaviors, and discusses the methods of differential evaluation and corrective and preventive measures.
developmental psychology
Developmental psychology is a discipline that studies the law of individual psychological development. No matter at what stage of development, the developing individual's psychological development includes all psychological processes and characteristics, but it also has major development aspects and major contradictions respectively. On the basis of all-round development, the main contradiction in each stage has been solved, and the transition to the next stage is about to take place. Developmental psychology should study the contradictions and changes in all aspects of individual psychological development. Developmental psychology can be divided into child psychology, child psychology, school-age child psychology, juvenile psychology, geriatric psychology and other sub-disciplines. Developmental psychology is an important part of the theoretical system of psychology, and it is also the theoretical basis for educating and cultivating developing people.
educational psychology
Educational psychology is a subject that studies the law of students' psychological activities in the process of school education and teaching. It mainly involves mastering the characteristics and laws of psychological activities of knowledge and skills in various disciplines, studying the development and testing methods of intelligence, the formation of psychological factors, moral quality and behavior habits that affect the teaching process, and the influence of family, school, group and social ideology on students. Educational psychology covers a wide range, including moral psychology, learning psychology, subjective psychology, intellectual defect and compensation, intellectual measurement and teacher psychology.
labour psychology
Labor psychology studies the psychological ability and quality that people need in the process of labor, and studies the adaptation of operating procedures and operating conditions to the psychological characteristics of operators. Labor psychology can include engineering psychology and industrial psychology. Engineering psychology mainly studies the interaction between man and machine under the condition of highly mechanized and automated production. Industrial psychology studies the choice of producers and the rationalization of operations.
Literary psychology
Literary psychology has different research objects in various artistic fields. For painting art, the emphasis is on the laws of light perception, stereology and visual perception, such as the sensitivity of light perception and color perception, and the reference and perspective laws of visual perception. As for music art, it focuses on the characteristics of pronunciation and hearing, such as the mechanism and law of pronunciation, the pitch, intensity, timbre, rhythm and melody of hearing. For stage art, it is a complete figure, which needs to study the comprehensive characteristics of personality, emotional experience and performance, personality structure and behavior; Explore the typical characteristics of various roles and the law of reappearance on the stage. Art psychology should also study the unique psychological qualities of artists, such as thinking ability in images, emotional experience characteristics and so on. People's artistic expertise is a special talent, not everyone has it. Therefore, it is an important research aspect to identify the psychological characteristics and personality differences of artists and formulate measurement methods.
sports psychology
Sports psychology studies the psychological characteristics involved in sports activities and competitions. In general exercise, we study the anatomical characteristics of skeletal muscle system, the sensitivity and sensitivity of organ activities, and the ability to be dominated by consciousness, and study the general rules of motor skills and skill formation. In sports competition, we should study the emotional characteristics, will quality and personality characteristics under competition conditions, as well as the influence of motivation level and emotional state on the occurrence of sports skills in competition. In the selection of athletes, psychological selection and the formulation of measurement methods are also important research fields.
aerospace psychology
Space psychology studies the characteristics of human psychological activities under the conditions of space flight. Engaging in high-intensity driving under abnormal conditions outside the land requires pilots and astronauts to have comprehensive and excellent psychological quality and perfect personality characteristics. In flight, there is a lack of visual reference, and the operation depends entirely on the instructions of instruments and meters, which requires the pilot to have the characteristics of accurate coordination and reaction ability of vision and action, consciousness sensitivity to illusion, strong and calm will, stable mood and so on. Space flight under weightlessness requires a high degree of adaptability and self-coordination of psychological reaction changes. In order to train and select pilots and astronauts, the measurement of psychological quality and the detection method of training process are important research aspects.
Organizational and management psychology
Organizational management psychology studies the human factors in the organizational management of a certain group-enterprise or school. It involves the psychological quality of leaders and leaders and the coordination of their relations. On the one hand, it includes the leader's mastery of the psychological activities of the leader, such as the understanding of the producer's professional ability and skills, which is used to evaluate and select talents; Understand the motives, emotions and needs of producers to predict their performance and impact on their work; Coordinate the relationship with producers and give play to their enthusiasm for production and work. On the other hand, it also includes the research on the characteristics of leaders' psychological activities. For example, the understanding of leadership ability, leadership style and leadership psychological quality is used to evaluate leadership behavior and select leaders. Organizational management psychology can be used not only in industrial production and enterprise management, but also in schools, hospitals, cultural and sports institutions and other institutions.
Clinical or medical psychology
Psychological abnormality can be caused by genetic and social maladjustment. Clinical psychology is a discipline that studies the causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of psychological abnormalities. It is a specialized undertaking that separates psychotherapy from psychological counseling and serves the society and medical services. Clinical psychology includes serious psychopathic diseases (such as schizophrenia); It also includes mild neurosis (such as nervous anxiety) or depression caused by psychological factors, and physical diseases (such as hypertension) caused by psychological factors. The latter is called psychosomatic medicine; And from the perspective of treatment, study the etiology, diagnosis and prevention, and form a new health psychology.
The study of psychological abnormality not only plays an important role in medical practice, but also helps to reveal the psychological mechanism from the comparison between abnormality and normality. Therefore, from the perspective of discipline and academic research, the discipline that studies the etiology, mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of psychological abnormalities is called abnormal psychology.
Justice and criminal psychology
Judicial psychology is a discipline that studies illegal acts and deals with psychological problems in illegal acts. It involves the research on the causes of crime, interrogation techniques and reform means in the process of crime, and the investigation, interrogation and reform of criminals. The psychological quality and skills that reconnaissance interrogators should possess are also part of the study.
Criminal psychology and judicial psychology overlap. The former focuses on the psychological causes of criminal behavior. Especially the psychological characteristics, psychological motivation, individual personality and emotional characteristics of juvenile offenders are important aspects of research. It is also necessary to investigate and study the criminal's personal growth background, family, school and social factors that cause crime.